new ideas and cultural contacts spring 2016, lecture 4 · d.1405 built a central asian empire...
TRANSCRIPT
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Making of the Modern World 13New Ideas and Cultural Contacts
Spring 2016, Lecture 4
Fall Quarter, 2011
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“Two things: the first is that you are the sultan of the
universe and the ruler of the world, and I do not beliee
that there has appeared among men from Adam until this
epoch a ruler like you. I am not one of those who speak
about matters by conjecture, for I am a scholar and I will
explain this, and say: Sovereignty exists only because of
group loyalty (‘asabiyya), and the greater the number in
the group, the greater is the extent of sovereignty.”
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Ibn Khaldun
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Tamerlane
d.1405
Built a central Asian empire
(building on Chinggis Khan’s tradition)
Mid-1390s: Invaded India and
subjected Delhi
Helped Spread Persianized
Turkish
Culture
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Today’s lecture
Nomadic contribution
Documentary about Ghengiz Khan
Film on Tuesday
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QUESTION
“Identify how differently (if at all) Ghengiz Khan is depicted
in these two films.”
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Le Bourgeois gentilhomme
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“Genghiz Khan”or Universal Ruler
●Temüjin (b. 1167-1227) “Iron worker”
●His father a famous warrior.
● His father poisoned by Tatars (1175)
● Influence of his mother
● In 1190s he made an alliance
With other Mongol tribes and fought against the
Tatars
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1. Socio-Political accomplishment ● Reorganized tribal loyalty and by detribalizing the
Mongols into a Confederacy
Tribal Confederacy” a loose association of
sovereign clans that join for a common, shared
identity or interest
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2.Military accomplishment
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3. Eurasian Integration
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How the Mongols helped open up
contact?
Building and protecting trade routes
Commerce
Communication
People (migration, travel)
Ideas (religious ideas, intellectual, etc.)
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What were the Mongol
Contributions to World History?
1. COMMERCE &Trade: Increased the integration of
Eurasia. SILK ROAD!!!
2. Migration & Travel: Human contact
3. Spread of Religions: Specially Islam & Buddhism.
4. By facilitating commerce the Mongols unintentionally
spread bubonic plague, which erupted in south-western
China (1330-1340).
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Land-based
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15th century: Maritime-land routes
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1250-1350
A “World System of Commerce”:
Cities located along major land and sea routes (Europe,
West Asia, Indian Ocean regions and China)
Europe played a minor role
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The Vikings
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Vikings (English) or “Northmen” (Carolingian)
Old Norse: seaman who take up raiding
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Raided, explored and settled in Europe, Parts of Asia and North Atlantic between 8th and 11th centuries.
Pirates, raiders, but mostly explorers and merchants
1200: Vikings were becoming sedentary, farmers and settlers in the territories they conquered
Eventually settled, assimilated and built a large trade network
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Opening western with eastern and
southern Europe
Europe, Russia, the Middle East, Northern India, and even
China
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Northern tip of Newfoundland
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Viking Factor prior to the Mongol incursion in Eastern-
Western Europe and North Africa
Movement of people: migrations; Charlemagne.
Expanded the trade routes between Abbasid and Frank
(Western European) territories.
Expansion of Christianity
Paved the path toward the emergence of late medieval Mediterranean-Mesopotamian contact zones.
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4. Imperial legacy: charismatic,
cosmological, spiritual
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Khwarezmian Empire (1077-1231)
1218 Genghiz Khan sends trade mission and diplomats
1220 conquest of Samarqand
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The Ilkhanate (1256–1335/1353)
● Khwarazm Shah
●Hülegü established the Ilkhanate in Persia and Mesopotamia. (1218-1265)
● 1295 Ilkhan Ghazan converted Mongols to Islam.
Used Persian and Arab administrators to run the empire.
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Persianate: aesthetic, cultural, literary
and political
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Timur (d.1405)
Military, political, and legal leadership
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Promotion of Persianate
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TURKS
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“Original” Turks
Nomadic people from Central Asia.
Various tribes who migrated from Central Asia to
India, Persia and Anatolia (modern Turkey).
Highly skilled warriors.
Religiously diverse: Buddhist, Christian, Muslim…
Unlike the Mongols, their Nomadic Empires became
great civilizations, establishing the most enduring
imperial orders in world history (e.g. OTTOMANS)
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First Turkish Migrations
At first: mostly random
Uyghur Turks, lived mostly on the oasis cities along the
silk roads.
Abbasids: Slave Soldiers or Mamluks
Oghuz (tribe) Turks
1055: the Abbasid caliph recognized Saljuq Turk, Tughril
Beg as Sultan (Ruler)
1071 Saljuq Turks defeated the Byzantine.
Led the Crusades.
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Mahmud of Ghazni, 997-1030
Expansion into Punjab
Gujarat and Bengal.
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Mamluks Sultanate (1250-1517)
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Persianized Turks
Persian as the official language of the courts.
Persian poetry and literature.
Persian administration based on the Sassanid imperial
order (pre-Islamic).
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Osman I
1258-1326
1299 declared independence from Saljuq sultan.
Expanded his emirates
Ghazi: Spiritual warriors (a myth or a latter Ottoman construct).
CONFEDERACY: Christian and Turkish Muslim forces.
Heterodox Muslim
Established Osmanlis or Ottomans.
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Shah Ismail I (1487-1524)
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Three major Mongol-Turkish
Imperial Orders
1) Ottoman
2) Safavid (1501-1722)
3) Mughal