new foraminifera from the pliocene and pleistocene of the wanganui basin, new zealand

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New Foraminifera from thePliocene and Pleistocene of theWanganui Basin, New ZealandJ. D. Collen aa Geology Department , Victoria University ofWellington , P.O. Box 196 , Wellington , New ZealandPublished online: 12 Aug 2013.

To cite this article: J. D. Collen (1972) New Foraminifera from the Pliocene andPleistocene of the Wanganui Basin, New Zealand, Journal of the Royal Society of NewZealand, 2:3, 373-382, DOI: 10.1080/03036758.1972.10421822

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Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 1972, Vol. 2, No.3, pp. 373-382, 22 figs

New Foraminifera from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of theWanganui Basin, New Zealand

J. D. COLLEN

Department of Geology, Victoria University of Wellington

[Received by the Editor, 20 October 1971]

AbstractTHE new genus Zelamarkina (family Ceratobuliminidae) is erected with Zelamarkinaexcavata n.sp. as type species. The following five other new species are described:Bolivina hornibrooki, B. oellai, B. wanganuiensis, Rotalia [astigata, and Notorotaliabriggsi.

INTRODUCTION

THE Foraminifera described below were collected during a study of Pliocene toearly Pleistocene strata in the following Wanganui Basin sections: Manawatu SaddleRoad, Rangitikei River, Watershed Road, Turakina Valley, Wanganui River,Waverley Beach, Wilkies Bluff, and Waitotara Valley-Rangitatau Escarpmentsections. Results of stereoscan studies of the new species Bolivina hornibrooki,B. vellai, B. wanganuiensis and N otorotalia briggsi are summarised, a full accountbeing deferred to a separate article.

Holotypes and paratypes, with registration numbers prefixed by VF, arelodged in the Department of Geology, Victoria University of Wellington. Unregistered paratypes of all species except Zelamarkina excavata and Rotalia fastigatawill be presented to the New Zealand Geological Survey, Lower Hutt, and to theCushman Foundation, U.S. National Museum, Washington.

Sample numbers are those of the New Zealand Fossil Record system basedon sheet districts of New Zealand Mapping Service Series 1, scale 1: 63,360(NZMS 1). Grid references are co-ordinates based on the National thousand-yardgrid. The systematic order follows closely that of Loeblich and Tappan (1964).Ecologic ranges are given in terms of the biofacies defined by Vella (1962a, 1962b).

Type localities are as follows:

N137f630. NZMS 1, Sheet N137 Waverley (2nd ed., 1965), grid ref. 254973, WilkiesBluff; 0.3 m below Crassostrea ingens band.

N138f557. NZMS 1, Sheet N138 Wanganui (2nd ed., 1967), grid ref. 691065, east bankof Wanganui River, 200 m downstream from Whauteihi Stream; blue-greysandstone.

N138f558. NZMS 1, Sheet N138 Wanganui (2nd ed., 1967), grid ref. 672065, west bankof Wanganui River, 300 m downstream from bend of river at Whakaihuwaka;siltstone, 40 m above N138f557.

N138f559. NZMS 1, Sheet N138 Wanganui (2nd ed., 1967), grid ref. 671064, west bankof Wanganui River, 450 m below bend of river at Whakaihuwaka; siltstone at baseof Wilkies Shellbed, 3 m above N138f558.

N139f546. NZMS 1, Sheet N139 Mangaweka (unpublished), roadside 1.5 km SW ofMakohine Viaduct; siltstone.

N143f516. NZMS 1, Sheet N143 Marton (3rd ed., 1968), grid ref. 802791, roadside 500 mSW of junction of Turakina Valley and Morgans Roads; calcareous mudstone.

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374 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW ZEALAND

SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS

Order FORAMINIFERIDA Eichwald, 1830

Family BOLIVINITIDAE Cushman, 1927

Genus Bolivina d'Orbigny, 1839

Loeblich and Tappan (1964) revived the genus Brizalina Costa, 1856, toinclude those species otherwise similar to Bolivina but lacking chamber retralprocesses or crenulations and often keeled and strongly compressed. Hofman(1971) quoted Gramman (1965, p. 438) and Lindenberg (1966, p. 90) asrejecting Brizalina because they considered the diagnostic characters to grade intothose of Bolivina. Sliter (1970), however, continued to distinguish the two generaand considered the following surface features to be taxonomically important:

( 1) Bolivina: has chamber retral processes, a varied surface microtopography,and common, coarse, depressed perforations;

(2) Brizalina: lacks retral processes, has a smooth, glossy surface and numerousfine, flush perforations.

The New Zealand species of Bolivina discussed here show both sets ofcharacteristics, and hence support the suppression of Brizalina as a generic name.Bolivina hornibrooki and B. vellai appear to lack retral processes, but have strongornamentation, inflated chambers and coarse pores. B. wanganuiensis has coarsepores and resembles B. fyfei Hornibrook, which shows slight chamber overlap onthe sides (Hornibrook, 1958, fig. 16). However, it lacks retral processes andornament, and has a compressed early part. Bolivina contains so many speciesas to be taxonomically unwieldy, and increased use of subgenera (as by Hofman,1971) may be of practical value.

Differences between species of Bolivina are often subtle, and there has beenconsiderable taxonomic confusion (Sliter, 1969, 1970). The presence of a numberof similar forms in Wanganui Series sediments in New Zealand has been recognisedpreviously (Hornibrook, 1961, pp. 73-74; 1968, pp. 76--77), and this paperdescribes three new species. Others may become apparent as study progresses.

Bolivina hornibrooki Collen, n.sp. (Figs 1-3)

DESCRIPTION: Test moderately large, twice as long as wide, inflated, peripherybroadly rounded, expanding moderately from rounded initial end, sides in adultusually nearly parallel. Chambers distinct, 5-7 on each side, 1~-2 times as wideas high throughout; sutures depressed, smooth, fairly straight, at low angle fromthe horizontal; median line excavated. Chambers covered throughout by stronghispid ornament of large tubercles and rounded, coalescing costae; wall penetratedby numerous coarse, slightly depressed pores. Aperture terminal, elongate, withpronounced, rounded ·lip, often on extended neck.

Prolocular diameters range from 0.025 mm to 0.050 mm, but show no obviousdimorphism. Megalospheric and microspheric individuals may be represented inpopulations by specimens differing in the rate of enlargement of test.

Microstructure: Surface very finely perforate (perforations 0.2 micronsdiameter), with microgranular texture; coarse pores (3-4 microns) distributedunevenly over test, in places overgrown by ornament and often covered at aperturalend by perforated plate.

Dimensions of holotype: Length 0.50 mm, breadth 0.23 mm, thickness 0.19 mm.

Variation: Individuals vary in strength and pattern of ornament, which tendsto be reduced on the anterior part of the final one or two chambers.

TYPES: Holotype (VF979) and 47 paratypes (VF980-982).

TYPE LOCALITY: N 143f516, Turakina Valley (see Introduction).

TYPE LEVEL: Castlecliffian (Middle Pleistocene).

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COLLEN-New Fossil Foraminifera 375

REMARKS: This is the hispid species described as accompanying B. parriCushman in Castlecliffian sediments by Hornibrook (1961, 1968). It resemblesB. parri but can be consistently separated by the stronger ornament, which is morepersistent over the test, and the sutures, which are unobstructed on earlierchambers. The final chambers on B. parri usually lack ornament entirely, andsecondary deposition of calcite at the initial end fills the sutures, making themlimbate and often overlapping the surrounding chambers.

Some speciments of B. petiae Gibson show areas of surface detail resemblingthat of B. hornibrooki. B. petiae is considered the ancestral form in a lineagegiving rise to B. hornibrooki in the Lower Pliocene and to B. parri in the LowerPleistocene.

DISTRIBUTION: Rare to uncommon in the uppermost Opoitian to Mangapanianof the Rangitikei River and Wanganui River sections, becoming more commonin the Hautawan and Nukumaruan of these sections and the Watershed Road andManawatu Saddle Road sections; common in the Castlecliffian of Turakina Valley.

OBSERVED STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Opoitian to Castlecliffian (Lower Plioceneto Middle Pleistocene).

OBSERVED ECOLOGIC RANGE: Elphidium to (rarely) shallow part of HaeuslerellaBiofacies.

Bolivina vellai Collen, n.sp. (Figs 4--6, 11)

DESCRIPTION: Test large, 2-2i times as long as wide, inflated, periphery broadlyrounded, tapered, expanding moderately from acute or subacute initial end;microspheric form more tapered than megalospheric. Chambers distinct, 6-8 oneach side, Ii times as wide as high in early part, about as high as wide in adult;sutures incised, straight or slightly curved, at low angle to horizontal, smooth andpartially obscured by ornament at initial end, unobstructed and granular towardsaperture; strong median depression. Ornament of large tubercles and strong,rounded, coalescing ridges on lower half of test; later chambers smooth. Wallpenetrated by numerous very coarse pores. Aperture terminal, large, elongate,with prominent raised, smooth lip.

Dimorphism is limited, but tapered forms with prolocular diameters averaging0.032 mm, and less tapered, more robust forms with prolocular diameters averaging0.045 mm, are present.

Microstructure: Surface finely perforate, smooth to microgranular, smootheston early chambers, penetrated by many coarse pores which are most abundant onlater chambers, slightly depressed, often with a central plug and may occasionallyat any level of the test be covered by a perforated plate; pores often in depressionsformed by outgrowth of ornament.

Dimensions: Holotype, length 0.38 mm, width 0.15 mm, thickness 0.12 mm;figured paratype (VF985), length 0.43 mm, width 0.18 mm, thickness 0.14 mm.

Variation: Specimens vary in the strength and persistence of the ornamenton the lower part of the test. The ornament is often more pronounced on theinner part of each chamber, accentuating the medium depression. Twisting aboutthe axis of growth is not usual, but some specimens twist up to 45°.


TYPE LOCALITY: N138f559 (VF983, VF985, VF986), Wanganui River;N138f558 (VF987), Wanganui River; N143f516 (VF984), Turakina Valley (seeIntroduction) .

TYPE LEVEL: Uppermost Mangapanian (Upper Pliocene) (VF983, VF985987); Castlecliffian (Middle Pleistocene) (VF984).

REMARKS: The species differs from B. hornibrooki and B. parri in the rounded,more inflated chambers, tapering shell with coarse pores and stronger, more

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FIGS 1-3.-Bolivina hornibrooki Collen, n.sp., holotype; 1, X 125; 2, edge view, X 125;3, apertural view, X 125.

Fros 4-6, ll.-Bolivina vellai Collen, n.sp., 4, holotype, X 160; 5, edge view of holotype,X 160; 6, apertural view of paratype (VF984), X 95; 11, same paratype, X 95.

Fros 7-10.-Bolivina wanganuiensis Collen, n.sp., 7, holotype X 120; 8, edge view ofholotype, X 120; 9, apertural view of halotype, X 120; 10, paratype (VF991), X 120.

FIGS 12-14.-Rotalia fastigata Collen, n.sp., holotype; 12, dorsal view, X 120; 13, ventralview, X 120; 14, peripheral view, X 120.

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restricted ornament. It is one of a group of species with similar ornament tendingto become reduced towards the aperture, including B. hornibrooki and B. parri onthe one hand, and possibly extending to B. ioanganuiensis, with the ornament at theprolocular end reduced to a thick calcitic layer, on the other hand.

DISTRIBUTION: Sporadic, rare to abundant, from uppermost Opoitian toHautawan in all sections studied.


OBSERVED ECOLOGIC RANGE: Elphidium to (rarely) shallow part of HaeuslerellaBiofacies.

Bolivina wanganuiensis Collen, n.sp. (Figs 7-10)1943 Bolivina aff. silvestrina Cushman; Wheatley (MS), checklist1953 Bolivina cf. silvestrina Cushman; Finlay, in Lillie, p. 1461954 Bolivina aff. silvestrina Cushman; Hornibrook, in Wellman, p. 385

DESCRIPTION: Test large, 2i-3 times as long as wide, sides expanding rapidlythen becoming subparallel. Chambers 8-9 on each side in adult, about as highas broad throughout, initially slightly compressed with flush sutures, becominginflated and distinct with depressed sutures. Periphery narrowly rounded on earlypart, broadly rounded on later part. Sutures curved, at low angle to horizontal,smooth on early part of shell, coarsely granular towards the aperture; slight mediandepression on later half of test. Surface smooth, glossy, with numerous coarsepores and heavy overlay of secondary calcite deposited on initial part of test.Aperture large, elliptical, with pronounced, rounded lip.

No dimorphic differences of shape of test or prolocular diameters, whichaverage 0.036 mm, are apparent.

Microstructure: Wall penetrated by frequent coarse pores, not as large or asnumerous as in B. oellai, mostly sealed by calcite on early part; pores slightlydepressed.

Dimensions: Holotype, length 0.56 mm, width 0.19 mm, thickness 0.13 mm;figured paratype (VF991), length 0.60 mm, width 0.18 mm, thickness 0.14 mm.

Variation: The secondary calcite layer varies in thickness and extent, and somespecimens show slight axial twisting.


TYPE LOCALITY: N138f558 (VF988-990), Wanganui River; N143f516 (VF991),Turakina Valley (see Introduction).

TYPE LEVEL: Mangapanian (VF988-990) (Upper Pliocene); Castiecliffian(VF991) (Middle Pleistocene).

REMARKS: Distinguished from B. hfei Hornibrook by its more rapidly expanding,blunt-ended and sub-parallel sided test, with more inflated, less elongate chambersand fewer, coarser perforations. It is larger and less tapered than B. silvestrinaCushman, with straighter sutures and less inflated, more tightly biserial chambers.

B. wanganuiensis and B. fyfei are closely related to B. silvestrina Cushman(Castell'Arquato, Italy) and B. italica Cushman (Sicily). B. fyfei occurs insediments deposited to the east of the axial ranges (Hornibrook, 1958), whileB. wanganuiensis occurs to the west. The two species probably had a commonancestor and differentiated as a result of geographic isolation.

DISTRIBUTION: Sporadic, rare to common, in Opoitian to Hautawan strata ofthe sections studied.

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OBSERVED ECOl;OGIC RANGE: Elphidium to (rarely) shallow part of HaeuslerellaBiofacies.

Family ROTALIIDAE Ehrenberg, 1839

Subfamily ROTALIINAE Ehrenberg, 1839

Genus Rotalia Lamark, 1804

Rotalia fastigata Collen, n.sp. (Figs 12-14)

DESCRIPTION: Shell small, circular, conical. Dorsal surface conical withslightly convex sides and rounded apex, completely evolute; chambers few, 5-6in final whorl, with sutures flush, strongly recurved and joining periphery withouta perceptible angle. Ventral surface lightly convex, covered with heavy, roundpustules, most densely on earliest chambers. Periphery keeled; wall rather thin,dully polished, dorsal surface of chambers with fine pores, sutures smooth.Apertural pores between pustules on ventral surface.

Dimensions of holotype: Greatest diameter 0.31 mm, thickness 0.18 mm.

Variation: Individuals vary in the degree of convexity of the ventral surface.

TYPES: Holotype (VF995) and 6 paratypes (VF996).

TYPE LOCALITY: N139f546, Rangitikei Valley (see Introduction).

TYPE LEVEL: Hautawan (Lower Pleistocene) .

REMARKS: A larger species of Rotalia described by Cameron (1966, MS) fromthe Castlecliffian Kupe Formation at Wanganui differs in being less conical withsinuous sutures.

DISTRIBUTION: Found only in the type sample.

OBSERVED STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Hautawan (Lower Pleistocene).

OBSERVED ECOLOGIC RANGE: Elphidium Biofacies.

Family ELPHIDIIDAE Galloway, 1933

Subfamily NOTOROTALIINAE Hornibrook, 1961

Genus Notorotalia Finlay, 1939

Loeblich and Tappan (1964) suppressed the genus N otorotalia Finlay as ajunior synonym of Polystomellina Yabe and Hanzawa, on the grounds of identicalsurface, apertural, and internal details. Kennett (1967) and Hornibrook (1968)argued for retention of the genus because of the biconvex shape and distinctivesculpture of raised sutures and connecting ribs consistently present in species ofNotorotalia, compared with the plano-convex shape and simple, Elphidium-likesculpture of Polystomellina discorbinoides Yabe and Hanzawa (type species ofPolystomellina) . Both authors pointed out that these features satisfactorilyseparate a group of species very characteristic of the New Zealand Tertiary andlargely endemic to the south-west Pacific region.

Hofker (1969) reviewed the genera Notorotalia, Cribrorotalia, Dlscorotalia, andParrellina, and described their internal structure. He considered all to be validgenera and retained the Notorotaliinae as a separate subfamily of the Elphidiidae.

Notorotalia briggsi Collen, n.sp. (Figs 15-18)1957 Notorotalia aff. aucklandica Vella; Vella, pp. 45, 51, 58, tables 4, 51964 N otorotalia aff. aucklandica Vella; Kennett, table 3

DESCRIPTION: Test of moderate size, thin walled, with acute periphery andweak keel. Dorsal side weakly convex to dome-shaped; ventral side moderately

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COLLEN-New Fossil Foramin ifera 379

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FIG S 15-1 8.-Notorotalia briggsi Collen, n.sp., 15, ventral view of holotype, X 75 ; 16, dorsalview of holotyp e, X 75 ; 17, peripheral view of holotype, X 75 ; 18, peripheral view of

paratype (VF880), X 75.

FIGS 19- 22.-Zelama rkilla exca vata Collen, n.gen., n.sp., 19, ventral view of holotype, X 115 ;:!O, dorsal view of holotype, X 115 ; ~ I, peripheral view of holotype, X 115 ; 22, peripheralview of parat ype (VF999 ) with bro ken final chamber showing septal fora men and intern al

partition , X ~ 35 .

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convex, with chambers slightly inflated and concave centre. Transverse sutural ribson dorsal side weak, discontinuous, usually slightly curved; on ventral side continuousand curved. Spiral sutural ribs weak, discontinuous, slightly stronger and oftenthickened over earlier chambers on dorsal side. Weak sculptural ornament ofclosely-spaced, usually slightly sinuous ribs, on earlier chambers often continuousfrom suture to suture, but later much reduced in size and not reaching anteriorsutures, sometimes absent on final one or two chambers. Large apertural cribrationsvisible at base of terminal face; pores present on each side of sutures.

Microstructure: Surface between ribs covered by minute tubercles, most denselyon dorsal side, which often obscure sutural pores; tubercles sharply conical onearly chambers, decreasing in abundance and becoming low and rounded towardsfinal chambers.

Dimensions: Holotype, greatest diameter 0.65 mm, thickness 0.28 mm, figuredparatype (VF880), greatest diameter 0.70 mm, thickness 0.28 mm.

Variation: In some specimens, secondary deposition of calcite over earlier whorlson dorsal side forms a small callous and, rarely, a low callous knob. Individualsvary in the amount of secondary thickening of sculptural ribs, and in the degreeof biconvexity, with Pleistocene specimens tending to a more elevated dorsal side.

TYPES: Holotype (VF992) and 26 paratypes (VF879-881, VF993).

TYPE LOCALITY: N137f630, Wilkies Bluff (see Introduction).

TYPE LEVEL: Mangapanian Stage (Upper Pliocene).

REMARKS: The sculpture is typical of the N otorotalia zelandica Group asdefined by Vella (1957). N. briggsi is distinguished from N. aucklandica Vella,its probable descendant, by its smaller size, flatter dorsal side and weaker but moreextensive sculpture.

DISTRIBUTION: Strongly depth-controlled; sporadic, rare to common in shallowwater Waipipian to Hautawan strata of all sections examined; also recorded, asN. aff. aucklandica, from N162f841, Nukumaruan Stage, of Wairarapa (Kennett,1964) .

RECORDED STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Waipipian to Okehuan (Middle Pliocene toMiddle Pleistocene), by Vella (1957).


Family CERATOBULIMINIDAE Cushman, 1927

Subfamily CERATOBULIMININAE Cushman, 1927

Genus Zelamarkina Collen, n.gen.

Type Species: Zelamarkina excavata (Upper Pliocene, New Zealand)

DESCRIPTION: Test free, trochospiral, sinistrally coiled, biconvex, chambersincreasing gradually in size. Dorsal side roughened, sutures oblique, limbate andstrongly raised; ventral side smooth, glossy, deeply umbilicate, chambers inflated,sutures radial, gently depressed. Wall of aragonite (by Feigl's reagent). Apertureextraumbilical-umbilical, extending as slit part way across base of final chamber;septal foramen and internal partition similar to that in Ceratolamarkina.

REMARKS: Zelamarkina is characterised by the slit-like umbilical aperture andstrongly raised dorsal sutures. It appears most closely related to Lamarkina, butdiffers in the much more gradual enlargement of chambers, biconvex shape, suturaland apertural characteristics, and sinistral coiling.

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Zelamarkina excavata Collen, n.sp. (Figs 19-22)DESCRIPTION: Test small, sub-circular, peripheral edge sub-rounded; 6 chambers

in final whorl, increasing in size gradually. Dorsal sutures oblique, raised to formwalls with irregular crests surrounding flat chamber surfaces; ventral side smooth,glossy, deeply umbilicate, with nearly straight, gently depressed radial sutures.Aperture a slit at the base of the final chamber, extending from the umbilicus abouthalfway to the periphery.

Dimensions: Holotype, greatest diameter 0.36 mm, thickness 0.20 mm; figuredparatype (VF999), greatest diameter 0.23 mm, thickness O.l4mm.

TYPEs: Holotype (VF997) and 3 paratypes (VF998, VF999).

TYPE LOCALITY: N138f558 (VF997, VF998) ; N138f557 (VF999) both localitiesat Wanganui River (see Introduction).

TYPE LEVEL: Upper part of Mangapanian Stage, N138f558 40 m stratigraphically above N 138f55 7.

DISTRIBUTION: Extremely rare, found only in the type samples.OBSERVED STRATIGRAPHIC RANGE: Upper part of the Mangapanian Stage

(Upper Pliocene).


ACKNOWLEDGMENTSSincere thanks are expressed to Professor Paul Vella for advice and criticism during the

writing of this paper. Thanks are also extended to Dr N. de B. Hornibrook for helpfuldiscussion and for allowing full access to literature and collections held at the New ZealandGeological Survey, and to Mr W. M. Briggs Jr, for supplying the Wilkies Bluff samples.Dr Ruth Todd of the U.S. National Museum kindly supplied topotype specimens of Bolivinasilvestrina Cushman.

This research was carried out during the tenure of a University Grants CommitteePostgraduate Scholarship at Victoria University of Wellington.

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Okehuan Stages." Unpublished M.Sc. thesis held in Victoria University ofWellington library.

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HOFKER, J., Sr. 1969. An analysis of the Subfamily Notorotaliinae (Foraminifera) Hornibrook.N.Z. Journal of Geology and Geophysics 12(2-3): 460-83, 85 figs.

HOFMAN, G. W. 1971. Comparison of the Tertiary Bolivina reticulata group (Foraminiferida)in New Zealand and Europe. N.Z. Journal of Geology and Geophysics 14(2):299-322, 13 figs.

HORNIBROOK, N. DE B. 1958. New Zealand foraminifera: key species in stratigraphy. No.6.N.Z. Journal of Geology and Geophysics 1(4): 653-76, 35 figs.

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KENNETT, J. P. 1964. A Pleistocene anticline at Gladstone, Wairarapa. N.Z. Journal ofGeology and Geophysics 7(3): 561-72.1967. New foraminifera from the Upper Miocene and Lower Pliocene of NewZealand. N.Z. Journal of Geology and Geophysics 10: 989-1008, 38 figs.

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LINDENBERG, H. G. 1966. Die Bolivinen (Foram.) der Haringer Schichten. Mikro-palaontologische Untersuchungen im Altterfiar des Unterinntal-Gebietes. Bolettinodella Societa paleontologica italiana 4 (1): 64-160, 34 figs.

LOEBLICH, A. R.; TAPPAN, H. 1964. Sarcodina. Chiefly" the Camoebians" andForaminiferida. Part C, Protista 2(1--2), 800 pp., 653 figs. New York: GeologicalSociety of America.

SLITER, W. V. 1969. Three inner-neritic Recent foraminifers from southern California.Kansas University Paleontological Contributions, Paper 45: 1-5, 16 pls,

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:m2 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW ZEALAND

SLiTEIl., W. V. 1970. Inner-neritic Bolivinitidae from the eastern Pacific margin. Micropaleontology 16(2): 155-74, 8 pls,

VELLA, P. 1957. Studies in New Zealand Foraminifera, Part 1: Foraminifera from CookStrait; Part 2: Upper Miocene to Recent species of the Genus Notorotalia. N.Z.Geological Survey, Paleontological Bulletin 28, 64 pp., 9 pls.1962a. Biostratigraphy and paleoecology of Mauriceville District, New Zealand.Transactions of the Royal Society of N.z., Geology 1(12): 183-99.1962b. Determining depths of New Zealand Tertiary seas. Tuatara 10(1): 19-40.

WELLMAN, H. W. 1954. Marine Pliocene at Resolution Island, Dusky Sound, Fiordland(S165). N.Z. Journal of Science and Technology B35: 378-89,21 figs.

WHEATLEY, G. Y. 1963. "Paleontological report: northern Wellington and southern Hawke'sB:lY Provinces, North Island, N.Z." Superior Oil Co. Report. Manuscript on openfile at N.Z. Geological Survey, Lower Hutt.

Mil. J. D. COLLENGeology DepartmentVictoria University of WellingtonP.O. Box 196WellingtonNew Zealand

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new foraminifera from the pliocene and pleistocene of the wanganui basin, new zealand

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