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Attracts fish to the surface

Evaluate volume of feed consumed over a timeperiodImproved FCRLowered overall feed costsLess waste or uneaten fee in the pond

Utilize wind for feeddispersal

Allowed farmer to observe fish behaviorObservation of the general health of thestock

Better pond conditionBetter water quality

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32%PROTEIN

10%RiceBranorWheatMidlings

8%Fishmeal

Mino

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Ingred

ients

48.2%

SoybeanMeal

29.2%

Corn

NRC, 1983

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a PROBLEM

Types of feeds are relatively low in protein

Use of ingredients that are mainly low cost fillers

a DEMANDA lower cost feeds (make the feeds in a simple way)Optimization of the process

Look for an alternativeprotein source

SupplyofFishmeal

Cost ofFishmeal

The USE of SOYBEANMEAL

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To partially replace fishmeal cost in feedformulation

Soybean meal, as well as fishmeal, should not be overheated in oilextraction process for better functional properties (cross linking of

protein chains) to assist in holding the pellet together.

a STUDY

For every 2%Good FunctionalProtein

FORMULA

1% StarchRequirement

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Preparation of the raw materials

Based on the nutrient needs of the animal

Grind to a size finenessParticle should be less than 1/3 of the die openingDecide after understanding the market needs

MixIntroduce evenly into the extrusionsystemConditionDryCoat

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EARLIER

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LATER

Retention time of 20 to 30seconds

Retention time of 180secondsSteam, water and otherliquid ingredient are added

Cooked in a dry fashion

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On-Stream Adjustment

Bulk density range of +/-25%

a DEVELOPMENT

BACKPRESSUREVALVE

To adjust die restriction while extrusionsystem is in operation

Size and uniformity of cellstructureStarch gelatinizationShape definition

The more beautiful the pellets, the more the farmer like them as itshows care in the feed manufacturing process.

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Past Tech

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Present Tech

Can purchase an additional1,500 to 3,00 tonnes/year ofdry raw materials

Equates to 1,500 to 3,000tonnes/year of lost water

MOISTURE VARIANCE

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Monitoring the humidity of the exhaustair

an ADVANCEMENT

Enable the dryer to exhaust air at a pre-setsaturation

Reduces fuel cost

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Oil

ADDING

Probiotics

Pellets with more water pick up less oil or unevencoating

EnzymesVitamins