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Evaluating the impact of standards and fiscal policies on CO2 emissions of cars
in Europe
Amela Ajanovic, Reinhard Haas Energy Economics Group
Vienna University of Technology
IEPPC Berlin, 2014
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Content
1. Introduction 2. Survey on currently implemented policies
– Fiscal policy measures – Standards
3. Interaction of policies 4. Conclusions
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Introduction
EU-27 Final energy consumption in 2009, by sector
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Introduction
GHG emissions (1990=1)
Road transport
Transport
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Impact factors on CO2 emissions in the car passenger transport
On-road power-specific fuel efficiency
Test-cycle fuel intensity
CO2 emissions
CO2 emissions coefficient
=xEnergy
Total vkmdriven
Driving coefficientbehaviour
=
x
=
x
lower coefficient for biofuels or electricity
to be improved by automobile manufacture
to be reduced byeco-driving
to be influenced byfuel taxes or fuel intensity improvements
x
x Power (capacity)of car
to be reduced e.g. by kW-specific registration tax
Standards Education Fuel tax Registration tax Subsidies, quotas
Policy instruments
On-road power-specific fuel efficiency
Test-cycle fuel intensity
CO2 emissions
CO2 emissions coefficient
=xEnergy
Total vkmdriven
Driving coefficientbehaviour
=
x
=
x
lower coefficient for biofuels or electricity
to be improved by automobile manufacture
to be reduced byeco-driving
to be influenced byfuel taxes or fuel intensity improvements
x
x Power (capacity)of car
to be reduced e.g. by kW-specific registration tax
On-road power-specific fuel efficiency
Test-cycle fuel intensity
CO2 emissions
CO2 emissions coefficient
=xEnergy
Total vkmdriven
Driving coefficientbehaviour
=
x
=
x
lower coefficient for biofuels or electricity
to be improved by automobile manufacture
to be reduced byeco-driving
to be influenced byfuel taxes or fuel intensity improvements
x
x Power (capacity)of car
to be reduced e.g. by kW-specific registration tax
Standards Education Fuel tax Registration tax Subsidies, quotas
Policy instruments
CO2 emissions in passenger car transport
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Standards
140 gCO2/km140 gCO2/km
Evolution of CO2 emissions from new passenger cars by manufacturer associations
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Fiscal measures
The mostly used fiscal policy measures in the EU: • Taxes on registration - A tax on registration is tax
paid once, by each vehicle owner, for each vehicle purchased and entered into service.
• Taxes on ownership - Taxes on ownership are paid annually, regardless of how often the vehicle is used.
• Taxes on fuel - Excise duties on fuels and VAT.
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Fiscal policy measures
Composition of gasoline prices including taxes in 2013
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Fiscal policy measures
Registra)on tax based on:
Fuel consump)on AT
Car price FI,NL
CO2 emissions FI,FR,NL,PT,ES
Cylinder capacity GR,PT
Kilowa=/weight/seats IT
None DE,SE,UK
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Fiscal policy measures
Ownership tax based on:
Fuel consump)on DK
Weight DK,FI,NL,SE
CO2 emissions FI,DE,GR,NL,PT,SE,UK
Cylinder capacity GR,PT,UK
Kilowa= AT,IT
None FR
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Formal framework
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Consumer‘s decision-making model
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Choice of service level
Choice of service level for vkm driven for different fuel intensities of a car
FI0>FI1
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How a tax vs a standard works
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The rebound effect
η
E
Δ EREB
η2
η1
S1=vkm1
S2=vkm2
1
2pr2th
E2th E2pr E1
Δ Esavepr
Δ Esaveth
η
E
Δ EREB
η2
η1
S1=vkm1
S2=vkm2
1
2pr2th
E2th E2pr E1
Δ Esavepr
Δ Esaveth
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Service price elasticity
Effect of a tax versus standard depending on service price elasticity
-0.1 -0.9 -0.4 / -0.45
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Standards & taxes
How taxes and standards interact and how a win-win situation is derived for society
Psη0 …old efficiency
E
Tax effect
E0E1E2
η1 …newefficiency
ΔEη
Ps0 =Ps2
Efficiency effect
ΔEtax
Ps1
Psη0 …old efficiency
E
Tax effect
E0E1E2
η1 …newefficiency
ΔEη
Ps0 =Ps2
Efficiency effect
ΔEtax
Ps1
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Registration tax
Relation between a registration tax and the specific CO2 emissions of cars
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Registration tax
Relation between specific CO2 emissions and the vehicle km driven
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Conclusions
• standards …. rebound effect
• service price elasticity
• standards and fuel taxes are linked via the service price elasticity
• service price elasticity : -0.4 to -0.45
• a combined tax-standard policy = win-win situation for the environment and car drivers
• registration tax = standard ……rebound problems
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Conclusions
• a broad portfolio of implemented taxes as well as on criteria of their implementation
• a harmonization of taxes in EU countries and their adaptation to the CO2 targets could contribute to the reduction of the negative impacts of the rebound effect
• a simultaneous introduction of different policy measures