new decorative paints - ipen · half a century the paint industry has known about the ... in india...

Lead in New Decorative Paints

A study by

Dr Abhay Kumar

GlobalStudy.qxp 9/17/2009 9:45 PM Page 3

1. Foreword ........................................................................................................................... 5

2. About Toxics Link and IPEN ............................................................................................... 6

3. Acknowledgement .............................................................................................................. 7

4. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 8

5. Introduction and Literature Survey .................................................................................... 10

Use of Lead in Paints ............................................................................................. 10

Human Exposure Pathways ................................................................................... 11

Health Impacts of Lead .......................................................................................... 11

Regulations for Lead in Paints ............................................................................... 11

6. Study Objectives and Methodology ................................................................................... 13

Objectives .............................................................................................................. 13

Sampling ................................................................................................................ 13

Materials and Methods .......................................................................................... 14

7. Results and Discussion ....................................................................................................... 15

Sri Lanka ................................................................................................................ 15

Philippines ............................................................................................................. 17

Thailand ................................................................................................................. 21

Tanzania ................................................................................................................. 24

South Africa ............................................................................................................ 26

Nigeria .................................................................................................................... 30

Senegal ................................................................................................................... 32

Belarus .................................................................................................................... 35

Mexico ..................................................................................................................... 39

Brazil ....................................................................................................................... 43

India ........................................................................................................................ 46

All Samples ............................................................................................................. 49

8. Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 54

9. References ........................................................................................................................... 55

10. Appendix I ........................................................................................................................... 57

Appendix II .......................................................................................................................... 58

C O N T E N T S


5Lead in New Decorative Paints

Lead still finds its way into paints, which areused in our daily lives. The paints are onwalls, in toys, on furniture, in fact probablyeverywhere where one can see man-made

colour. Lead has been recognised as prime toxic byWHO. It impacts over 40 million children worldwide,over 97 percent of whom live in developing coun-tries. It is in these countries that lead in paints stillexists, mostly purposely added by paint manufactur-ers evidently to improve sheen, longevity or durabili-ty of the colour.

The incredible part of the story is that there arecommercially available substitutes, and have existedfor the past century. As early as 1935, countries inEurope had banned the use of lead in householdpaints, while the United States did so in 1971. For overhalf a century the paint industry has known about thegrave health impacts that lead in paints has on chil-dren who lick baby cots, suckle toys, or simply ingestlead laden household dust. Lead can irreversiblylower IQ, and also cause a series of coordination skilldeficiencies. In fact the map of the countries wherelead is still added to paints is like the political map ofthe world. This puts to shame all arguments aboutCSR and is nothing short of a criminal act.

The industry pleads ignorance. Or simply it usesthe cost argument to justify its act. In this case theseare nothing more than a red herring. In India, as perToxics Link studies, only one major manufacturer ofpaints did not add lead to its paints, while all the othermajor brands did. In fact this leading brand has acompetitive and significant market share. When askedby outraged parents, they simply justified this by claim-ing that it makes the paint 'better.'

In 2007, when the outcry about lead in children'stoys was raised in the U.S. and Europe, it was quicklytracked to paints. In India too, the toy industry founditself ducking as another Toxics Link report foundtoys in India laced with lead and cadmium. Howevereven two years later, Indian paints still have lead inthem despite claims being made of its removal bymajor manufacturers.

It was to determine the global pattern of lead inpaints that this study of paints in 10 countries was ini-tiated. Working with the International POPsElimination Network (IPEN), 10 developing countrieswere identified, which also had very active partnerNGOs. IPEN is a global network of more than 700

public interest non-governmental organisations inover 100 countries working together for a toxics-freefuture, including the elimination of persistent organ-ic pollutants, on an expedited yet socially equitablebasis. This mission also includes achieving a world inwhich all chemicals are produced and used in waysthat eliminate significant adverse effects on humanhealth and the environment, and where persistentorganic pollutants (POPs) and chemicals of equiva-lent concern no longer pollute our local and globalenvironments, and no longer contaminate our com-munities, our food, our bodies, or the bodies of ourchildren and future generations.

To investigate the problem globally, Toxics Linkand IPEN partnered together in 2008 to test paints forlead in local markets in countries across Africa, Asia,Latin America and Eastern Europe. The results con-firmed that lead in paints is still being produced andsold, exposing children and communities to this toxicsubstance.

In parallel, the international community hastaken action to build on this NGO initiative. ToxicsLink as a member of IPEN proposed a GlobalPartnership to eliminate lead from paint to Forum VIof the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety(IFCS) in September 2008. IFCS, through a resolutionpassed at Forum VI, and the SAICM Emerging IssuesPolicy process, has endorsed this NGO initiative.Moreover, this issue is one of the four SAICMEmerging Issues set for discussion and cooperativeaction at ICCM2.

Lead samples were obtained and analysed inDelhi through Toxics Link. The results only provewhat was already believed to be so. Very high lead levelwas found in all countries some with 100 percent ofthe samples exceeding standards. The study was firstreleased at the ICCM2 in Geneva in May 2009, andhelped in informing the delegates to adopt a resolu-tion to form a Global Partnership under the auspicesof UNEP and WHO to eliminate lead from paints by2020. It is an ambitious but achievable goal.

Meanwhile all the NGO partners in the studyhave committed to raising the issue in their own coun-tries and encourage Government and Industry to takeimmediate corrective action to remove lead at source.We hope for a lead exposure free world!

Ravi AgarwalDirector

Foreword


6 Lead in New Decorative Paints

Toxics Link is an information outreach and environmental advocacy organ-isation set up in 1996. It has a special emphasis on reaching out to grass-roots groups and community based organisations. Its engagementsinclude research, outreach and policy advocacy on issues of communities

and urban waste, toxics free healthcare, hazardous waste and pesticides.Toxics Link works closely with all stakeholders working on similar issues and has

been conducive to the formation of several common platforms for them. It is a partof international networks working on similar issues.

The mission of the organisation is:

"Working together for environmental justice and freedom from toxics. Wehave taken upon ourselves to collect and share both information about thesources and dangers of poisons in our environment and bodies, and informa-tion about clean and sustainable alternatives for India and rest of the world"

Delhi Address:TTooxxiiccss LLiinnkkH-2, Jangpura ExtNew Delhi - 110014, IndiaPhone + 91 11 - 24328006/ 23420711 fax: [email protected]

IIPPEENN:: The International POPs Elimination Network (IPEN) is a global network ofmore than 700 public interest non-governmental organisations in over 100 countriesworking together for a toxics-free future, including the elimination of persistentorganic pollutants, on an expedited yet socially equitable basis

[email protected]

About Toxics Link and IPEN



Toxics Link acknowledges the following partner organisations fortheir important role in the timely execution of the project:Centre for Environmental Justice, Sri Lanka; Ecological WasteCoalition of the Philippines, Inc. (EcoWaste Coalition),

Philippines; Campaign for Alternative Industry Network (CAIN),Thailand; AGENDA for Environment and Responsible Development,Tanzania; GroundWork- Friends of the Earth, South Africa; Friends of theEnvironment (FOTE)/Strategic Research and Action for EnvironmentalDevelopment (SRADev), Nigeria; Pesticide Action Network (PAN), SouthAfrica and Senegal; Centre for Environmental Solutions, Belarus; Red deAcción en Plaguicidas y sus Alternativas en México (RAPAM)/Centro deAnalisis y Acción en Tóxicos y sus Alternativas (CAATA), Mexico; andAPROMAC – Environment Protection Association, Brazil.

This global study required a near-flawless coordination to procure paintsamples from 10 countries situated in different continents and time zones.This was made possible by Bjorn Beeler and Jennifer Federico of the IPENSecretariat through excellent coordination. Coordinators of the IPENregional hubs were also very helpful. Toxics Link received vital help fromManny Calonzo, one of the regional coordinators of the IPEN South-EastAsia hub, from inception to conclusion of this study. His keen interest in thisstudy was very supportive of our efforts.

Toxics Link also acknowledges with gratitude valuable comments itreceived on the draft report from Judy Stober, Executive Secretary, IFCS;Jack Weinberg and Joe Digangi, IPEN; Prof C. Scott Clark of University ofCincinnati, USA, and Perry Gottesfeld, Director, OK International, SanFrancisco, USA. Their knowledge sharing is immensely appreciated.

SSNC, IPEN and Centre for the Study of Public Policy, Lowell Centerfor Sustainable Production, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA provid-ed crucial financial support to this study. Without their help this study maynot have been possible.

Toxics Link expresses its gratitude to Prashant Rajankar for substantiat-ing this report and Ragini Kumar for its compilation and organisation.

Acknowledgement



Paints in general are differentiated into deco-rative or architectural paints and industrialpaints. Lead is used in paints mainly as acolouring agent. Lead is also used to make

paints more durable and corrosion resistant.Lead based paint in older houses has long been

associated with elevated blood lead in children resid-ing there. Repeated studies have concluded that leadpaint is a significant source of lead poisoning.

Several recent studies have indicated the pres-ence of lead in high concentrations in new decorativeenamel paints available for purchase by the public infive countries (Van Alphen, 19991 ; Clark et al, 20062 ;Adebamowo et al, 20073 ; Kumar and Gottesfeld, 20084

). There is an urgent need to determine the lead con-tent of paints in other countries to document theneed worldwide for a ban on its continued use.Considering the dangerous effects of lead on humanhealth, several countries enacted laws to regulate thelead concentrations in paints. The United Statesrecently revised the maximum allowable concentra-tion of lead in new paints from 600 ppm to 90ppm.

It is also important to determine the extent oflead in paints and its contamination of householddust in order to develop sound programmes to reduceexposure to lead. A pilot study in a cross section ofhouses in Delhi documented very high levels of leadin household dust.

There is a need for additional such studies else-where to determine the sources of lead in the dust, sothat remedial programmes will address the major con-tributing sources of lead that are endangering thechildren and pregnant women who spend theirlongest time in these houses.

Children are known to eat paint chips. More com-monly lead paints in and around homes contribute todust and soil contamination that is often the most sig-nificant source of exposure for children. Childrenthen ingest lead from playing close to the ground andhaving frequent hand-to-mouth contact. Significantexposure may also occur from lead paint when small-er particles become airborne during sanding andscrapping while repainting and remodelling. In addi-tion, damaged paint and the weathering of paints onthe exterior of buildings also contribute to lead in soil.

In the United States, health authorities recom-mend a public health intervention when a child isfound to have a blood lead level of 10 µg/dl or more.Recent body of literature points out that there may beno safety margin at existing exposures and that chil-dren exposed to even < 10 µg/dl have shown intellec-tual impairment. Young children (below six years old)are recognized as the most susceptible to lead expo-sure even at low levels. Pregnant women are the sec-ond most vulnerable group. Lead also crosses the pla-centa and reaches the developing foetus.

The sixth session of the IntergovernmentalForum on Chemical Safety (IFCS), held from 15-19September 2008 in Dakar, Senegal, adopted a unani-mous resolution to eliminate lead from paints world-wide.

Toxics Link and International POPs EliminationNetwork (IPEN) decided to work with other partnerorganisations in various regions of the world to deter-mine the total lead (Pb) concentration in new decora-tive paints available in various developing countries inorder to know the amount of lead being used in devel-oping countries.

1. Van Alphen, M. (1999). Lead in paints in water in India. In: George, A. M. (Ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Lead PoisoningPrevention & treatment: Implementing a national program in Developing countries, February 8-10, 1999. The George Foundation, Bangalore,India, pp. 265-272

2. Clark CS, Rampal KG, Thuppil V, Chen CK, Clark R, Roda S. The lead content of currently available new residential paint in several Asian coun-tries. Environmental Research 2006; 102: 9-12.

3. Adebamowo EO, Clark CS, Roda S, Agbede OA, Sridhar MKC, Adebamowo CA. Lead content of dried films of domestic paints currently sold inNigeria. Science of the Total Environment 2007; 388 (1-3): 116-120.

4. Kumar, A and Gottesfeld, P. (2008). Lead content in household paints in India. Science of the Total Environment, 407(1), 333-337

Executive Summary



After initial background research, the following 10countries were selected for sampling:

i. Sri Lanka from South Asiaii. Philippines from South East Asia

iii. Thailand from South East Asiaiv. Tanzania from Africav. South Africa from Africa

vi. Nigeria from Africavii. Senegal from Africa

viii. Belarus from East Europeix. Mexico from Latin Americax. Brazil from Latin America

Samples were received during the months ofNovember 2008 to February 2009. A total of 317 paintsamples, including 26 samples from India, were fur-ther processed for lab analysis. Samples were analysedaccording to Standard Operating Procedures for Leadin Paint by Hotplate or Microwave-based AcidDigestions and Inductively Coupled Plasma EmissionSpectroscopy, EPA, PB92-114172, Sept. 1991; SW846-740 (U.S. EPA, 2001)

ResultsThe major findings of the study are:

1. Overall 317 paint samples, including 232 enam-el samples, 78 plastic samples, and seven var-nish samples were analysed for lead concentra-tions.

2. Taking all samples together, 53 percent of sam-ples were found to contain more than 90 ppmof lead, while 50 percent samples had lead con-centrations of more than 600 ppm.

3. Some 68.5 percent of enamel samples had leadconcentrations more than 90 ppm, while 65percent of enamel samples had lead concentra-tions of more than 600 ppm.

4. Only 10 percent of plastic paint samples hadconcentrations more than 90 ppm.

5. The overall average of lead concentrations was18,220.3 ppm, while for enamel samples theaverage was 23,707.1 ppm. For plastic samples,the average was 1,508.5 ppm.

6. Taking all samples together, 50 percent of sam-ples had lead concentrations of more than1,541.2 ppm. In the case of enamel samples, themedian lead concentration was 3,914.2 ppm. Inthe case of plastic paint samples, the medianlead concentration was nine ppm, whichimplied that 50 percent of plastic samples hadlead concentrations of more than nine ppm.

7. Lead concentrations ranged from 0.6 ppm to505,716 ppm (51 percent).

8. Multinational paint brands used in more thanone country showed variation in lead concen-trations for samples sourced from differentcountries.

9. (a) Of 54 paint companies with products con-taining lead greater than 90 ppm, six were sub-sidiaries of U.S. corporations, and an addition-al eight were subsidiaries of European orJapanese companies.(b) At least three of the paint companies withproducts containing lead above 90 ppm haveISO 14001 Certification in the country wherethe paints were purchased, and an additionalseven companies claim to adhere to ISO 14001.(c) Ten of the paint companies are subsidiariesor market licensed brands of larger companiesthat are ISO 14001 certified.

ConclusionsMajor conclusions drawn from the study of paint sam-ples from 10 countries around the globe are:

1. With a few exceptions, all plastic paint sampleshad low lead concentrations, often below 90ppm.

2. Majority of enamel paint samples had lead con-centrations higher than 90 ppm or 600 ppm.

3. Presence of small amount of lead in a majorityof plastic samples may be due to the impuritiesin the raw materials, as a significant percentageof samples had lead less than 20 ppm. Out of317 samples of plastic paints, 101 samples (32percent) had less than 20 ppm of lead.

4. It is also observed that there is a little differencein the percentage of samples having lead con-centrations greater than 90 ppm and percent-age samples having lead concentrations morethan 600 ppm.

5. It is obvious that alternatives to lead in paintsexist, as a number of brands from various coun-tries show consistently low lead concentrationseven in their enamel products. Cleaner substi-tutes for lead based pigments, such as titaniumdioxide, have been in use for some time now.

6. There is a general lack of awareness on thewhole issue of lead in a majority of countries,which participated in the present study.

7. In the absence of any mandatory standard forlead in paints, industries, big and small, areindulging with lead without caring for its envi-ronmental and health impacts.



Paints in general are differentiated into deco-rative or architectural paints and industrialpaints. While decorative paints serve thehousing sector, industrial paints include

powder coatings, high performance coating, andautomotive and marine paints. Decorative paints areprimarily used on the interior or exterior of homesand buildings and include other coatings such asemulsions, enamels, varnishes, wood finishes, anddistempers. Based on the solvents used, decorativepaints are further classified into water-based and oil-based paints. Plastic or latex or emulsion paints arewater-based while enamel paints are oil-based.

Per capita annual consumption of paints varies indifferent regions of the world. While the global aver-age is 15 kg per capita per annum, in developed coun-tries the average is 22 kg. South-East Asian countriesconsume 4 kg of paint per capita per annum. India'sper capita per annum consumption is 0.5 kg. Theaverage consumption includes both decorative andindustrial paints. The market share of decorative andindustrial paints also varies among countries. It isobserved that in developed countries the marketshare of these two segments typically are in the pro-portion of 50:50, while in developing countries deco-rative paints dominate the market share, with Indiatypically having decorative and industrial paints in a70:30 proportion. Within the industrial paint seg-ment, it is the automotive sector that is the largest con-sumer of paint products.

Use of Lead in PaintsLead is used in paints mainly as a colouring agent, butalso for durability and corrosion resistance. Lead alsohelps in drying paints faster. It provides longevity to

coatings on walls, woods and metals. A number of leadcompounds can be used as paint pigments such aslead oxide, lead carbonate (also known as white lead),and lead chromates/molybdates (ILZSG, 2004). Leadcarbonate was historically used for wall paint in house-holds and still is a significant source of lead exposure.Lead chromates, molybdates, and sulphates are alsowidely used. They are inorganic pigments for brightand opaque yellow, red, and orange colours in paints.There are, however, readily available substitutes for allthese lead compounds.

Lead-based paint in older houses has long beenassociated with elevated blood lead in children resid-ing in such houses (Clark, et al., 1985). The causalrelationships were considered to be mainly due toingestion of lead-based paint chips (Lin-Fu, 1967). Inone of the first studies on lead in paints and soil,Clark, et al., (2005) concluded that lead paint shouldbe considered a significant potential source of leadpoisoning in India. They also determined that leadwas in 29 paint samples collected from Gujarat andKarnataka in India and reported that 11 of the sam-ples were equal to or exceeded 1.0 mg/cm3 after theapplication of one to three coats.

In one of the studies to investigate the sources oflead in the environment of children with elevatedblood lead concentrations, with the help of a fieldportable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyser, KuruvillaA., et al., (2004) attributed high blood lead levels inone student to the brightly coloured swings paintedwith lead-based paint in an area where he routinelyplayed. In another case, high blood lead level was asso-ciated with a railing coated with lead-based yellowpaint where the child played. The third child withhigh blood lead level had the habit of licking the

Introduction and Literature Survey

Lead (Pb) is categorized as a heavy metal belonging to group IV A (14) of the periodic table having atomic number 82 and relative atomic mass207.2. Pure lead is a silvery-white metal that oxidizes and turns blue-grey when exposed to air (U.S. EPA, 1998). It is soft (enough to be scratchedby fingernail), dense (11.3 g/cm3), malleable and readily fusible. Alloying it with small amounts of arsenic, copper, antimony, or other metalshardens lead. Lead-containing products are manufactured using these alloys. The use of lead, and the process of extracting lead from ore, dateback to ancient times; the earliest known example of metallic lead is a metal figure recovered from the Temple of Abydus in Upper Egypt, con-sidered to date from 4000 BC (Thornton et al., 2001). Metallic lead occurs rarely in nature. Lead is usually obtained from sulphide ores, oftenin combination with other elements such as zinc, copper, and silver. Its abundance in Earth's crust is about 0.0013 percent. Lead exists in threeoxidation states Pb(0)-elemental form, Pb(II), and Pb(IV) and has three chemical forms, namely metallic lead, inorganic lead compounds, andorganic lead compounds.



painted surface (pica), leading to ingestion of lead.Another interesting study done by Clark, et al.,(2006), found 66 percent of new paint samples pur-chased from China, India, and Malaysia contained5,000 ppm of lead or more, while 78 percent con-tained 600 ppm or more. They also pointed out thatlead content in paints depended upon the regula-tions. The same brand could have different contentsof lead in different countries depending uponwhether or not any regulation existed (Clark, et al.,2006). They also reported that 100 percent (n=17) ofpaint samples from India had more than 600 ppm oflead concentration, while 83 percent samples hadmore than 5,000 ppm of lead contents. Kumar andGottesfeld (2008) have reported that 84 percent ofenamel paint samples from India that they analysedhad lead more than 600 ppm, with concentrationsranging up to 140,000 ppm (0.0025 to 14 percent). Allplastic (water-based) paints that they analysed hadlead in low concentrations below 25 ppm.

Human Exposure PathwaysAlthough children are known to eat paint chips, morecommonly lead paint on the interior and exterior ofhomes contributes to dust and soil contamination thatis often the most significant source of exposure forchildren. Children can ingest lead from playing closeto the ground and having frequent hand-to-mouthcontact. Significant exposure can also occur from leadpaint when smaller particles become airborne duringsanding and scrapping while repainting and remodel-ling. In addition, damaged paint and the weatheringof paint on the exterior of buildings also contribute tolead in soil. Contaminated soil is a particularly signifi-cant source of exposure to children. Ingestion of con-taminated soil, dust, and lead-based paint chips andlicking of toys in hand-to-mouth activity are importantsources of lead exposure in infants and young chil-dren. In infants and young children as much as 50percent of dietary lead is absorbed, although absorp-tion rates for lead from soils, dusts, and paint chipscan be lower depending upon the bioavailability(IPCS, 1995).

Health Impacts of LeadThat lead is a toxic element has been well established(WHO, 1995; U.S. Department of Health and HumanServices, 1988; Goldstein, 1992). It is the toxicity oflead that led the U.S. Centers for Disease Control andPrevention (CDC) to consider lead concentrations inblood higher or equal to 10 µg/dl as being elevated.In fact, a recent body of literature points out thatthere may be no safety margin at existing exposuresand that children exposed to even < 10 µg/dl haveshown intellectual impairment (Koller, et al., 2004;Needleman, 1995; Needleman and Bellinger, 2001;Needleman, et al., 2002). Some recent investigationshave revealed that even low-level and long-term lead

exposure can lead to health related problems such asrenal dysfunction or delayed puberty in girls (Selvan,et al., 2003; Wu, et al., 2003; Marsden, 2003).

A WHO/UNECE, 2006 document describes thehealth effects of lead. According to this document:

"Lead is a well known neurotoxic metal.Impairment of neurodevelopment in childrenis the most critical lead effect. Exposure inuterus, during breast-feeding, and in earlychildhood may all be responsible for theeffects. Lead accumulates in skeleton and itsmobilization from bones during pregnancyand lactation causes exposures to foetus andbreast fed infant. Hence, life time exposure ofwoman before pregnancy is important.Epidemiological studies show consistently thateffects in children are associated with lead lev-els in blood (Pb-B) of about 100-150 g/l. Thereare indications that lead is harmful even atblood lead concentrations considerably below100 g/l and there may be no threshold forthese effects." (WHO/UNECE, 2006)

Young children (below six years old) are recog-nized as the most susceptible to lead exposure even atlow levels. Pregnant women are the second most vul-nerable group. Lead also crosses the placenta andreaches the developing foetus. Absorbed lead is rapid-ly taken up by blood and soft tissue, followed by a slow-er redistribution to bone. Bone accumulates lead dur-ing much of the human life span and may serve as anendogenous source of lead that may be released slow-ly over many years after the exposure stops (IPCS,1995). New research findings suggest that lead neuro-toxicity among humans is enhanced during perinatalstage, from conception to two years old (Schnaas etal., 2006).

Table 1 describes symptoms associated with differ-ent possible blood lead levels in children and adults.

Regulations for Lead in PaintsFor over 70 years now, dangers represented by lead-based paint manufacturing and application had ledmany countries to enact bans or restrictions on theuse of white lead for interior paint: France, Belgium,and Austria in 1909; Tunisia and Greece in 1922;Czechoslovakia in 1924; Great Britain, Sweden, andBelgium in 1926; Poland in 1927; Spain andYugoslavia in 1931; and Cuba in 1934 (Markowitz,2000). In 1922, the third International LabourConference of the League of Nations recommendedthe banning of white lead for interior use (AJPH,1923).

In 2008, the U.S. Congress lowered the standardfor lead in residential paints and paints on products



used by children from 0.06 percent (600 ppm) to0.009 percent (90 ppm). The new standard enforcedby the Consumer Products Safety Commissionbecomes effective in August 2009.

In 1997, Australia recommended 0.1 percent oftotal lead as the maximum amount of lead in domes-tic paint (DEH 2001). Singapore has a standard of0.06 percent of lead in new paints. In China the stan-dard is 90 ppm (Barboza, D., 2007).

In a majority of developed countries, concertedefforts have led in recent years to a reduction in therelease of lead into the ambient environment, reflect-ing a decline in the commercial use of lead, particular-ly in petrol (CDC, 1991; Edwards-Bert et al., 1994).Blood lead levels in the general population in thesecountries have fallen dramatically over the past 20years, thanks to the phasing out of lead from petroland the reduction of environmental exposure to themetal (Edwards-Bert et al., 1994; Annest, 1983; Pirkle,et al., 1994). In the U.S. between 1976 and 1991, themean blood lead level of persons aged one to 74 yearsdropped by 78 percent from 12.8 µg/dl to 2.8 µg/dl(Pirkle, et al., 1994). Mean blood lead levels of chil-dren aged one to five years declined by 72 to 77 per-cent for various social groups of children (Pirkle, etal., 1994).

Lead continues to be a significant public healthproblem in developing countries where there are con-siderable variations in the sources and pathways ofexposure (Tong and McMichael, 1999; Falk H, 2003).In a study done on 281 children in Lebanon, it wasfound that the mean Pb-B was 66.0 µg/l with 14 per-cent children having Pb-B more than 100 µg/l(Nuwayhid, et al., 2003). Logistic regression analysisshowed that elevated Pb-B was associated with pater-nal manual jobs (odds ratio [OR] of 4.74), residencebeing located in high traffic areas (OR: 4.59), summerseason (OR of 4.39), using hot tap water for cooking(OR of 3.96), and living in older buildings (OR of2.01).

In a study investigating the prevalence of elevated

blood lead (Pb-B) levels in children one to six yearsold in Kaduna, Nigeria, mean Pb-B was found to be10.6 µg/dl and two percent of children had Pb-B lev-els higher than 30 µg/dl (Nriagu, 1997). Thestrongest associations were found between Pb-B andwhether family owned a car or lived in a house ontarred road. In a similar study done in Karachi, it wasfound that about 80 percent (n=430) of children(aged 36 to 60 months) had blood lead concentra-tions higher than 10 µg/dl (Rahbar, et al., 2002). Italso derived that, at the five percent level of signifi-cance, houses nearer to the main intersection in thecity center, application of surma (kohl) to children'seyes, father's exposure to lead at workplace, parent'silliteracy, and child's habit of hand-to-mouth activitywere among variables associated with elevated leadconcentrations in blood.

In a study on lead poisoning in major Indiancities, the George Foundation reported 51.4 percentof the total sampled population having more than 10µg/dl of Pb-B, while 12.6 percent having more than 20µg/dl of Pb-B (the George Foundation, 1999). Incities like Delhi and Kolkata, almost 19 percent ofsampled population had blood lead concentration ofmore than 20µg/dl. In Mumbai, some 14.7 percent ofchildren had more than 20 µg/dl of blood lead con-centration.

In a study conducted to estimate the Pb-B andprevalence of lead toxicity in school children and chil-dren residing in urban slums in Delhi, it was foundthat the mean Pb-B was 7.8 µg/dl and proportion ofchildren having more than 10 µg/dl of Pb-B was 18.4percent (Kalra, V., et al., 2003). It also suggested thatdistance of the residence or school from a main roadappeared to be associated with higher blood lead con-centrations, but these differences were not statisticallysignificant. Similar reports highlight high concentra-tions of blood lead in children in various other citiesin India and relate it with local practices and exposurepathways (Kumar and Kesaree, 1999; Kaul, 1999;Patel, et al., 2001).

EEffffeecctt iinn cchhiillddrreenn PPbb--bblloooodd ((µµgg//ddll)) EEffffeecctt iinn aadduullttssMortality 150

100 EncephalopathyEncephalopathy

Nephropathy AnaemiaAnaemia

Abdominal pain50 Decrease in haemoglobin synthesis

Decrease in haemoglobin synthesis 40 Infertility (men)Nephropathy

Diminished vitamin D metabolism 30 Hearing lossDiminished nerve conduction 20Erythropoietic protoporphyria 10 Hypertension

Hearing loss MiscarriagesReduced growth

Source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 1990. Case Studies in Environmental Medicine, No. 1

Table 1. Symptoms associated with blood lead levels in children and adults



ObjectivesThe sixth session of the Intergovernmental Forum onChemical Safety (IFCS), held from 15 to 19September 2008 in Dakar, Senegal, adopted a unani-mous resolution to eliminate lead from paints world-wide. The text of the resolution is given in Appendix1. The issue of lead in paints was also on the agendaof the second session of the International Conferenceon Chemicals Management (ICCM) held in Genevafrom 11 to 15 May 2009. To better inform the interna-tional debate on the issue, Toxics Link andInternational POPs Elimination Network (IPEN)decided to work with other partner organisations invarious regions of the world to determine the totallead (Pb) concentration in new decorative paintsavailable in various developing countries in the worldin order to know the amount of lead being used indeveloping countries. This project was jointly fundedby the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation(SSNC), IPEN, and the Centre for the Study of PublicPolicy.

SamplingDue to the paucity of time and resources, it was decid-ed to sample new paints from only 10 countries acrossthe continents. The following criteria were adopted:

1. Absence of similar study in the country2. Presence of strong and effective organisations

for campaigns and follow up

The following 10 countries were selected:

Sri Lanka from South AsiaPhilippines and Thailand from South East AsiaTanzania, South Africa, Nigeria and Senegalfrom AfricaBelarus from Eastern EuropeMexico and Brazil from Latin America

In each of these countries Toxics Link workedclosely with the IPEN International Coordinator andRegional Hubs to identify partner organisations, and,thereafter, collectively agreed on how to conduct the

sample collection of new paints as per the guidelines(see Appendix II). The samples were sent via courieror air cargo to the New Delhi office of Toxics Link.Each partner organisation was supposed to send 25 to30 samples of both plastic and enamel paints in vari-ous colours. However, a majority of the samples wereof enamel paints. Since the previous studies have indi-cated comparatively low levels of lead in plastic paints,and for other logistical reasons, like the cost and con-venience of dispatch, the total number of plastic paintsamples from each partner organisation was kept atless than 10 out of 30.

The following organisations were involved in thesampling and collating basic information on paintindustries from their respective countries. Theseorganisations are also part of IPEN.

Centre for Environmental Justice, 20A,Kuruppu Road, Colombo 08, Sri LankaEcological Waste Coalition of the Philippines,Inc. (EcoWaste Coalition), Unit 329, EagleCourt Condominium, Matalino Street,Barangay Central, Quezon City, PhilippinesCampaign for Alternative Industry Network(CAIN), 211/2, Ngamwongwan Rd., Soi 31,Muang, Nonthaburi 11000, ThailandAGENDA for Environment and ResponsibleDevelopment, Sinza B 545, Mashujaa St. SinzaPalestina, P.O. Box 77266, Dar es Salaam,TanzaniaGroundWork- Friends of the Earth, PO BOX2375, Pietermaritzburg, 3200, South AfricaFriends of the Environment (FOTE)/StrategicResearch and Action for EnvironmentalDevelopment (SRADev), 106/110 LewisStreet, Lagos, NigeriaPesticide Action Network (PAN) Africa, N° 15Rue 1XJ Castors-Derklé Dakar, BP 15938,Dakar Fann, SenegalCentre for Environmental Solutions, P.O. Box21, Minsk, 220141, BelarusRed de Acción en Plaguicidas y sus Alternativasen México (RAPAM)/Centro de Análisis y

Study Objectives and Methodology



Acción en Tóxicos y sus Alternativas (CAATA)Amado Nervo 23, int 2, Col San Juanito,Texcoco, Edo. de Mexico CP 56121, MexicoAPROMAC - Environment ProtectionAssociation, Rua Octavio Secundino, 340 CEP80520-480, Curitiba - Paraná - Brazil

A few samples from Indian markets were also col-lected to examine the claims of a few brands, whichhad announced lead phase out from their enamelproducts some time in 2008.

Samples were received from November 2008 toFebruary 2009 in New Delhi; they were labelled andgiven unique identification number. A total of 317paint samples, which included 26 samples from India,were further prepared for lab analysis.

Materials and MethodsSamples were analysed according to the standard

operating procedures for lead in paint by hotplate ormicrowave-based acid digestions and inductively cou-pled plasma emission spectroscopy, EPA, PB92-114172, Sept. 1991; SW846-740 (U.S. EPA, 2001)

Sample preparation

1. Each wet paint sample was applied on a cleanglass surface (one square foot) using a differ-ent brush for each sample to avoid any contam-ination. Samples, thus applied were left to dryfor a minimum of 72 hours.

2. After drying, samples were scraped off fromthe glass surfaces using sharp and clean knives.One knife per sample was used to avoid anycontamination.

3. Thus scraped, samples were collected in poly-ethylene bags and sent to Delhi Test House, A-62/3, G.T. Karnal Road, Industrial Area,Opposite Hans Cinema, Azadpur, Delhi-110033 for analysis. Delhi Test House (DTH) is

accredited by National Accreditation Board forTesting and Calibration Laboratories (NABL).

Laboratory Methods

1. Each scraped sample was crushed using mortarand pestle to make samples as homogenous aspossible. Latex paint does not grind hencethey were torn into small pieces using pre-cleaned steel scissors.

2. Some 0.3 g of each paint sample was taken ona glass slide and placed in an oven at 120OC fortwo hours to remove any moisture.

3. Some 0.1 g of each of the dried paint samplewas then accurately weighed into a closedTeflon vessel and then digested/extracted.

4. Standards were also prepared similarly.

Digestion Procedures

1. Three millilitres of concentrated nitric acid(HNO3) was added into Teflon vessels andthen placed in an oven at 150oC for one hour.

2. Vessels were then allowed to cool to room tem-perature.

3. Solution along with any precipitate was trans-ferred to a 25 ml volumetric flask.

4. Flask was diluted to volume with deionisedwater and mixed well. Precipitate, if any, wasallowed to settle and then the solution was fil-tered.

5. Sample blanks were also prepared similarly.

Digested samples were then analysed for totallead (Pb) in atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS)fitted with Graphite Furnace (GF) of make GBC,Model -932 Plus. Dilutions were performed if neededto fit with the calibration curve. Recovery was between80 to 120 percent for different lot of digestions. Thedetection limit of method was 1.25 ppm.



BackgroundThe paint industry in Sri Lanka comprises about 30large and small players, some of which are well knownhaving strong market presence of brands. Accordingto the Census and Statistics Department of theGovernment of Sri Lanka, 100 companies operated in2003, which declined to 60 in 2004. Some of the majorcompanies/brands are listed below:

1. CIC Paints, foreign collaboration with ICI2. Macksons Paints Lanka, with foreign collabora-

tion3. Causeway Paints, with foreign collaboration4. Masons Mixtures, with foreign collaboration5. Lankem Ceylon6. Asian Paints Lanka, with foreign collaboration7. Paints & General Industries, with foreign col-

laboration8. Silicone Coatings (Pvt) Ltd9. Nippolac

ResultsLead concentration in the paint samples receivedfrom Sri Lanka with their general description is givenin Table 2. Out of 33 paint samples received from SriLanka, 19 samples were of enamel paints, 10 emul-sions or plastic paints, one weather coat paint, andthree varnishes, including a polyurethane varnish.These samples belonged to four brands, namelyNippolac, Robbialac, Berlux, and ICI.

Statistical measure of lead concentration inenamel, plastic, and varnish samples are given inTable 3. Table 4 shows the distribution of paint sam-ples having lead concentration more than 90 ppm. Asmentioned earlier, as per a recent change in the law,the U.S. has 90 ppm of lead as the upper limit for newresidential paints, which earlier was 600 ppm. So, thepresent data have been compared with both 90 ppmand 600 ppm of lead concentrations.

Some major findings about lead in paint samples

from Sri Lanka are:

1. The arithmetic mean of lead concentration inall samples was 15,927 ppm. The arithmeticmean for enamel samples was 25,210 ppm; foremulsion samples and varnish samples theaverage lead content was 4,177 ppm and 220ppm respectively.

2. Lead concentration in samples varied fromfour ppm to 137,325 ppm (14 percent). Thehighest concentration of lead was found inenamel paint samples.

3. Enamel paints contained high concentrationsof lead ranging up to 14 percent. About 68.4percent of enamel samples showed lead con-centrations higher than 90 ppm or 600 ppm. Ahigh of 45.4 percent of all samples had leadconcentrations higher than 90 ppm. Only oneemulsion sample had lead in very high concen-tration (five percent). One polyurethane var-nish sample had lead concentration equal to605 ppm.

4. Except one sample, all other plastic paint sam-ples contained less than 90 ppm of total leadconcentration. Without this particular sample(sample number SRL 12 having lead concen-tration 45,743.1 ppm), the arithmetic mean ofemulsion samples was 20 ppm.

5. Only one paint company, namely ICI, whichhad both enamel and emulsion samples,showed lead levels at less than 90 ppm for allsamples.

ConclusionsMajor conclusions drawn from the study of paint sam-ples from Sri Lanka are:

1. In general, plastic samples have low lead con-centrations (less than 90 ppm).

2. Enamel paint samples have high lead concen-trations (more than 600 ppm; lead concentra-

Results and DiscussionSRI LANKA



tions ranging up to 14 percent).3. Only one company, ICI, has its enamel prod-

ucts containing lead in lower concentrations.

SSaammppllee PPaaiinntt LLooccaattiioonn VVoolluummee ooff PPrriiccee ooff TTyyppee ooff CCoolloouurr ooff PPbb PPbb nnoo.. bbrraanndd ooff ppuurrcchhaassee ppaaiinntt ssaammppllee tthhee ccaann SSLLRR ppaaiinntt tthhee ppaaiinnttss ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn

((ppppmm)) ((%%))

SRL 01 Nippolac Colombo 1 Litre 645 Emulsion Sun Flower 25.2 0.00252

SRL 02 Nippolac Colombo 1 Litre 645 Emulsion Jade Green 21.2 0.00212

SRL 03 Nippolac Colombo 1 Litre 645 Emulsion Poppy red 14.2 0.00142

SRL 04 Nippolac Colombo 1 Litre 645 Emulsion Paradise Blue 33.3 0.0033

SRL 05 Nippolac Colombo 200 ml 210 Enamel Antique Brown 5,137.4 0.5

SRL 06 Nippolac Colombo 200 ml 210 Enamel White 3,296 0.3

SRL 07 Nippolac Colombo 200 ml 210 Enamel Sylvan Green 55,237 5.5

SRL 08 Nippolac Colombo 200 ml 210 Enamel Sunrise 137,325 14

SRL 09 Nippolac Colombo 200 ml 210 Enamel Post office Red 7,432 0.7

SRL 10 Nippolac Colombo 200ml 210 Enamel Oxford Blue 21,116 2.1

SRL 11 Nippolac Colombo 200 ml 185 PU Varnish 604.7 0.1

SRL 12 Robbialac Colombo 1 Litre 645 Emulsion Sunset 45,743.1 5

SRL 13 Robbialac Colombo 1 Litre 645 Emulsion Regatta Blue 49.5 0.00495

SRL 14 Robbialac Colombo 1 Litre 825 Weather Coat Black 6 0.0006

SRL 15 Robbialac Colombo 1 Litre 645 Emulsion Poppy red 6 0.00058

SRL 16 Robbialac Colombo 500 ml 415 Enamel Dark Green 20,904.3 2.09043

SRL 17 Robbialac Colombo 500 ml 360 Enamel Golden Yellow 133,463 13.3

SRL 18 Robbialac Colombo 500 ml 360 Enamel Oxford Blue 4,164 0.4

SRL 19 Robbialac Colombo 500 ml 415 Enamel Black 8,851.3 0.8

SRL 20 Robbialac Colombo 500 ml 360 Enamel Jasmine Yellow 32,254.5 3.2

SRL 21 Robbialac Colombo 500 ml 415 Enamel Post office Red 3,772.5 0.4

SRL 22 Robbialac Colombo 500 ml 440 Varnish Mahogany 34.4 0.00344

SRL 23 Berlux Colombo 1 Litre 545 Enamel Sun Kissed Yellow 11.2 0.00112

SRL 24 Berlux Colombo 500 ml 399 Enamel King Coconut 45,991.3 5

SRL 25 ICI Colombo 500 ml 440 Enamel Saffron (Lo) 4 0.00037

SRL 26 ICI Colombo 500 ml 440 Enamel Poppy 4.1 0.00041

SRL 27 ICI Colombo 500 ml 440 Enamel Black 8 0.00077

SRL 28 ICI Colombo 500 ml 440 Enamel White 9 0.00086

SRL 29 ICI Colombo 500 ml 440 Enamel Regeta Blue 8 0.00077

SRL 30 ICI Colombo 1 Litre 648 Emulsion Royal Gold 10.2 0.00102

SRL 31 ICI Colombo 1 Litre 648 Emulsion Phantom Blue 21.2 0.00212

SRL 32 ICI Colombo 1 Litre 648 Emulsion White 14.3 0.00143

SRL 33 ICI Colombo 500 ml 431 Varnish PU Varnish 20.4 0.00204

Table 2. Lead concentrations in paint samples from Sri Lanka

AAllll EEnnaammeell EEmmuullssiioonnss VVaarrnniisshh

ssaammpplleess ssaammpplleess ssaammpplleess ssaammpplleess

Average 15,927 25,210 4,177 220

Standard deviation 34,317 42,089.3 13,786 20.4

Maximum 137,325 1,373,247 45,743.1 605

Minimum 4 4 6 333.4

NNoo.. ooff NNoo.. ooff ssaammpplleess NNoo.. ooff ssaammpplleess ssaammpplleess bbeeaarriinngg mmoorree tthhaann bbeeaarriinngg mmoorree tthhaann

9900 ppppmm ooff lleeaadd 660000 ppppmm ooff lleeaadd

Enamel 19 13 (68.4%) 13 (68.4%)

Emulsions 11 1 (10%) 1 (10%)

Varnish 3 1 (33.3%) 1 (33.3%)

Total 33 15 (45.4%) 15 (45.4%)

Table 3. Statistical measure of lead concentrations insamples from Sri Lanka

Table 4. Distribution of samples having lead concentrations more than 90 ppm and 600 ppm



BackgroundThe Philippine paint sector was established in 1911.According to the Chemical Industries Association ofthe Philippines, or Samahan sa Pilipinas ng mgaIndustriyang Kimika (SPIK), there are currently over100 direct manufacturers in the paints and coatingindustry, 67 of which are considered significant in size.The members of the sector own assets in the order ofPhp 4.5 billion.5 One of the biggest associations in thecountry's paint sector is the Philippine Association ofPaint Manufacturers, Inc. (PAPM). It was establishedin 1961. It is a privately operated non-stock, non-prof-it, non-sectarian, and non-political organisation withmore that 70 member companies.6

Pacific Paint (Boysen) Philippines Inc., maker ofBoysen paints, is the leading paint company in thecountry with 70 percent market share.7 The said paintbrand was given the most Trusted Brand Award byReaders Digest (Asia) for two consecutive years -2006and 2007.

Based on the survey of the EcoWaste Coalition,the partner organisation in the present study, othermajor brands being sold in many hardware stores inMetro Manila are: Nation, the economical paint lineof Boysen; Davies, and Coat Saver, manufactured byCharter Chemical and Coating Corporation; DutchBoy and its product line by United Paints, Inc.;Welcoat and Rain or Shine by Asian Coatings, Inc.;and Sphero by Globesco, Inc.

Boysen Paints Philippines is a local paint compa-ny, which is a licensed manufacturer of Boysen Paints,a U.S.-based multinational company. Other majorinternational players operate through licensees andsubsidiaries in the Philippine market. CharterChemicals and Coating Corporation is a licensee ofJapanese company Chugoku Paints. Dutch Boy is alsoa Philippine subsidiary of Berger Paints International.Welcoat and Rain or Shine paint brands are made by

Welbest Manufacturing, Inc., which has a joint-ven-ture with a Japanese company Shinto Paint.

Based on phone interviews and site visits conduct-ed by the EcoWaste Coalition to major hardwarestores in Metro Manila, the most purchased decorativepaints (in no particular order) were Boysen, Nation,Dutch Boy, Coat Saver, and Welcoat. Water-based coat-ings make up 40 percent of the market, and these aredominated by 100 percent acrylic and vinylacetate/acrylic. On the other hand, alkyl coatingsdominate the solvent sector and these are used onwood and metal surfaces.8

The Philippine government identified lead asone of the priority chemicals that should be regulateddue to its hazardous effect on health and environ-ment. Under the country's Toxic Substances,Hazardous, and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990or Republic Act (RA) 6969 and Department ofEnvironment and Natural Resources (DENR)Administrative Order 2005-05, a Chemical ControlOrder (CCO) should be issued to regulate the use,manufacture, import, export, transport, processing,storage, possession and wholesale of lead. In 2007, theDENR issued a draft CCO for lead, which is yet to befinalized.

The interviews with the Bureau of ProductStandards of the Department of Trade and Industry(DTI) reveal that there is no standard set by the gov-ernment for the use of lead in paints. According to asource in the PAPM Environment and Health SafetyCommittee, the association also has not prescribedany lead limit to its member manufacturers.According to the source, the association is pre-occu-pied with occupational safety concerns. There areplans to address the issue of lead in paints in 2009,particularly after the controversies surrounding therecall of toys contaminated with high lead levels. Theofficer explains that some PAPM-affiliated manufac-

PHILIPPINES

5. http://www.spik-ph.org/index.php?content=2&article=86. http://www.spik-ph.org/index.php?content=2&article=87. http://www.spik-ph.org/index.php?content=2&article=88. http://www.spik-ph.org/index.php?content=2&article=8



turers are reportedly still using lead because goinglead-free will require technology shift and systemupgrading. He also said that their group could notprovide technical assistance for technology upgrade,especially to their small members.

However, some paint companies claim to offerlead-free products such as Boysen and Dutch Boy.SPIK projects that a trend towards the greater use ofwater-based paints can be expected over the next tenyears. Both SPIK and PAPM boast that the overall qual-ity of paints produced in the Philippines is one of thebest in Asia.

Prices of paint products vary. Among the localbrands, Boysen, Davies and Dutch Boy are some of themore expensive decorative paints with prices rangingfrom USD 2.50 to 3.00, followed by Welcoat, CoatSaver, and Nation. Industrial paints like Sphero aremore expensive with price ranging from USD 3.00 to4.00 per litre (conversion rate estimate: USD 1.00 =Php 48.00). Lead-free, top of the line brands ofBoysen, Davies, and Dutch Boy and U.S.-made paintssuch as Ace Paints made by Ace Hardware Corp aremore expensive with prices ranging from USD 5.00 upto 10.00 per litre. Cheap and small brands such asMaster, Destiny, Hudson, and Mana are available insome hardware stores with prices ranging from USD1.00 to 2.00 per litre.

According to a market research by a global con-sultancy company Information Research (IRL) titledA Profile of the Asia-Pacific Industry, eighth edition,which was released in 2008, the Philippines ranks sixthin terms of paint demands in 2006 totalling 250,000tons. Of the available brands, Master, Boysen, Hudson,Mna, Destiny, Challengar, Popular, Olympic, Welcoat,Coat Saver, Nation, Globe, Davies Megacryl, DaviesGloss-it, Sphero, Dutch Boy, Gloss Masta, and Acepaint were sampled.

ResultsThe relevant description of the Philippines paint sam-ples is given in the Table 5. Table 6 presents the con-centrations of lead in paint samples in both ppm andpercentage. Some of the general statistical measuresof lead concentration (ppm) have been given in Table7, while Table 8 depicts the distribution of sampleswith more than 90 ppm or 600 ppm lead concentra-tion.

Broad observations made from the study of thePhilippines paint samples are:

1. Overall 25 samples were analysed for total leadconcentration. Of these, 15 samples wereenamel paints and 10 plastic types.

2. The arithmetic mean of lead concentration ofall samples was 17,016.4 ppm. Lead concentra-

tion varied from a minimum of 0.6 ppm ("notdetected" values were taken as half of thedetection limit in the method adopted for leadanalysis to avoid any bias. 1.2 ppm being thedetection limit in the method, "not detected"values were adjudged as 0.6 ppm for statisticalmeasurements) to 189,163.5 ppm (19 per-cent).

3. The arithmetic mean of lead concentration inenamel paint samples was 28,354 ppm withconcentration varying from 3.4 ppm to189,163.5 ppm (19 percent). The median oflead concentration in enamel samples was3,199 ppm, which means that half of the sam-ples have lead concentrations higher than3,199 ppm.

4. The arithmetic mean of plastic paint sampleswas 11 ppm with lead concentrations varyingfrom 0.6 ppm to 40.2 ppm. The median is nineppm.

5. Out of 15 enamel paint samples, 10 samples(67 percent) had lead concentration higherthan 90 ppm, while nine samples (60 percent)had lead concentrations higher than 600 ppm.

6. No plastic paint sample had lead concentra-tion higher than 90 ppm.

7. In total, 40 percent samples from thePhilippines had lead concentrations higherthan 90 ppm and 36 percent had higher than600 ppm.

8. Enamel samples of Master, Olympic, Welcoat,Coat saver, Nation, Globe, Davies Gloss, andDutch Boy brands were found to have highlead concentration.

9. Enamel samples of Boysen, Mana, Popular,Hudson, and Sphero brands had low lead con-centration.

10. It was also interesting to observe that all enam-el samples with lead concentrations less than90 ppm were of white colour. One sample witha lead concentration of more than 90 ppm butless than 600 ppm was of silver finish alumini-um colour.

11. Two enamel samples showed very high leadconcentrations: PLP 21 of orange colour had19 percent lead while PLP 16 of yellow colourhad 14 percent lead.

Conclusions

1. In general, plastic paint samples have lowconcentration of lead - well below 90 ppm.

2. Enamel paint samples contain high concen-trations of lead. The average lead concentration inenamel samples is 28,354 ppm with the range varyingup to 19 percent.



SSaammppllee PPaaiinntt DDaattee ooff LLooccaattiioonn ooff MMaannuuffaaccttuurreerr VVoolluummee PPrriiccee ooff tthhee TTyyppee ooff CCoolloouurr ooff nnoo.. bbrraanndd ppuurrcchhaassee ppuurrcchhaassee ooff ppaaiinntt ccaann iinn UUSSDD ppaaiinntt--llaatteexx // tthhee ppaaiinnttss

ssaammpplleess eennaammeell

PLP 01 Master 11/24/08 Quezon City Times Paint 80 ml 1.2 Enamel Ultra Marine

Corporation (Quick Drying) Blue

PLP 02 Boysen 11/24/08 Quezon City Pacific Paint (Boysen) 250 ml 0.9 Latex Thalo Blue

Philippines, Inc.

PLP 03 Boysen 11/24/08 Quezon City Pacific Paint (Boysen) 250 ml 1.1 Enamel White

Philippines, Inc. (Quick Drying)

PLP 04 Hudson 11/24/08 Quezon City Century Chemical 250 ml 0.9 Latex Venetian Red

Corporation

PLP 05 Mana 11/24/08 Quezon City Globesco, Inc. 250 ml 0.9 Enamel White

PLP 06 Destiny 11/24/08 Quezon City Paradise Chemical 60 ml 0.5 Latex (Acrylic) Thalo Green

Corp.

PLP 07 Challanger 11/24/08 Quezon City Mayon Industries 60 ml 0.4 Enamel Red

Corp. (Quick Drying)

PLP 08 Master 11/25/08 Makati City Times Paint 250 ml 1.1 Enamel Mandarin Red

Corporation (Quick Drying)

PLP 09 Popular 11/25/08 Makati City H-Chem Industries, 1 L 2.4 Enamel White

Inc. (Quick Drying)

PLP 10 Popular 11/25/08 Makati City H-Chem Industries, 1 L 1.6 Latex (Flat) White

Inc.

PLP 11 Hudson 11/25/08 Quezon City Century Chemical 250 ml 1.2 Enamel Silver Finish

Corporation (Quick Drying) Aluminum

PLP 12 Olympic 11/25/08 Quezon City Century Chemical 250 ml 0.8 Enamel Jade Green

Corporation (Quick Drying)

PLP 13 Welcoat 11/25/08 Quezon City Irvine Coatings, Inc. 250 ml 1 Enamel Black

(Quick Drying)

PLP 14 Coat Saver 11/25/08 Quezon City Charter Chemical 250 ml 1 Enamel Emerald Green

and Coating Corp. (Quick Drying)

PLP 15 Nation 11/25/08 Quezon City Pacific Paint (Boysen) 250 ml 0.7 Enamel French Blue

Philippines, Inc. (Quick Drying)

PLP 16 Globe 11/26/08 Quezon City 60 ml 0.6 Enamel Yellow

(Quick Drying)

PLP 17 Welcoat 11/26/08 Quezon City Asian Coatings 1 L 2.2 Latex (Flat) White

Phils, Inc.

PLP 18 Davies 11/26/08 Quezon City Charter Chemical 1 L 2.8 Latex (Gloss) White

Megacryl and Coating Corp.

PLP 19 Davies Gloss-it 11/26/08 Quezon City Charter Chemical 1 L 3.2 Enamel Whisper Blue

and Coating Corp. (Quick Drying)

PLP 20 Sphero 11/26/08 Quezon City Globesco, Inc. 1 L 6 Enamel White

(Hi-Gloss Lacquer)

PLP 21 Dutch Boy 11/26/08 Quezon City United Paints, Inc. 250 ml 1.5 Enamel Orange

Gloss Masta (Quick Drying)

PLP 22 Nation 11/26/08 Quezon City Pacific Paint (Boysen) 1 L 2 Latex (Flat) White

Philippines, Inc.

PLP 23 Coat Saver 11/26/08 Quezon City Charter Chemical 1 L 2.6 Latex (Gloss) White

and Coating Corp.

PLP 24 Boysen 11/27/08 Quezon City Pacific Paint (Boysen) 250 ml 0.9 Latex Venetian Red

Philippines, Inc.

PLP 25 Ace Paint 11/27/08 Quezon City Ace Hardware 1 L 9 Latex (Acrylic) Ultra White

Corporation

Table 5. Description of paint samples from Philippines



SSaammppllee PPaaiinntt bbrraanndd TTyyppee ooff ppaaiinntt--llaatteexx//eennaammeell CCoolloouurr ooff tthhee ppaaiinnttss PPbb ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn PPbb ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn

nnoo.. ((iinn ppppmm)) ((iinn %%))

PLP 01 Master Enamel (Quick Drying) Ultra Marine Blue 12,704 1.3

PLP 02 Boysen Latex Thalo Blue 11 0.00108

PLP 03 Boysen Enamel (Quick Drying) White 61 0.0061

PLP 04 Hudson Latex Venetian Red ND

PLP 05 Mana Enamel White 40.5 0.00405

PLP 06 Destiny Latex (Acrylic) Thalo Green 40.2 0.00402

PLP 07 Challanger Enamel (Quick Drying) Red 141 0.0141

PLP 08 Master Enamel (Quick Drying) Mandarin Red 2,363.5 0.2

PLP 09 Popular Enamel (Quick Drying) White 13 0.00126

PLP 10 Popular Latex (Flat) White 7 0.00066

PLP 11 Hudson Enamel (Quick Drying) Silver Finish Aluminum 18 0.00179

PLP 12 Olympic Enamel (Quick Drying) Jade Green 26,897 3

PLP 13 Welcoat Enamel (Quick Drying) Black 14,388 1.4

PLP 14 Coat Saver Enamel (Quick Drying) Emerald Green 34,630 3.5

PLP 15 Nation Enamel (Quick Drying) French Blue 5,569.1 0.6

PLP 16 Globe Enamel (Quick Drying) Yellow 136,114 14

PLP 17 Welcoat Latex (Flat) White 12 0.00118

PLP 18 Davies Megacryl Latex (Gloss) White ND

PLP 19 Davies Gloss-it Enamel (Quick Drying) Whisper Blue 3,199 0.3

PLP 20 Sphero Enamel (Hi-Gloss Lacquer) White 3.4 0.00034

PLP 21 Dutch Boy Gloss Masta Enamel (Quick Drying) Orange 189,163.5 19

PLP 22 Nation Latex (Flat) White 17.4 0.00174

PLP 23 Coat Saver Latex (Gloss) White 2.3 0.00023

PLP 24 Boysen Latex Venetian Red 16 0.00159

PLP 25 Ace Paint Latex (Acrylic) Ultra White ND

Table 6. Concentration of lead (in both ppm and %) in paint samples from Philippines

AAllll EEnnaammeell LLaatteexx ssaammpplleess ssaammpplleess ssaammpplleess

Arithmetic mean 17,016.4 28,354 11

Standard deviation 45,373 56,435.1 12.2

Maximum 189,163.5 189,163.5 40.2

Minimum 0.6 3.4 0.6

Median 40.2 3199 9

NNoo ooff NNoo.. ooff ssaammpplleess NNoo.. ooff ssaammpplleess ssaammpplleess bbeeaarriinngg mmoorree bbeeaarriinngg mmoorree

tthhaann 9900 ppppmm tthhaann660000 ppppmm ooff lleeaadd ooff lleeaadd

Enamel paint Samples 15 10 (66.7%) 9 (60%)

Latex paint Samples 10 0 0

Total 25 10 (40%) 9 (36%)

Table 7. Statistical measures of lead concentrations (ppm) in samples from Philippines

Table 8. Distribution of samples having lead concentrations more than 90 ppm and 600 ppm



BackgroundAccording to the Department of Industrial Work,Ministry of Industry, Thailand had 296 paint factoriesat the end of year 2007 with a total investment of morethan 9,300 million baht. With overall 9,300 employeesin the industry, a majority of paint factories are thesmall enterprises. There are only six big paint indus-tries in Thailand, namely TOA Paint (Thailand) Co.Ltd., Eason Paint Public Company Ltd., Nippon Paint(Thailand) Co. Ltd., Thai Kansai Paint Co. Ltd.,AkzoNobel (former ICI, Thailand), and JotunThailand Ltd.

TOA Paint and Eason Paint are wholly Thaiowned. These paint companies dominate the market.AkzoNobel is a multinational company with headquar-ters based in Amsterdam. Jotun Thailand Ltd. is also amultinational company with its head office located inSandefjord, Norway. Sampling was done from the fol-lowing brands: TOA, Captain, Beger, Nippon, Rust-Oleum, and Delta.

Thailand's Paint Industry can be classified intodecorative and industrial segments. In Thailand,industrial paints dominate over decorative paints. In2008, total value of paint market in Thailand was esti-mated at 24,500 million baht, which included 12,600million baht from industrial paint and 11,900 millionbaht from decorative paint.

Market share of the major brands of decorativepaints in 2007 is given in Table 9.

In Thailand, the following types of decorativepaints are manufactured: primer, emulsion paints

(plastic), enamel paints and alkyd oil paints. Industrialpaints are used for automotive refinished paint,motorcycle coating, packaging coating, steel struc-ture, waterborne coating, concrete structures, floor-

ing, tank coating, fireproofing, heat resistance, andother special purposes. Wood paints are used asprimers and top coatings.

Like many other Asian countries, Thailand toohas a standard for lead in paint, which is voluntary innature. Thailand Industrial Standard Institute,Ministry of Industry, is the nodal agency for the regu-lation. However, this institute does not have any man-date for post-market monitoring programs. Thailandhas a series of product standards, which limit lead con-centration in its paint. Such standards (voluntary) aregiven in Table 10 below.

Thailand's import and export of paints and var-nish during 2006 and 2008, provided by the ThaiMinistry of Commerce, is presented in Table 11.

ResultsTable 12 gives sampling description. Lead concen-trations in samples from Thailand are depicted inTable 13. Table 14 presents the statistical measure-ments of lead concentrations in samples fromThailand. The distribution of samples having leadconcentrations more than 90 ppm or 600 ppm isgiven in Table 15.

THAILAND

CCoommppaannyy BBrraanndd MMaarrkkeett sshhaarree iinn %%

TOA Paint (Thailand) Co., Ltd. TOA 40

AkzoNobel ICI 15

Captain Paint (Thailand) Co., Ltd. Captain 15

Beger Limited Beger 8

Jotun Thailand Limited Jotun 7

Others 15

Table 9. Market share of major brands ofdecorative paint in Thailand in 2007

SSttaannddaarrdd nnuummbbeerr SSttaannddaarrdd nnaammee LLeeaadd ccoonncceennttrraattiioonnTTIISS 227722--22554499 EEmmuullssiioonn ppaaiinnttss << 00..0011%% bbyy wweeiigghhtt

ffoorr ggeenneerraall ppuurrppoosseess ooff nnoonn vvoollaattiillee ssuubbssttaanncceess

TIS 1406-2540 Flat enamel < 0.06% by weightof non volatile

substancesTIS 1005-2548 Standard for < 0.06% by weight of

semi-gloss enamel nonvolatile substances

Table 10. Some standards (voluntary) for limiting leadconcentrations in paints in Thailand

2006 2007 2008QQuuaannttiittyy VVaalluuee iinn QQuuaannttiittyy QQuuaannttiittyy VVaalluuee iinn QQuuaannttiittyy iinn ttoonnss bbaahhttss iinn ttoonnss iinn ttoonnss bbaahhttss iinn ttoonnss

43,458 8,162.85 45,130 8,138.95 51,235 9,822.4121,467 2,222.47 23,452 2,312.85 29,250 2,976.97Quantity: Ton, Value: Million Baht

Table 11. Thai import and export of paints and varnish during 2006-2008


SSaammppllee PPaaiinntt DDaattee ooff DDaattee ooff MMooddeell PPrroodduucctt nnoo.. VVoolluummee PPrriiccee ooff TTyyppee ooff CCoolloouurr nnoo.. bbrraanndd ppuurrcchhaassee mmaannuuffaaccttuurriinngg ooff ppaaiinntt tthhee ccaann ppaaiinntt ooff tthhee

ssaammppllee iinn TThhaaii ppllaassttiicc // ppaaiinnttbbaahhtt eennaammeell

THL 01 TOA 1/31/2009 Base-09/2009 Super Shield Colour G199 100 ml 294 Plastic Red

THL 02 TOA 1/31/2009 Base-12/2008 4 SEASONS Colour A4099 100 ml 241 Plastic Blue

THL 03 TOA 1/31/2009 Base-12/2008 4 SEASONS Colour A2099 100 ml 217 Plastic Yellow

THL 04 TOA 1/31/2009 Base-09/2008 4 SEASONS Colour A3006 100 ml 137 Plastic Apple green

THL 05 Captain 1/31/2009 Shield Plus Colour C222 100 ml 292 Plastic Red

THL 06 Captain 1/31/2009 Parashield Colour G3566 100 ml 249 Plastic Blue

THL 07 Captain 1/31/2009 Longlife Colour L1300 100 ml 284 Plastic Yellow

THL 08 Beger 1/31/2009 Base-11/08 Beger Shield Lot no. 084067 100 ml 256 Plastic Red

(Semi Gloss)

THL 09 Beger 1/31/2009 Base-11/08 Beger Shield Lot no. 084067 100 ml 274 Plastic Blue

(Semi Gloss)

THL 10 Beger 1/31/2009 Base-08/08 Beger Shield Lot no. 084066 100 ml 234 Plastic Green

(Semi Gloss)

THL 11 TOA 2/1/2009 Base-12/08 Super High Lot no. 302873 100 ml 321 Enamel Red

Gloss Glipton 1208 colour 8093

THL 12 TOA 2/1/2009 Base-12/08 Super High Lot no. 302873 100 ml 270 Enamel Yellow


THL 13 TOA 2/1/2009 Base-01/09 Super High Lot no. 303464 100 ml 337 Enamel Blue


THL 14 Beger 2/1/2009 Base-12/08 Beger Shield Lot no. 087949 100 ml 363 Enamel Red

(Super Gloss) colour 115-6

THL 15 Beger 2/1/2009 Base-01/09 Beger Shield Lot no. 090095 100 ml 338 Enamel Yellow


THL 16 Beger 2/1/2009 Base-12/08 Beger Shield lot no. 087949 100 ml 217 Enamel Blue


THL 17 Jotun 2/1/2009 Base-12/08 Gardex S0580-Y 100 ml 477 Enamel Red

THL 18 Jotun 2/1/2009 Base-01/10/08 Gardex S1080-R 100 ml 378 Enamel Yellow

THL 19 Jotun 2/1/2009 Base-12/08 Gardex S4055-B 100 ml 271 Enamel Blue

THL 20 Nippon 2/1/2009 26/09 Shield Pro 9810 lot no. 100 ml 140 Enamel Red

Alkyd Enamel 20090122

THL 21 Nippon 2/1/2009 13/09 Shield Pro 9804 lot no. 100 ml 140 Enamel Yellow


THL 22 Nippon 2/1/2009 12/8/2009 Shield Pro 9807 lot no. 100 ml 140 Enamel Blue


THL 23 Rust-Oleum 2/1/2009 8/8/2009 Protective Enamel Safety Red 964 100 ml 270 Enamel Red

Hi Gloss

THL 24 Rust-Oleum 2/1/2009 11/7/2009 Protective Enamel Safety Yellow 944 100 ml 235 Enamel Yellow

Hi Gloss

THL 25 Rust-Oleum 2/1/2009 10/27/2008 Protective Enamel Deep Blue 122 100 ml 259 Enamel Blue

Hi Gloss

THL 26 Delta 2/1/2009 -/12/2007 Gloss Enamel Signal Red 202 100 ml 149 Enamel Red

THL 27 Delta 2/1/2009 -/07/2008 Gloss Enamel Royal Blue 403 100 ml 149 Enamel Blue


Observations made from the study of paint sam-ples from Thailand are:

1. The arithmetic mean of lead concentration ofall samples was 38,970.5 ppm. The lead con-centrations varied from 0.6 ppm to 505,716ppm (51 percent).

2. The median for entire range of samples was 2.2ppm.

3. The arithmetic mean of the lead concentra-tions of enamel samples was 61,893 ppm.

4. The arithmetic mean of lead concentrations ofthe plastic samples was three ppm. The rangevaried from 0.6 ppm to 15 ppm.

5. A total of 27 paint samples, which included 17enamel paint samples and 10 plastic paint sam-ples, were analysed.

Table 12. Description of paint samples received from Thailand



6. Out of 17 enamel samples, eight samples (47.1percent) were found to have lead of more than90 ppm. The same percentage of samples alsoexceeded 600 ppm lead concentration. Theaverage lead concentration in these sampleswas 61,892.5 ppm.

7. None of the plastic samples had lead concen-tration exceeding 90 ppm or 600 ppm; mostplastic samples were found to have lead valueof "not detected".

8. Enamel paint samples of TOA, Beger, and Jotunhad lead concentration of less than 90 ppm.

9. Enamel samples of Nippon, Rust-Oleum, andDelta were found to have very high lead concen-trations ranging from 1.4 percent to 51 percent.

ConclusionsSome of the major conclusions drawn from the analy-sis of Thai samples are:

1. All plastic paint samples had lead in low con-centrations (less than 90 ppm).

2. Some 47.1 percent of enamel samples had leadhigher than 90 ppm. 30 percent of the totalsamples exceeded 90 ppm. The average leadconcentration was 38,969 ppm.

3. Some of the enamel samples showed very highconcentrations of lead, ranging up to 51 per-cent. The highest concentration of lead (51percent) was found in a yellow colour sample(THL 21).

SSaammppllee nnoo.. PPaaiinntt bbrraanndd TTyyppee ooff ppaaiinntt--ppllaassttiicc // eennaammeell CCoolloouurr ooff tthhee ppaaiinnttss PPbb ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn ((iinn ppppmm)) PPbb ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn ((iinn %%))

THL 01 TOA Plastic Red 15 0.00149

THL 02 TOA Plastic Blue 3.1 0.00031

THL 03 TOA Plastic Yellow 3.3 0.00033

THL 04 TOA Plastic Apple green 2.2 0.00022

THL 05 Captain Plastic Red ND

THL 06 Captain Plastic Blue ND

THL 07 Captain Plastic Yellow ND

THL 08 Beger Plastic Red ND

THL 09 Beger Plastic Blue ND

THL 10 Beger Plastic Green ND

THL 11 TOA Enamel Red ND

THL 12 TOA Enamel Yellow ND

THL 13 TOA Enamel Blue ND

THL 14 Beger Enamel Red 35 0.00348

THL 15 Beger Enamel Yellow ND

THL 16 Beger Enamel Blue 8.5 0.00085

THL 17 Jotun Enamel Red ND

THL 18 Jotun Enamel Yellow ND

THL 19 Jotun Enamel Blue ND

THL 20 Nippon Enamel Red 77,637 8

THL 21 Nippon Enamel Yellow 505,716 51

THL 22 Nippon Enamel Blue 14,287.4 1.4

THL 23 Rust-Oleum Enamel Red 43,042 4.3

THL 24 Rust-Oleum Enamel Yellow 333,695 33.4

THL 25 Rust-Oleum Enamel Blue 24,260 2.4

THL 26 Delta Enamel Red 30,643.2 3.1

THL 27 Delta Enamel Blue 22,850 2.3

Table 13. Lead concentrations (in both ppm and %) in paint samples from Thailand

AAllll EEnnaammeell PPllaassttiicc ssaammpplleess ssaammpplleess ssaammpplleess

Arithmetic mean 38,970.5 61,893 3Standard deviation 113,718.5 139,667.5 4.4Maximum concentration 505,716 505,716 15Minimum concentration 0.6 0.6 0.6Median 2.2 35 0.6

Table 14. Statistical measures of lead concentrations (ppm) in samples from Thailand

NNoo.. ooff NNoo.. ooff ssaammpplleess NNoo.. ooff ssaammpplleessssaammpplleess bbeeaarriinngg mmoorree bbeeaarriinngg mmoorree

tthhaann 9900 ppppmm tthhaann 660000 ppppmm ooff lleeaadd ooff lleeaadd

Enamel paint samples 17 8 (47.1%) 8 (47.1%)Latex paint samples 10 0 0Total 27 8 (30%) 8 (30%)

Table 15. Distribution of samples having lead concentrations more than 90 ppm or 600 ppm



BackgroundThe major paint brands in Tanzania include Coral,Sadolin, Goldstar, and Galaxy. Most of these brandsare owned locally. Some brands operate in collabora-tion with foreign players. Out of these brands,Sadolin, Goldstar, and Coral were sampled. Tanzaniamanufactures paints for both household and industri-al purposes. There is no regulation in the countryaddressing lead in paints. However, there exists a vol-untary standard on paints that stipulates the maxi-mum allowable contents of lead in paints. StandardTZS 722:2008 is for matt emulsion paints for interiorand exterior use, and the maximum lead contentallowed is 0.045 percent (m/m).

ResultsLead concentrations in paint samples from Tanzaniaand their relevant description are given in Table 16.Table 17 depicts the common statistical measure-ments of lead concentration in samples, while distri-bution of samples having lead concentrations morethan 90 ppm or 600 ppm is presented in Table 18.

The following observations were drawn aboutlead contents in paint samples from Tanzania.

1. The arithmetic mean of lead concentrations inall samples was 11,187.3 ppm. The range oflead concentrations varied from 13 ppm to120,862.1 ppm.

2. The median for all samples was 3,631.5 ppm,i.e., 50 percent of samples have lead concentra-tion more than 3,631.5 ppm.

3. For enamel paints the arithmetic mean of leadconcentrations was 14,537 ppm. The lead con-centrations varied from a minimum of 193.2ppm to a maximum of 120,862.1 ppm (12.1percent). The median value for enamel sam-ples was 4,130.5 ppm.

4. For plastic paint samples the arithmetic meanwas 22.2 ppm. The range of lead concentra-tions varied from 13 ppm to 40.2 ppm. Themedian value for water-based samples was 19ppm.

5. A total of 26 paint samples, which included 20enamel paint samples and six plastic paint sam-ples, were analysed. Out of 20 enamel paintsamples, all samples (100 percent) had leadconcentration more than 90 ppm, while 19samples (95 percent) had lead concentrationsmore than 600 ppm. 95 percent samples alsoexceeded the Tanzanian voluntary standardsof 450 ppm.

6. All plastic paint samples had lead concentra-tions less than 90 ppm.

7. Considering all samples, 77 percent of sampleshad lead concentrations exceeding 90 ppm,while 73 percent of samples exceeded 600ppm.

8. The highest concentration of lead was foundin a yellow colour enamel paint sample. Thelead concentration in this sample (TNZ 25)was 12.1 percent.

ConclusionsSome broad conclusions drawn from the study of leadcontent in paint samples from Tanzania are:

1. All enamel paint samples were found to havelead concentrations higher than 90 ppm.Some 95 percent of plastic paint samples hadlead concentrations higher than 600 ppm or450 ppm, the Tanzanian voluntary standard.The average lead concentration of paint sam-ples was 11,187.4 ppm.

2. All plastic paint samples were found to havelead concentrations of less than 90 ppm.

TANZANIA



SSaammppllee PPaaiinntt DDaattee ooff ppuurrcchhaassee VVoolluummee PPrriiccee ooff tthhee TTyyppee ooff CCoolloouurr ooff PPbb PPbb

nnoo.. bbrraanndd ((dddd//mmmm//yyyy)) ooff ppaaiinntt ccaann iinn TTZZSS ppaaiinntt--ppllaassttiicc // tthhee ppaaiinnttss ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn

ssaammpplleess eennaammeell ((ppppmm)) ((%%))

TNZ 01 Goldstar 13/11/08 4 l 6,500 Water-based Mist Pink 19.3 0.00193

TNZ 02 Sadolin 13/11/08 4 l 6,500 Water-based Summer Blue 17.1 0.00171

TNZ 03 Sadolin 13/11/08 4 l 6,500 Oil-based Black 2,219 0.2

TNZ 04 Sadolin 13/11/08 4 l 6,500 Water-based Mist Pink 26 0.003

TNZ 05 Coral 13/11/08 4 l 6,500 Water-based Summer Blue 18 0.0018

TNZ 06 Sadolin 13/11/08 4 l 6,500 Oil-based Mist Pink 2,670.2 0.3

TNZ 07 Coral 13/11/08 4 l 6,500 Water-based Candy Pink 13 0.00127

TNZ 08 Goldstar 13/11/08 4 l 6,500 Water-based Summer Blue 40.2 0.00402

TNZ 09 Goldstar 13/11/08 1 l 5,000 Oil-based Green 3,651 0.4

TNZ 10 Goldstar 13/11/08 1 l 5,000 Oil-based Akot Green 3,612.2 0.4

TNZ 11 Goldstar 13/11/08 1 l 5,000 Oil-based Yellow 2,522 0.2

TNZ 12 Sadolin 13/11/08 1 l 5,000 Oil-based Sunglow yellow 3,914.2 0.4

TNZ 13 Goldstar 13/11/08 1/2 l 3,000 Oil-based Black 11,360 1.1

TNZ 14 Goldstar 13/11/08 1/2 l 3,000 Oil-based White 3,387 0.3

TNZ 15 Coral 13/11/08 1/2 l 3,000 Oil-based Red 44,068.5 4.4

TNZ 16 Sadolin 13/11/08 1 l 5,000 Oil-based Green 31,581 3.1

TNZ 17 Sadolin 13/11/08 1 l 5,000 Oil-based Blue 4,073.1 0.4

TNZ 18 Sadolin 13/11/08 1/2 l 3,000 Oil-based Grey 9,841 0.9

TNZ 19 Sadolin 13/11/08 1/2 l 3,000 Oil-based White 1,541.2 0.1

TNZ 20 Goldstar 13/11/08 1/2 l 3,000 Oil-based Blue 4,188 0.4

TNZ 21 Coral 13/11/08 1/2 l 3,000 Oil-based White 7,602 0.8

TNZ 22 Goldstar 13/11/08 1/2 l 3,000 Oil-based Red 193.2 0.01

TNZ 23 Coral 13/11/08 1/2 l 3,000 Oil-based Black 5,484 0.5

TNZ 24 Coral 13/11/08 400 ml 3,000 Oil-based Blue 7,722 0.8

TNZ 25 Coral 13/11/08 400 ml 3,000 Oil-based Yellow 120,862.1 12.1

TNZ 26 Coral 13/11/08 1/2 l 3,000 Oil-based Green 20,248 2.0

TZS: Tanzanian Shilling

Table 16. Lead concentrations (both in ppm and %) in paint samples received from Tanzania along with their description.

AAllll ssaammpplleess OOiill--bbaasseedd WWaatteerr--bbaasseedd ssaammpplleess ssaammpplleess

Arithmetic mean 11,187.3 14,537 22.2Standard deviation 24,645 27,350 10Maximum concentration 120,862.1 120,862.1 40.2Minimum concentration 13 193.2 13Median 3,631.5 4,130.5 19

Table 17. Statistical measures of lead concentrations (ppm) in paint

samples from Tanzania NNoo.. ooff NNoo.. ooff ssaammpplleess NNoo.. ooff ssaammpplleess ssaammpplleess bbeeaarriinngg mmoorree bbeeaarriinngg mmoorree


Oil-based samples 20 20 (100%) 19 (95%)Water-based samples 6 0 0Total 26 20 (77%) 19 (73%)

Table 18. Distribution of samples having lead concentrations more than 90 ppm or 600 ppm



BackgroundIn South Africa, the major paint brands are Plascon(30 percent market share) and Dulux (20 percentmarket share). Prominent Paints claims to be thethird largest brand in South Africa (anecdotally theyseem to have a larger market share only in certainprovinces, namely Western Cape and Gauteng, andKwa-Zulu Natal). Other brands include Homestead,Warrior Paints, Dekro, Chemspec (mostly industrialwith a small market share in decorative paints),Duraline, and Duram. Exact market share of thesmaller companies is not known. According to theGauteng Economic Development Agency, there areover 350 paint manufacturers in the country. Of thebrands mentioned here, samples were collected forProminent Paints, Plascon, Dekade, Dulux, andSPRAYON.

Paint industry in South Africa recorded R4 bil-lion revenue in 2006. Plascon's revenue for the yearend-September 2008 was R2.7 billion, while operat-ing profit increased by 10 percent to R397m.9

Plascon employs approximately 1,350 people. Duluxhas annual revenue of around R700 million.Chemspec's revenue increased to R322.5 million inthe six months by September 2008 (Business Report,26 Nov 2008).

Plascon is a part of a larger corporation calledFreeworld Coatings Ltd, active in South Africa andalso Southern Africa, China, England, andAustralia.10 Plascon was formerly a part ofBarloWorld, but was unbundled in 2007.

Dulux was formerly owned by the South Africancompany AECI but later sold to ICI (ImperialChemicals Industries) in 2007.11 Through this pur-chase, ICI owns the Dulux brand in South Africa,Botswana, Malawi, Namibia, Swaziland and Zambia

through its subsidiaries. ICI is now a part of theAkzoNobel Corporation. In 2003, AkzoNobel hadclaimed to have globally phased out lead use in itspaint products.12

Prominent Paints is owned by Sigma Coatings(formerly SigmaKalon), which in January 2008 inte-grated with PPG Industries Group, one of the largestpaint and coatings corporations in the world.13

Plascon and Dulux together make up 50 percent ofmarket share. However, there are many paint manu-facturers and small-scale retailers.

South Africa manufactures both decorative andindustrial paints. As stated earlier, decorative paintsare intended for household use while industrialpaints are for the automotive and marine sectors.These are available in two variants water-based andoil-based. . Decorative paints tend to label themselvesas 'lead-free', but according to both Plascon andDekro, some industrial paints still contain lead.

The legislative frameworkIn South Africa there was a voluntary agreementamong the members of the South African PaintManufacturers Association (SAPMA) in 1970 to keeplead levels low in their paints. The RecommendedCode of Practice also stated that SAPMA membersmust affix warning labels on paint cans that containmore than 0.15 percent lead. In March 2008, leadregulations under the Hazardous Substances Actwere published for the public comment. However,the current status of the legislation is not clear.

A Medical Research Council study has foundvery high blood lead levels among children than thepermissible 10 µg per decilitre of blood.14 A study ofpaint samples collected from dwellings located inrandomly selected Johannesburg suburbs by South

SOUTH AFRICA

9. http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?ArticleId=2428538

10. http://www.freeworldcoatings.com/docs/CO_STRUCTURE.PDF

11. http://uk.reuters.com/article/hotStocksNews/idUKWLB895820070717

12. http://platform.akzonobel.com/Akzo.Web.GDS/Asset.aspx?id=ce8fea43-95ba-4e2b-8ebb-206665d59888&noredirect=true

13. http://corporateportal.ppg.com/PPG/ACEMEA/AfricaAsia.htm

14. MRC News, December 2006; Retrieved from http://www.mrc.ac.za/mrcnews/dec2006/stripped.htm on 11 November 2008.

15. Mathee, et al., 2007.



African Medical Research Council had found thatmost manufacturers of decorative paints were notcomplying with their own voluntary Code ofConduct.15 It also found that plastic paints and whiteenamel paints did not contain lead, but pigmentedenamel paints did. In response, the Department ofHealth started an awareness and lead poisoning pre-vention campaign and legislation was drawn up. Thelegislation (Hazardous Substances Act), publishedfor comment in March 2008, states that 'leadedpaint' is one that contains lead in quantities greaterthan 0.06 percent (or 600 ppm), and that any paint(or similar surface coating) with higher than 600ppm is banned for sale under the HazardousSubstances Act.

The March 2008 legislation bans children's toysand furniture coated with leaded paint, use of lead-ed paint in residences, schools, pre-school institu-tions, hospitals, parks, playgrounds, and publicbuildings where consumers have direct access to thepainted surface.

Agricultural and industrial paints containinglead are not banned, but must carry warning labelsthat clearly state their lead status, and should not beused on interior surfaces near children.Unfortunately, there is no further information onthe legislation whether it has been approved or not;although all of the paint retailers questionedseemed to think that the legislation was already inplace or would be in place soon – by the middle of2009. Most retailers also emphasized the linkbetween lead and children. In South Africa, manypaint cans are labelled as either "Lead-free" or"Contains lead."

Paint sampling in South AfricaThe following paint samples were purchased andsampled from South Africa: Prominent Paints (onelitre), costing R70.61 at a factory shop inPietermaritzburg; Dekade (500 ml), costing betweenR56 and R58 (varying colours) at a retail outlet;Plascon (500 ml), costing R58.05; and Dulux (onelitre), costing between R116 and R121 at any outletin Pietermaritzburg.

In terms of cost, all paints, other thanProminent Paints, are on a par. Prominent Paint andDulux do not retail tins smaller than one litre.However, Dekade has much smaller operation andperhaps does not benefit from the economies ofscale in the way that Dulux and Plascon might.

Trade in paintsProminent Paint has recently expanded into China,where it has opened the first of 10 stores, and hasexported the largest ever order of paint from South

Africa.16 Chemspec has exported automotive finish-es to Mauritius and China, and is currently in talkswith a partner company in East Asia to distribute awater-based automotive paint.

Chemspec currently manufactures in SouthAfrica and in the U.S. and exports 13 percent of itsSouth African production. Plascon does not importany paint, but exports to sub-Saharan Africa.Similarly, Dulux exports to sub-Saharan Africa andthe Indian Ocean islands, but does not import intoSouth Africa. Dekade does not export at all and itsmarket is localized in Kwa-Zulu Natal.

Plascon claims that its decorative paint is com-pletely lead-free, and has been so for three years.They obtain lead-free pigments for their enamelpaints from suppliers in the European Union, andstate that they had chosen this route because of thehuman safety issue. However, Plascon states thatsome of its industrial paints still do contain lead.Dulux is also phasing out lead from its paints, butcertain colours still contain lead. Chemspec's decora-tive paints division also claims to be lead-free.According to one of Dekade's retail outlet, it onlyuses lead for certain colours and that it was compli-ant with legislation because the tins are labelled assuch.

Information received from the South AfricanOil and Color Chemists Association states that leadin paints in South Africa is used primarily as a pig-ment. Dulux uses lead in their decorative paints as apigment. Plascon's industrial paint still contains leadas a pigment, because it is cheaper than the pigmentsthey obtain from the EU. Other manufacturers thatuse lead in their industrial formulations includeDekro. Dekade also uses lead as a pigment for itspaints. The head chemist from Dekade stated that itwould not require a technology shift to phase outlead from paint; however, the major limitation ingoing for lead-free alternatives is the cost difference,which can be up to three times higher. (Dekadeclaims to produce entirely lead-free ranges).Titanium dioxide is a well-established alternative tolead-based pigments in paints.

ResultsA summary description of paint samples receivedfrom South Africa is given in Table 19, and their cor-responding lead contents (in ppm and in %) areshown in Table 20. Some of the major features of thefindings are:

1. All paint samples received from South Africawere enamel paints.

2. Some 65.5 percent of the total samples hadlead concentrations more than 90 ppm.

3. Some 62 percent of the total samples had lead

16. http://www.geda.co.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=76



concentration more than 600 ppm.4. The arithmetic mean of the lead concentra-

tions of all samples was 19,862 ppm (two per-cent) with lead concentrations varying fromthree ppm (0.0003 percent) to 195,289 ppm(19.5 percent).

5. The median lead concentration of all sampleswas 11 ppm (0.00108 percent), implying that50 percent of the samples had lead concentra-tion more than 11 ppm (0.00108 percent).

6. Plascon and Dulux samples, the two majorbrands that claim to produce lead-free paints,had lead concentrations lower than 600 ppm.Dulux samples of all colours had lead concen-tration of less than 600 ppm and majority ofthem were labelled as 'lead free'. This concen-tration of 600 ppm is the South African stan-dard for lead in paints, as per the HazardousSubstances Act published in 2008. In fact, themajority of samples from these two brandshad lead concentrations lower than 90 ppm.However, one sample had lead concentrationof 506 ppm.

7. Interestingly not all brands follow their ownagreed code of practices of labelling paintcans if it contains lead more than 1,500 ppm(or 0.1 percent).

8. There were five samples, three of ProminentPaints and two of Dekade paints, which hadlead in high concentrations-more than 1,500ppm (0.1 percent), ranging from 1,986.4 ppm(0.2 percent) to 54,778 ppm (5.5 percent),but without any warning labels.

9. There were two samples, spray paints ofSprayon, which had lead in high concentra-tions contrary to their claims. One sample(RSA 28) was found to be 10.2 percent leadwhile the other (RSA 29) was 19.5 percentlead. These samples prominently mention 'nolead' on their labels.

ConclusionsThe following conclusions can be drawn about leadin paints in South Africa.

1. Some 65.5 percent of total samples (only

SSaammppllee PPaaiinntt bbrraanndd DDaattee ooff VVoolluummee ooff TTyyppee ooff CCoolloouurr ooff tthhee ppaaiinnttss RReemmaarrkkssPPuurrcchhaassee ppaaiinntt ppaaiinntt--PPllaassttiicc//

ssaammpplleess eennaammeell

RSA 01 Prominent Paints 24/11/08 1 l Enamel Cosmos 4055

RSA 02 Prominent Paints 24/11/08 1 l Enamel Chrome yellow

RSA 03 Prominent Paints 24/11/08 1 l Enamel Signal red

RSA 04 Prominent Paints 24/11/08 1 l Enamel Black

RSA 05 Prominent Paints 24/11/08 1 l Enamel White

RSA 06 Prominent Paints 24/11/08 1 l Enamel Green

RSA 07 Dekade 25/11/08 500 ml Super gloss enamel Gold yellow Label mentions "contains lead"

RSA 08 Dekade 25/11/08 500 ml Super gloss enamel Black

RSA 09 Dekade 25/11/08 500 ml Super gloss enamel Deep blue

RSA 10 Dekade 25/11/08 500 ml Super gloss enamel Windsor Green Label mentions "contains lead"

RSA 11 Dekade 25/11/08 500 ml Super gloss enamel White

RSA 12 Dekade 25/11/08 500 ml Super gloss enamel Orange

RSA 13 Dekade 25/11/08 500 ml Super gloss enamel Signal red Label mentions "contains lead"

RSA 14 Plascon 24/11/08 500 ml Super universal enamel Black GZ Label mentions "lead free"

RSA 15 Plascon 24/11/08 500 ml Super universal enamel Super white NY

RSA 16 Plascon 24/11/08 500 ml Super universal enamel Midnight Blue Label mentions "lead free"

RSA 17 Plascon 24/11/08 500 ml Super universal enamel Brilliant Green Label mentions "lead free"

RSA 18 Plascon 24/11/08 500 ml Enamel Calypso Label mentions "lead free"

RSA 19 Plascon 24/11/08 500 ml Enamel Medium yellow Label mentions "lead free"

RSA 20 Plascon 24/11/08 500 ml Enamel Signal red Label mentions "lead free"

RSA 21 Dulux 25/11/08 1 l Gloss enamel Golden Yellow Label mentions "lead free"

RSA 22 Dulux 25/11/08 1 l Gloss enamel Signal red Label mentions "lead free"

RSA 23 Dulux 25/11/08 1 l Gloss enamel Brilliant white

RSA 24 Dulux 25/11/08 1 l Gloss enamel Green Label mentions "lead free"

RSA 25 Dulux 25/11/08 1 l Gloss enamel Kingfisher Blue

RSA 26 Dulux 25/11/08 Gloss enamel Black Label mentions "lead free"

RSA 27 Dulux 25/11/08 Gloss enamel Orange

RSA 28 SPRAYON 24/11/08 250 ml Spray paint Tangerine Label mentions "contains no lead"

RSA 29 SPRAYON 24/11/08 250 ml Spray paint Sunshine yellow Label mentions "contains no lead"

Table 19. Description of paint samples from South Africa



SSaammppllee PPaaiinntt bbrraanndd TTyyppee ooff ppaaiinntt--PPllaassttiicc// CCoolloouurr ooff tthhee RReemmaarrkkss PPbb PPbb nnoo.. eennaammeell ppaaiinnttss ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn

((ppppmm)) ((%%))

RSA 01 Prominent paints Enamel Cosmos 4055 11.2 0.00112

RSA 02 Prominent paints Enamel Chrome yellow 54,778 5.5

RSA 03 Prominent paints Enamel Signal red 51,338 5.1

RSA 04 Prominent paints Enamel Black 8.1 0.00081

RSA 05 Prominent paints Enamel White 8.4 0.00084

RSA 06 Prominent paints Enamel Green 10,671 1.1

RSA 07 Dekade Super gloss enamel Gold yellow Label mentions "contains lead" 19,849 2

RSA 08 Dekade Super gloss enamel Black 3 0.00027

RSA 09 Dekade Super gloss enamel Deep blue 1,986.4 0.2

RSA 10 Dekade Super gloss enamel Windsor Green Label mentions "contains lead" 45,152.3 4.5

RSA 11 Dekade Super gloss enamel White 3.4 0.00034

RSA 12 Dekade Super gloss enamel Orange 44,854 4.5

RSA 13 Dekade Super gloss enamel Signal red Label mentions "contains lead" 48,814 5

RSA 14 Plascon Super universal enamel Black GZ Label mentions "lead free" 12 0.00117

RSA 15 Plascon Super universal enamel Super white NY 506 0.05

RSA 16 Plascon Super universal enamel Midnight Blue Label mentions "lead free" 6 0.00058

RSA 17 Plascon Super universal enamel Brilliant Green Label mentions "lead free" 12.1 0.00121

RSA 18 Plascon Enamel Calypso Label mentions "lead free" 4 0.0004

RSA 19 Plascon Enamel Medium yellow Label mentions "lead free" 6.1 0.00061

RSA 20 Plascon Enamel Signal red Label mentions "lead free" 3.4 0.00034

RSA 21 Dulux Gloss enamel Golden Yellow Label mentions "lead free" 7 0.00066

RSA 22 Dulux Gloss enamel Signal red Label mentions "lead free" 8.5 0.00085

RSA 23 Dulux Gloss enamel Brilliant white 3 0.00027

RSA 24 Dulux Gloss enamel Green Label mentions "lead free" 10 0.001

RSA 25 Dulux Gloss enamel Kingfisher Blue 7 0.00067

RSA 26 Dulux Gloss enamel Black Label mentions "lead free" 11 0.00108

RSA 27 Dulux Gloss enamel Orange 4.4 0.00044

RSA 28 SPRAYON Spray paint Tangerine Label mentions "contains no lead" 102,625 10.3

RSA 29 SPRAYON Spray paint Sunshine yellow Label mentions "contains no lead" 195,289 19.5

Table 20. Lead concentrations (in ppm and %) in paint samples from South Africa

enamel) had lead levels higher than 90 ppm. Theaverage concentration of lead was 19,862 ppm.

2. Some 62 percent had lead concentrationsmore than 600 ppm (0.1 percent).

3. Only some brands follow the code of practicesof South African Paint ManufacturersAssociation (SAPMA) according to whichSAPMA members must affix warning labelson paint cans that contain more than 0.15

percent lead.4. Spray paints displayed their "lead free" claims,

but were found to contain lead in high con-centration.

5. The highest concentration of lead 195,289ppm (19.5 percent) in paint was found inspray paint-sunshine yellow of SPRAYONbrand that claimed 'contains no lead' on thelabel.



BackgroundNigeria manufactures about 40 million litres of decora-tive paints annually. The domestic market share of dec-orative paints is 60 percent, industrial paints 20 percent,refinishing 10 percent, and wood finishing and auto-motive five percent each. The Paints ManufacturersAssociation of Nigeria (PMA), a sub-sector of theChemical and Pharmaceuticals group of theManufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN), is anassociation of companies engaged in the manufactur-ing of paints and allied products throughout Nigeria.The PMA, established in 1982 with membership of 18,now has more than 200 registered members in its fold.

Paints manufacturing in Nigeria commencedwith the establishment of three paint companies in1962: Askar Paints Nig. Ltd at Ibadan (a subsidiary ofHaifa Paints Israel), British Paint (Berger Paints)and International Paints (IPWA).

Before 1962, the bulk of paints consumed inNigeria were imported mainly from the UnitedKingdom and France. The 1980s saw growth ofindigenous paint manufacturing outfits both regis-tered and unregistered, especially in the householdsector. The big multinationals are still the major play-ers in the marine and auto sectors of the industry.The brands sampled were Chemstar, Portland,President, CAPL, Berger, and MEYER; Berger is theonly multinational brand.

Nigeria has no standard for lead in paints. Thisleaves the general public at the mercy of paint manu-facturers. Lead is used during the production stage asa drying agent for the preservation of paints. However,there are alternatives to lead as a drying agent in paintproduction, and this is recognised by the PMA. Theseinclude zirconium, metallic zinc, cobalt, and metalliccalcium, among others. An interesting fact is that itwould not require a change in technology to substituteany of these in paint production.

Paint manufacturers have blamed the rising cost ofproduction partly on high prices of imported raw mate-rials, which they say constitute 70 percent of their pro-duction inputs. Total investment in the industry isabout N15 billion, with an installed capacity in excess of150 million litres and employing about 10,000 people.In 1998, the estimated production and consumption ofpaints was 38 million litres or 25.33 percent capacity

utilisation. In 2003, the average production level wasabout 30 million litres or 20 percent capacity utilisation.

ResultsLead concentrations of all paint samples from Nigeriawith their respective description are given in Table 21.Table 22 shows the statistical measurements of lead con-centrations in samples from Nigeria while distributionof lead concentrations is presented in Table 23.

Some of the main findings of the study of paintsamples from Nigeria are:

1. The arithmetic mean of lead concentrationsof all samples was 30,332.1 ppm (3 percent).Lead concentrations vary from 2,898.4 ppm(0.3 percent) to 129,837 ppm (13 percent).

2. For enamel paint the arithmetic mean of leadconcentrations was 36,989.5 ppm (3.7 per-cent). The range of lead concentrations var-ied from 4,636 ppm (0.5 percent) to 129,837ppm (13 percent).

3. For plastic paint samples, the arithmeticmean was 8,458 ppm (0.8 percent). Therange varied from 2,898.4 ppm (0.3 percent)to 34,598 ppm (3.5 percent).

4. For all samples taken together, the median oflead concentrations was 13,394.2 ppm (1.3percent), while for enamel paint samples themedian was 23,866 ppm (2.4 percent). Forplastic samples, the median was 4,560 ppm or0.4 percent.

5. Some 30 samples, which included 23 enamelpaints and seven plastic paints, were analysedfor total lead concentrations. All samples,including enamel and plastic paint samples,had lead concentrations higher than 90 ppm.

6. The highest concentration of lead (13 per-cent) was found in a green colour enamelpaint sample (sample no.: NJG 04).

ConclusionThe major conclusion of the study is:

1. All paint samples including enamel and plasticpaint showed high lead concentrations exceed-ing 90 ppm limits.

NIGERIA




Arithmetic mean 30,332.1 36,989.5 8,458Standard deviation 34,572.5 36,614.2 11,551.1Maximum concentration 12,9837 129,837 34,598Minimum concentration 2,898.4 4,636 2,898.4Median 13,394.2 23,866 4,560

SSaammppllee PPaaiinntt bbrraanndd DDaattee ooff PPuurrcchhaassee DDaattee ooff TTyyppee ooff CCoolloouurr ooff tthhee ppaaiinnttss PPbb PPbb NNoo.. mmaannuuffaaccttuurriinngg ppaaiinntt--ppllaassttiicc// ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn

eennaammeell ((iinn ppppmm)) ((iinn %%))

NIG 01 Chemstar 22 Nov. 2008 6/11/2008 Enamel Rich brown 49,545.2 5

NIG 02 Chemstar 22 Nov. 2008 8/10/2008 Enamel Dark Grey 6,247.2 1

NIG 03 Chemstar 22 Nov. 2008 1/9/2008 Enamel Jasmine Yellow 53,641 5.3

NIG 04 Chemstar 22 Nov. 2008 29/9/08 Enamel National Green 129,837 13

NIG 05 Chemstar 24 Nov. 2008 2/10/2008 Plastic Rich Brown 4,422 0.4

NIG 06 Portland 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel White 5,832.2 0.6

NIG 07 Portland 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel Black 7,892 0.8

NIG 08 Portland 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel Bitter Chocolate 6,076 0.6

NIG 09 Portland 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel Dark Grey 23,866 2.3

NIG 10 Portland 24 Nov. 2008 Plastic Barley Cream 4,625.4 0.5

NIG 11 President 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel Cream 14,581.4 1.4

NIG 12 President 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel Rich brown 12,695.3 1.3

NIG 13 President 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel Leaf Green 30,301.2 3.0

NIG 14 President 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel Golden Yellow 66,666.5 7

NIG 15 President 24 Nov. 2008 Plastic Cream 4,560 0.4

NIG 16 CAPL 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel Fiesta Blue 4,636 0.5

NIG 17 CAPL 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel Post Office RED 54,160.1 5.4

NIG 18 CAPL 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel Black 6,337.4 0.6

NIG 19 CAPL 24 Nov. 2008 Plastic Mobil Clove Grey 2,898.4 0.3

NIG 20 CAPL 24 Nov. 2008 Plastic Celtel Red 4,874.2 0.5

NIG 21 BERGER 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel Emrade Green 5,674.3 0.6

NIG 22 BERGER 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel Golden Yellow 62,800 6.3

NIG 23 BERGER 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel Post Office RED 66,224.1 7

NIG 24 BERGER 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel Brilliant Blue 6004 0.6

NIG 25 BERGER 24 Nov. 2008 Plastic Brilliant White 3228 0.3

NIG 26 MEYER 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel Orange 50490 5.0

NIG 27 MEYER 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel Red 126340 13

NIG 28 MEYER 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel Black 46820.3 5

NIG 29 MEYER 22 Nov. 2008 Enamel Pilot Blue 14093 1.4

NIG 30 MEYER 24 Nov. 2008 Plastic Lagoon Blue 34598 3.4

Table 21. Lead concentrations in paint samples from Nigeria

Table 22. Statistical Measures of lead concentrations in paint samples from Nigeria

NNoo.. ooff NNoo.. ooff ssaammpplleess NNoo.. ooff ssaammpplleess ssaammpplleess bbeeaarriinngg mmoorree bbeeaarriinngg mmoorree


Enamel paint samples 23 23 (100%) 23 (100%)

Plastic paint samples 7 7 (100%) 7 (100%)

All paint samples 30 30 (100%) 30 (100%)

Table 23. Distribution of samples having lead concen-trations more than 90 ppm or 600 ppm



BackgroundThe paint industry in Senegal is large with some brands being more popular than others. Details of these brandsare given in Table 24.

SENEGAL

IInndduussttrriieess BBrraanndd TTyyppeess ooff ppaaiinntt UUssaaggee QQuuaannttiittyy//pprriiccee FFCCFFAA

Seigneurie Tropix Water household 5Kg/2500

10Kg/5000

20Kg /9000

Eurekaline Water household 5Kg/2500

20Kg/9000

22Kg /10000

Email Water household 5Kg/2500

20Kg/9000

22Kg/10000

ISA Enamel household 100Grs/500

Autocolor Auto industrial 1kg/35000

Sikkens Auto industrial 1L/35000

SAPEC Peinture SAPEC Water household 5Kg/2800

20Kg/10000

SAPEC Plus Water household 5Kg/3000

22Kg/10000

PALLINAL Auto industrial 1Kg/29000

Monopol Auto industrial 1Kg/35000

SENPAIC Magic Eanamel household 100Gr/500

Vinyl Water household 5Kg/2800

20Kg/10000

PPG Auto industrial 1Kg/12000

SENAC Maestria Water household 5Kg/2500

20Kg/9000

Vinyl Water household 5Kg/2500

20Kg/9000

22Kg/10000

ASTRAL Peinture Astral Water household 5Kg/2500

10Kg/5000

20Kg /9000

Enamel household 100Gr/500

NATIONAL Peinture National Anamel household 1Kg/1500

5Kg/7000

National Water household 5Kg/2500

20Kg/10000

Table 24. Some of the major paint brands in Senegal and their respective details



The paint industry in Senegal is dependent upon import of raw materials (acrylic, autocryl, etc.) fromItaly, Germany, France, Morocco, and Egypt. Imported paint brands are also sold in the stores in Dakar (seeTable 25).

BBrraannddss TTyyppeess ooff ppaaiinntt UUssaaggee QQuuaannttiittyy//PPrriiccee FFCCFFAA CCoouunnttrryy ooff iimmppoorrttaattiioonn

Suprême Opaco Enamel household 0.5L/3,000 Italy

Novemail Enamel household 100Gr/500 Germany

Rayon Atlas Enamel household 100Gr/700 Morocco

Vulkeol Enamel household 125ml/500

Smalto Lucido Enamel household 125ml/500 Italy

Safrimex Email-synthetique Enamel household 80ml/500 Morocco

Smalto Extra Enamel household 50ml/500 Italy

Table 25. Imported brands and their details

There is no regulation concerning lead in paintsor any other products. However, the government wasforced to issue an ordinance after an incident in whichpeople of Thiaroye (in Dakar area), who were involvedin recycling old batteries, had to be hospitalised forlead contamination. Unfortunately, the ordinance isyet to be signed. The samples analysed included thefollowing brands: SEN-PAIC Magic, Novemail-Flag,Peinture Aluminium/Rayon Atlas, Supreme Opaco,Seigneurie Email, Seigneurie ISA, Vulkeol, National,SENAC, Astral, SAPEC, SEN-PAIC, Smalto Lucido,Safrimex/Email, Synthetique and Smalto Extra.

ResultsTable 26 shows levels of lead concentration in paintsamples along with their description. Table 27 pres-ents the statistical measurements of lead concentra-tion in the paint samples. Table 28 shows the distribu-tion of samples with more than 90 ppm lead concen-tration.

The broad observations of the study of Senegalsamples are:

1. The arithmetic mean of lead concentration ofall samples is 4,108.1 ppm. The median leadconcentration is 1,615 ppm, which impliesthat 50 percent of all paint samples have leadconcentration more than 1,615 ppm.

2. For enamel paint samples the arithmetic meanof lead concentration was 5,866.4 ppm withrange varying from 0.6 ppm to 29,717 ppm(three percent). The median lead concentra-tion for enamel samples was 2,771.4 ppm.

3. For plastic paint samples the arithmetic meanwas 5.5 ppm with the range varying from 0.6ppm to 29 ppm. The median lead concentra-tion was three ppm.

4. A total of 30 paint samples, which included 21

enamel paint samples and nine plastic paintsamples, were analysed for total lead concen-tration. Out of 21 enamel samples, 18 samples(86 percent) were found to have lead concen-trations greater than 90 ppm, while 16 samples(76.2 percent) were found to have lead ofmore than 600 ppm.

5. None of the plastic paint samples showed leadconcentration more than 90 ppm.

6. Enamel samples of the brands PeintureAluminium/Rayon Atlas and Smalto Lucidoshowed lead concentrations of less than 90ppm. Enamel samples of other brandsshowed lead concentrations of more than 90ppm.

7. The highest concentration of lead (29,717ppm or three percent) was found in the greencolour enamel paint sample.

ConclusionsThe major conclusions of the present study withrespect to lead contents in paints collected fromSenegal are:

1. Majority of enamel paint samples showed highlead concentrations. Some 86 percent ofenamel paint samples had lead concentrationsmore than 90 ppm, while 76 percent of enam-el paint samples had lead concentrationsmore than 600 ppm. The average lead concen-tration was 4,108.2 ppm. None of the plasticpaint samples had lead concentrations exceed-ing 90 ppm.

2. Overall, 60 percent of paint samples exceededlead concentrations of 90 ppm, and 53 per-cent exceeded 600 ppm of lead concentra-tions.

3. The highest concentration of lead was foundin a green colour enamel paint sample.



SSaammppllee nnoo.. PPaaiinntt bbrraanndd TTyyppee ooff ppaaiinntt--ppllaassttiicc // CCoolloouurr ooff tthhee PPbb ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn PPbb ccoonncceennttrraattiioonneennaammeell ppaaiinnttss ((iinn ppppmm)) ((iinn %%))

SEG 01 SEN-PAIC Magic Enamel Red 3,721 0.4

SEG 02 SEN-PAIC Magic Enamel White 2,646.1 0.3

SEG 03 SEN-PAIC Magic Enamel Green 2,972.5 0.3

SEG 04 Novemail- Flag Enamel Yellow 9,946 0.9

SEG 05 Novemail- Flag Enamel White 1,597.1 0.2

SEG 06 Novemail- Flag Enamel Black 2,656 0.3

SEG 07 Novemail- Flag Enamel Green 4,638 0.5

SEG 08 Novemail- Flag Enamel Red 2,771.4 0.3

SEG 09 Novemail- Flag Enamel Blue 572 0.1

SEG 10 Novemail- Flag Enamel Yellow 10,282.4 1.0

SEG 11 SEN-PAIC Magic Enamel Blue 1,632.2 0.2

SEG 12 Peinture Aluminium/ Rayon Atlas Enamel Gold colour 15.5 0.00155

SEG 13 Peinture Aluminium/ Rayon Atlas Enamel Grey 50 0.00498

SEG 14 Supreme Opaco Plastic Golden Yellow 1 0.0001

SEG 15 Supreme Opaco Plastic White 1 0.0001

SEG 16 Seigneurie Email Enamel White 2,135 0.2

SEG 17 Seigneurie ISA Enamel Green 29,717 3

SEG 18 Seigneurie ISA Enamel Yellow 5,966 0.6

SEG 19 Seigneurie Email Enamel Yellow 24,164.4 2.4

SEG 20 Vulkeol Enamel Black 472.4 0.04

SEG 21 Seigneurie Email Plastic White 1 0.00006

SEG 22 National Plastic White 5.3 0.00053

SEG 23 SENAC Plastic White 3.1 0.00031

SEG 24 Astral Plastic White 3 0.00027

SEG 25 SAPEC Plastic White 0.6 0.00006

SEG 26 SEN-PAIC Plastic White 7 0.00066

SEG 27 Smalto Lucido Enamel Dark Grey 0.6 0.00006

SEG 28 Safrimex/ Email Synthetique Enamel Brown 3,098 0.3

SEG 29 Astral Enamel Green 14,143 1.4

SEG 30 Smalto Extra Plastic White 29 0.00287

Table 26. Lead concentrations (in ppm and %) in samples from Senegal


Arithmetic mean 4,108.14 5,866.4 5.5

Standard deviation 7,160.2 7,970 9

Maximum concentration 29,717 29,717 29

Minimum concentration 0.6 0.6 0.6

Median 1,615 2,771.4 3

Table 27. Statistical measurements of lead concentrations in paint samples from Senegal



Enamel samples 21 18 (86%) 16 (76.2%)Plastic samples 9 0 0All samples 30 18 (60%) 16 (53.3%)

Table 28. Distribution of samples with more than 90ppm or 600 ppm lead concentrations



BackgroundThere are more than 100 paint and varnish producersin Belarus. In 2007, some 91,434 tons of paint and var-nish products were produced in Belarus (80,531 tonsin 2006). In the first half of 2008, some 32,028 tons ofpaints and varnish were produced.

The major producers of paints and varnish prod-ucts in Belarus are:

1. Lakokraska (Lida) (www.lidalkm.by)2. Minsk Paint-and-Varnish Plant (Minsk)

(www.mlkz.by)3. Kondor (Brest) (www.condor.by)4. Discom (Vitebsk) (www.caparol.by)5. MAB (www.mav.by)6. Esgit (www.esgit.by)7. Zebra Color (www.zebracolor.by)

Some of these brands are local; some are interna-tional. Among the local brands are Lakokraska andMinsk Paint and Varnish Plant. Discom is a joint enter-prise with German company Lacufa GmbH Lacke undFarben, which is a part of Caparol group. One of themost popular paint brands produced by Discom isAlpina, which is the only licensed paint produced inBelarus. Kondor is a member of Swedish holdingEskaro Group AB. The foreign enterprise ZebraKolor, which produces paint and varnish productsunder the brand name Zebracolor, is owned byGerman company SMI GmbH. It uses raw materialsprocured from foreign producers like Forcit, Du Pont,Rohm&Haas, and Bayer.17 The following brands weresampled for lead analysis: MAV-akav, Condor, Gamma,MAV-deko, Deep Prime, Sniezka, Cvetogamma, LIDA,Alpine (renova), AAT 'minski lakafarbovy zavod',Discom innenneiss, Zaria, Mogilov, Legenda 205 and

Belosnejka.In Belarus, the import of raw material and other

components is an important factor that influences themarket for paint and varnish products. Belarus doesnot require that indigenous raw materials be used inpaint production, such as acrylic monomers, pig-ments and functional additives. This severely restrictsBelarus' capacity to produce paints locally. Theimporting of raw materials also increases the prices ofpaint products. About half of the paint market is dom-inated by seven to eight major producers. The rest ofthe market belongs to about 100 mid-sized and smallproducers with capacity of 100 to 500 tons per year.18

A variety of paints are available in the Belarusianmarket. Major types are:

Enamels, groundings, and putty on condensa-tion resin-21,804 tonsVarnishes on condensation resin-25,845 tonsVarnishes, enamels, groundings, and putty onpolymerization resin-11,067 tonsVarnishes, enamels, groundings, and putty oncellulose ether-598 tonsSolvents and washing-off liquids-2,108 tonsWater-based paints-22,372 tonsHeavy-bodied oil-based paints-976 tonsLight-bodied oil-based paints-704 tonsDrying oil-735 tons

Approximately half of these products are forhousehold purposes.

Belarus stipulates that paint and varnish productsmust not exceed 0.005 mg/cm2 of lead. In case tech-nology requires the use of higher lead content inpaints, it can be allowed under the condition that thequantity of lead in the paint dust in ambient air will

BELARUS

17. Main parametres of Belarussian paint-and-varnish market. Dmitriy Zhukov, magazine Stroitel'stvo I nedvizhimost' (Construction and RealEstate),

2008. (www.nestor.minsk.by/sn/2008/38/sn83815.html)18. Belarussian market of paint and varnish materials for decoration works in construction. Evgeniya Ureckaya, magazine Architecture and Constru-

ction, 2007. (http://www.ais.by/content/view/1295/150/)



SSaammppllee PPaaiinntt bbrraanndd DDaattee ooff LLooccaattiioonn ooff DDaattee ooff VVoolluummee PPrriiccee ooff tthhee TTyyppee ooff CCoolloouurr nnoo.. ppuurrcchhaassee ppuurrcchhaassee mmaannuuffaaccttuurriinngg ooff ppaaiinntt ccaann iinn ppaaiinntt-- ooff tthhee

ssaammpplleess BBeellaarruussiiaann ppllaassttiicc // ppaaiinnttssrruubbbblleess eennaammeell

BLR 01 MAV-akav 22.12.08 OMA shop 14.11.2008 50 ml 5,820 Plastic white

BLR 02 Condor 22.12.08 OMA shop 09.07.2008 50 ml 10,050 Plastic white

BLR 03 Gamma 19.12.08 Art-Gallery 2.2008 40 cm3 2,930 Plastic white

BLR 04 MAV-deko 22.12.08 OMA shop 8.2008 50 ml 9,580 Enamel yellow

BLR 05 MAV-deko 22.12.08 OMA shop 7.2008 50 ml 9,240 Enamel green

BLR 06 MAV-deko 22.12.08 OMA shop 6.2008 50 ml 9,270 Enamel blue

BLR 07 Gamma 19.12.08 Art-Gallery 08.06.2008 50 ml 7,810 Enamel red

BLR 08 MAV-deko 22.12.08 OMA shop 6.2008 50 ml 8,180 Enamel red

BLR 09 Deep prime 22.12.08 OMA shop 05.12.2008 50 ml 9270 Enamel orange

BLR 10 Deep prime 22.12.08 OMA shop 21.04.2008 50 ml 9,470 Enamel blue

BLR 11 Deep prime 22.12.08 OMA shop 18.04.2008 50 ml 6,680 Enamel red

BLR 12 Sniezka 22.12.08 market 18.11.2008 50 ml 10,000 Plastic white

BLR 13 Cvetogamma 23.12.08 market 01.10.2008 50 ml 8,000 Enamel yellow

BLR 14 Gamma 19.12.08 Art-Gallery 15.12.2007 50 ml 7,810 Enamel blue

BLR 15 Cvetogamma 23.12.08 market 13.07.2008 50 ml 10,000 Enamel blue

BLR 16 Cvetogamma 23.12.08 market 24.06.2008 50 ml 10,000 Enamel red

BLR 17 Gamma 19.12.08 Art-Gallery 11.08.2008 50 ml 7,810 Enamel yellow

BLR 18 LIDA 23.12.08 market 7.2008 50 ml 8,500 Enamel blue

BLR 19 Alpina (renova) 24.12.08 Moazri Trejd shop 05.11.2008 50 ml 15,090 Plastic white

BLR 20 LIDA 24.12.08 market 9.2008 50 ml 14,000 Enamel orange

BLR 21 LIDA 24.12.08 market 6.2008 50 ml 19,000 Enamel red

BLR 22 AAT "Minski Lakafarbovy zavod" 24.12.08 Moazri Trejd shop 08.10.2008 50 ml 10390 Enamel yellow

BLR 23 AAT "Minski Lakafarbovy zavod" 24.12.08 Moazri Trejd shop 16.10.2008 50 ml 9,260 Enamel dark red

BLR 24 AAT "Minski Lakafarbovy zavod" 24.12.08 Moazri Trejd shop 25.11.2008 50 ml 8,500 Enamel blue

BLR 25 DISKOM innenweiss 24.12.08 Moazri Trejd shop 26.01.2008 50 ml 14,540 Plastic white

BLR 26 Zaria, Mogilev 24.12.08 Moazri Trejd shop 03.07.2007 50 ml 9,420 Enamel orange

BLR 27 Zaria, Mogilev 24.12.08 Moazri Trejd shop 07.08.2007 50 ml 9,830 Enamel red

BLR 28 Zaria, Mogilev 24.12.08 Moazri Trejd shop 07.07.2006 50 ml 7,800 Enamel blue

BLR 29 Legenda 205 24.12.08 Moazri Trejd shop 03.03.2008 50 ml 5,880 Plastic white

BLR 30 Belosnejka 24.12.08 Moazri Trejd shop 2.2008 50 ml 7,580 Plastic white

Table 29. Description of paint samples from Belarus

not exceed 0.01 mg/m3. Belarus also has mandatorytechnical regulations regarding sanitary rules andrequirements to paint and varnish products. However,these regulations have lower status than laws.According to Safety Rules During Painting Works,there is only one type of paint that contains lead:heavy-bodied whitewash MA-011 and MA-011-H-119 .

Belarus exported more than 20,000 tons of paintand varnish products in 2007, of this 15,000 tons wasto Russia. In 2007, Belarus exported paint products tonine countries, and imported 28,000 tons of paintproducts from 21 countries. From January to June2008, Belarus imported 8,900 tons of oil-based paintsfor USD 40.3 million and 18,300 tons of water-based

paints for USD 67.8 million. 20

ResultsDescription of samples analysed is given in Table 29.Table 30 shows lead concentrations in these samples.Table 31 presents the statistical measurements of leadconcentrations in the samples, while distribution ofpaint samples bearing more than 90 ppm or 600 ppmof lead concentrations is given in Table 32.

The observations and analysis findings of the sam-ples from Belarus are:

1. A total of 30 paint samples, which included 22

19. Safety Rules During Painting Works, 31.12.2002. Approved by the Decision # 166 of Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of Belarus.

20. "Paint" production: situation and perspectives of Belarusian paint-and-varnish market. Vera Bobrovnik, BSG, Stroitel'naya gazeta, 2008.(http://cnb.by/content/view/495/47/lang,russian/)



enamel paint samples and eight plastic paintsamples, were analysed for total lead concentra-tions.

2. The arithmetic mean of all of the paint sampleswas 4,091 ppm. For samples of enamel paints,the arithmetic mean was 5,557.5 ppm. For sam-ples of plastic paints, the arithmetic mean was58.2 ppm

3. In case of enamel paint samples, lead concen-tration ranged from 0.6 ppm to 59,387.2 ppm(6 percent). For plastic paint samples, the min-imum lead content was 0.6 ppm and the maxi-mum was 418.1 ppm.

4. The median lead concentration for enamelpaint samples was 1,678 ppm, and for plasticpaints, the median was two ppm.

5. Out of 22 enamel paint samples, 18 samples (82percent) exceeded 90 ppm of lead concentra-tions, while 15 samples (68 percent) exceededthe 600 ppm of lead concentration.

6. None of the plastic paint samples was found toexceed 90 ppm of lead concentrations.

7. Taking all samples together, 60 percent of paintsamples exceeded 90 ppm of lead concentra-tion, while 50 percent exceeded 600 ppm oflead concentration.

SSaammppllee PPaaiinntt bbrraanndd TTyyppee ooff CCoolloouurr ooff PPbb ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn PPbb ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn ((%%))nnoo.. ppaaiinntt--ppllaassttiicc // tthhee ppaaiinnttss ((ppppmm))

eennaammeell

BLR 01 MAV-akav Plastic White 1 0.0001

BLR 02 Condor Plastic White 2.4 0.00024

BLR 03 Gamma Plastic White 18.3 0.00183

BLR 04 MAV-deko Enamel Yellow 59,387.2 6

BLR 05 MAV-deko Enamel Green 1,650.5 0.2

BLR 06 MAV-deko Enamel Blue 1,992.1 0.2

BLR 07 Gamma Enamel Red 20 0.00197

BLR 08 MAV-deko Enamel Red 2,470.1 0.2

BLR 09 Deep prime Enamel Orange 2,637.2 0.3

BLR 10 Deep prime Enamel Blue 161 0.02

BLR 11 Deep prime Enamel Red 3708 0.4

BLR 12 Sniezka Plastic White 0.6 0.6

BLR 13 Cvetogamma Enamel Yellow 2,8468 3

BLR 14 Gamma Enamel Blue 1,974.3 0.2

BLR 15 Cvetogamma Enamel Blue 1705 0.2

BLR 16 Cvetogamma Enamel Red 57.2 0.00572

BLR 17 Gamma Enamel Yellow 6 0.0006

BLR 18 LIDA Enamel Blue 386 0.04

BLR 19 Alpina (renova) Plastic White 418.1 0.04

BLR 20 LIDA Enamel Orange 4019 0.4

BLR 21 LIDA Enamel Red 679.5 0.1

BLR 22 AAT "Minski Lakafarbovy zavod" Enamel Yellow 6984.4 0.7

BLR 23 AAT "Minski Lakafarbovy zavod" Enamel Dark red 0.6 0.6

BLR 24 AAT "Minski Lakafarbovy zavod" Enamel Blue 3,797.5 0.4

BLR 25 DISKOM innenweiss Plastic White 24 0.00237

BLR 26 Zaria, Mogilev Enamel Orange 462.4 0.04624

BLR 27 Zaria, Mogilev Enamel Red 889 0.0889

BLR 28 Zaria, Mogilev Enamel Blue 812.3 0.08123

BLR 29 Legenda 205 Plastic White 0.6 0.6BLR 30 Belosnejka Plastic White 0.6 0.6

Table 30. Lead concentrations (in ppm and %) in paint samples from Belarus


Arithmetic mean 4091 5,557.5 58.2

Standard deviation 11,681.5 13,416 145.7

Maximum concentration 59,387.2 59,387.2 418.1


Median 571 1,678 1.7

Table 31. Statistical measurements of lead concentrations in paint samples from Belarus



Enamel samples 22 18 (82%) 15 (68.2%)Plastic samples 8 0 0All samples 30 18(60%) 15 (50%)

Table 32. Distribution of paint samples having more than90/600 ppm of lead concentrations



8. The highest concentration of lead was found ina yellow colour enamel paint sample.

9. Enamel products of three brands,Cvetogamma, Gamma, and AAT "MinskiLakafarbovy zavod", showed lead concentra-tions of less than 90 ppm. Out of four enamelpaint samples of lead concentration less than90 ppm, three were of red colour. Otherbrands, such as Zaria Mogilev, LIDA, and DeepPrime showed lead concentrations less than600 ppm.

ConclusionsThe major conclusions of the study are:

1. The majority of enamel paint samples showedhigh concentrations of lead. Some 82 percentof enamel paint samples exceeded lead con-centration of 90 ppm, while 68 percentexceeded 600 ppm of lead concentrations.Overall, 60 percent of paint samples exceeded90 ppm of lead concentrations while 50 per-cent exceeded 600 ppm of lead concentra-tions.

2. None of the plastic paint sample had lead con-centration exceeding 90 ppm.

3. The highest concentration of lead was found ina yellow colour enamel paint sample.



BackgroundAccording to the 2004 Economic Census21 (based on2003 data), production of paint and coating sectorrepresented 0.52 percent of Mexican industrial pro-duction value. Paints and coatings production for year2003 included 1,094,598,000 litres and 58,764.44 met-ric tons of powder and ceramic paints. A brief intro-duction of the major paint producers in householdsegment in Mexico is given below.

Comex Group is a major player in the Mexicanpaint market.22 Comex is the fourth largest architec-tural paint manufacturer in the North and CentralAmerica and serves the diverse needs of the customersthrough over 3,300 retails from Canada to Panama.Comex's companies in the U.S. (Color, Wheel Paints,Frazee Paint, Kwal Paint, and Parker Paint) andCanada (General Paint) were formerly part ofProfessional Paint Inc. (PPI), which it acquired inOctober 2004.

Sherwin Williams, S.A. de C.V., is another majorpaint industry in Mexico. In 2007, Monterrey-basedSherwin Williams, a leading manufacturer and distrib-utor of automotive after-market body fillers, putties,primer, and other vehicle refinish products, acquiredthe assets and business of important Mexican compa-nies such as Flex Recubrimientos, S.A de C.V., andrelated companies (Flex Group). During the sameyear, Sherwin Williams also acquired Napko, a leadingmanufacturer and distributor of industrial mainte-nance coatings primarily for the government oil andpower industries in Mexico.

Pintusayer ICI in Mexico is part of the ImperialChemical Industries (ICI), which on 2 January 2008became part of AkzoNobel.23 Optimus Paints(Pinturas Optimus), Berel, and Contimex areMexican companies that manufacture, market, anddistribute enamel and water-based paints.24, 25 DuPont

operates in the industrial coatings and automotivepaints segment of the market.26 The NationalAssociation of Paint and Ink Manufacturers(Asociación Nacional de Fabricantes Pinturas y Tintas,ANAFAPYT) is the official and united face of the paintmanufacturers in Mexico. Table 33 shows some of themembers of this association. According to informa-tion in Table 34, around 97 percent of Mexican paintproduction is controlled by large companies.

As per the Industrial Census of 2003, 42 percentof national production corresponds to householdplastic paints and 19 percent to household enamelpaints. The remaining 39 percent corresponds to theindustrial sector. Table 36 shows some of the regula-tions related to lead in paints in Mexico. According toregulation NOM-015/1-SCFI/SSA-1994, the limit forlead in materials used for manufacturing toys, instru-ments, school accessories, and graphic device paints is100 mg/kg. Export-import figures related to paintindustries in Mexico are given in Table 37.

ResultsLead concentrations with the descriptions of paintsamples from Mexico are given in Table 38. Statisticalmeasurements of lead concentrations (ppm) in paintsamples for Mexico are given in Table 39, while Table40 shows the distribution of samples having lead con-centrations more than 90 ppm.

The major findings of the study with respect toMexico are:

1. A total of 30 paint samples, which included 20enamel paint samples and 10 plastic paint sam-ples, were analysed for total lead concentra-tions.

2. One hundred percent enamel paint samples

MEXICO

21. http://me.economia.gob.mx:81/site/482/default.aspx22. http://www.thecomexgroup.com/23. http://www.icipaints.com/index.jsp24. http://www.elpoderdelcolor.com/25. http://www.berel.com.mx/26. http://www2.dupont.com/Performance_Coatings/es_MX/index.html



were found to have lead concentrations morethan 90 ppm.

3. None of the plastic samples was found to havelead concentrations higher than 90 ppm.

4. Taking all samples together, 67 percent sam-ples showed high concentrations of leadexceeding 90 ppm limit.

5. The arithmetic mean of lead concentrations ofall samples was 34,575.3 ppm. The range varies

from 0.6 ppm to 163,812 ppm. The medianconcentration was 30,204.2 ppm.

6. The arithmetic mean of enamel samples was51,860.1 ppm. For plastic samples it was sixppm. The range of lead concentrations inenamel samples was 22,758.5 ppm to163,812ppm (16.4 percent), in plastic sam-ples the range varied from 0.6 ppm to 16ppm.

MMeemmbbeerrss EEmmaaiill LLooccaattiioonn

Comercializadora Jasaquim [email protected] San Pedro Xalostoc Ecatepec de Morelos

Pinturas Señalmex [email protected] Parque Industrial Tenango del Valle C.P. 52300 Ed o. De Mex.

Typ de México [email protected] León, Guanajuato. C.P. 37540

Napko [email protected] Santa Catarina Nuevo León.

Pinturas y Polimeros Alsa [email protected] Santa Ana Tepetitlán, Zapopan, Jalisco.

Alva Mex Química [email protected] Tlalnepantla de Baz C.P. 54190

Pintumex [email protected] Parque Industrial

Pinturas del Bajío [email protected] Querétaro, Querétaro.

Rectel [email protected] León Guanajuato C.P. 37350

El Aguila [email protected] Venustiano Carranza, México, D.F.

Industrial Técnica de Pinturas [email protected] Puente de Vigas. Tlalnepantla de Baz. Edo de México

Pintex de Mexico [email protected] Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León.

Hi-fil Pinturas [email protected] Los Reyes la Paz Edo. De México. C.P. 56400

Sayer Lack mexicana [email protected] Apaseo el Alto, Guanajuato.

Pinturas Doal [email protected] Guadalupe, Nuevo León C.P. 67110

Table 33. Companies affiliated with the National Association ofPaint and Ink Manufacturers of Mexico

NNoo.. ooff eenntteerrpprriisseess** PPrroodduuccttiioonn ((vvaalluuee iinn UU..SS.. ddoollllaarrss))

Big companies Micro, small, and medium Total Big companies Micro, small, and medium Total

98 156 254 1,136,871,913 35,160,987 1,172,032,900

97% 3%

Paints and coatings Production in Mexico Economic Activity Class Number 325510*Micro = 0-10 workers; Small = 21-30 workers; Medium = 31-100; Big = 101-1001 and moreDerived from: The Industrial Census http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/default.aspx?s=est&c=13394&pred=1

Table 34. Share of big and small industries in Mexico paint market

PPaaiinntt ttyyppee QQuuaannttiittyy iinn VVaalluuee iinn %% vvaalluuee

tthhoouussaanndd lliitteerrss UU..SS.. ddoollllaarrss**

HHoouusseehhoolldd 61%

Water Based (no mineral and mineral added) acrylic and vinyl 335,393 488,482,300 42%

Oil Based (regular synthetics, acrylics, alkyildal, pigmented 310,994 225,728,300 19%

lacquer, transparent lacquer, and others

IInndduussttrriiaallss 39%

High temperature, and glazy for ceramic; Lacquer: marine, 448,211 369,269,800 31%

oily-resin, regular, and synthetics; Others: anticorrosive, bituminous,

and marine

OOtthheerr ppaaiinnttss aanndd ppiiggmmeennttss

Paints (powder), Pigments (powder), Ceramic, Ceramic paste, and others 58,764,44 (in metric tons) 88,552,500 8%

TToottaall 1,094,598 1,172,032,900 100%

Derived from: The Industrial Census and Annex 1, http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/default.aspx?s=est&c=13394&pred=1

*Data is calculated at rate of ten Mexican pesos for one U.S. dollar in 2004

Table 35. Quantitative production of various paints and coatings in Mexico



7. The median concentration for enamel sampleswas 45,614 ppm, while for plastic paint samplesit was 4.4 ppm.

8. The highest concentration of lead (16.4 per-cent) was found in an orange colour enamelpaint sample (MXC-11).

ConclusionsThe major conclusions of the study are:

1. Lead is found in high concentration in allenamel paint samples-more than 90 ppm. One

enamel paint sample, produced by a majorU.S. multinational company, contained over30,000 ppm lead.

2. All plastic paint samples were found to havelead in lower concentrations – lower than 90ppm.

3. 67 percent of all samples were found to havelead concentrations more than 90 ppm.

4. The median for enamel samples was found tobe five percent, which was quite high. In caseof plastic samples, the median value was 4.4ppm of lead.

((NNOOMMss aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo iittss SSppaanniisshh aaccrroonnyymm,, NNoorrmmaa DDeessccrriippttiioonn

ooffffiicciiaall MMeexxiiccaannaa))

NOM-003-SSA1-1993 Establishes requirement to advise consumers about health hazards of

Public health. Requirements for labeling exposure to lead solvents or lead compounds in paints.

paints, inks, lacquers and enamels.

NOM-004-SSA1-1993 Environmental Health. Bans uses of basic lead carbonate as white pigment in paints, enamels, coatings,

Limits and sanitary requirements related to the use inks or any other products containing this compound.

of lead monoxide, PbO (litargirio), lead red oxide, Bans use and commerce of lead monoxide, lead red oxide, and basic lead carbonate

Pb3O4 (minio), and basic lead carbonate 2PbCO3 contained in the above mentioned products used for manufacturing pencils, pens,

Pb(OH)2 (albayalde). This rule was amended on toys, cosmetics, plasticine, printing inks, furniture and home paints or any other

August 12, 2004 products in contact with persons, as well as uses in pottery, ceramic and porcelain

used in food and drink processes.

Allows uses of lead red oxide in anticorrosive pigments and coatings used for ship paints, platform or any other objects in contact with marine or corrosive environment. This rule does not establish or determine any limit or value.

Allows uses of basic lead carbonate in paints for mirror manufacturing. Again, this rule does not establish or determine any limit or value.

NOM-005-SSA1-1993, Environmental Health. Lead Establishes and describes extraction and determination procedures for soluble lead

chromate and chromo molybdate pigments. test methods related to the above-mentioned lead compounds.

Extraction and determination of soluble lead. Test

Methods. Issued on November 17, 1994

NOM-006-SSA1-1993, Environmental Health.

Preparation and acid extractions of dry paints and Establishes and describes extraction and preparation procedures for dry lead test

lacquer layers for determination of soluble lead. Test methods in paints and lacquer.

Methods. Issued on November 17, 1994

NOM-015/1-SCFI/SSA-1994. Safety and commercial Establishes specification and test methods to determine bio-availability of Sb, As, Ba,

information related to toys and school accessories. Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, and Se in materials used for manufacturing toys, instruments, school

Bioavailability limits of metals in coatings, paints accessories, graphic devices paints, and plasticine.

and inks. Chemical specifications and test methods. Establishes limit for lead at 100 mg/kg.

Issued on November 17, 1994

Table 36. Mexican Official Rules (NOMs) on lead in paints



HHTTSS nnuummbbeerr IImmppoorrttss iinn IImmppoorrttss iinn kkgg EExxppoorrttss iinn EExxppoorrttss iinn kkgg NNeett iimmppoorrttss NNeett iimmppoorrttss

UU..SS.. ddoollllaarrss UU..SS.. ddoollllaarrss iinn UU..SS.. ddoollllaarrss iinn kkgg

32081001 Paints and lacquers 59,612,682 13,042,057 -13,388,350 3,082,490 46,224,332 9,959,567

32081099 Other polyester based paints 14,190,572 4,538,591 -1,253,643 300,415 12,936,929 4,238,176

32082001 Other paints except those in 64,147,824 9,805,175 -37,229,182 6,239,185 26,918,642 3,565,990

3808002

32082002 Acrylic and vinyl 409,849 138,932 -102 32 409,747 138,900

32082099 Acrylic polymer or vinyl 14,427,966 2,717,870 -4,099,346 1,823,976 10,328,620 893,894

based paints

Total 152,788,893 30,242,625 -55,970,623 11,446,098 96,818,270 18,796,527

Source: http://www.economia-snci.gob.mx(Consider 15 pesos for one U.S. dollar in March 2008)

Table 37. Exports-Imports figures from January 2008 to December 2008

SSaammppllee nnoo.. PPaaiinntt bbrraanndd TTyyppee ooff ppaaiinntt--ppllaassttiicc // eennaammeell CCoolloouurr ooff tthhee ppaaiinntt PPbb ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn ((iinn ppppmm)) PPbb ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn ((iinn %%))MXC-01 Comex Plastic Yellow 16 0.00159847MXC-02 Comex Plastic Red 10 0.00097465MXC-03 Comex Plastic Green 0.6 0.00006MXC-04 Pintusayer ICI Plastic Orange 4.4 0.00043986MXC-05 Pintusayer ICI Plastic Blue 6.2 0.00061987MXC-06 Optimus Plastic Orange 4.5 0.00044707MXC-07 Optimus Plastic White 2 0.0001869MXC-08 Sherwin W Plastic Yellow 4 0.00036136MXC-09 Sherwin W Plastic Yellow 7.3 0.0007256MXC-10 Berel Plastic Orange 2.3 0.00023285MXC-11 Comex Enamel Orange 163,812 16.4MXC-12 Comex Enamel Blue 27,171 3MXC-13 Comex Enamel Black 50,521 5.0MXC-14 Pintusayer ICI Enamel Yellow 70,531 7.0MXC-15 Pintusayer ICI Enamel Red 73,968 7.4MXC-16 Pintusayer ICI Enamel Blue 36,224 4MXC-17 Pintusayer ICI Enamel Green 30,252.1 3.0MXC-18 Optimus Enamel Yellow 39,159 4MXC-19 Optimus Enamel Red 67,664.1 7MXC-20 Optimus Enamel Blue 31,950.2 3.2MXC-21 Optimus Enamel Black 28,591.7 3MXC-22 Sherwin Enamel Yellow 30,156.4 3.0MXC-23 Berel Enamel Yellow 56,537.1 6MXC-24 Soriana Enamel Red 48,282.4 5MXC-25 Soriana Enamel Blue 25,650.0 3MXC-26 Soriana Enamel Green 71,064 7.1MXC-27 Soriana Enamel Yellow 42,945 4.3MXC-28 Contimex Enamel Blue 22,758.5 2.3MXC-29 Contimex Enamel Green 50,609.4 5.106093592MXC-30 Contimex Enamel Yellow 69,358.0 7

Table 38. Lead concentrations in paint samples from Mexico.


Arithmetic mean 34,575.3 51,860.1 6

Standard deviation 35,605 31,487.5 4.5



Median 30,204.2 45614 4.4

Table 39. Statistical measurements oflead concentrations (ppm) in paint samples from

MexicoNNoo.. ooff NNoo.. ooff ssaammpplleess NNoo.. ooff ssaammpplleess

ssaammpplleess bbeeaarriinngg mmoorree bbeeaarriinngg mmoorree tthhaann 9900 ppppmm tthhaann 660000 ppppmm

ooff lleeaadd ooff lleeaadd Enamel paint samples 20 20 (100%) 20 (100%)Plastic paint samples 10 0 0All paint samples 30 20 (67%) 20 (67%)

Table 40. Distribution of samples having lead concen-trations more than 90/600 ppm



BackgroundBrazilian paint market is among the five biggest mar-kets of the world. Its own consumption however is verysmall – the annual per capita consumption is 5.5litres. There are around 300 manufacturers and17,000 direct employees engaged in this sector. Theproduction volume for 2008 was 864 million litresworth USD 5.4 billion. The housing paints representabout 77 percent of the total volume. 27

Out of 800 million litres, 328 million litres (41percent) of economic paint line, 299 million litres (37percent) of paint premium line, and 173 million litres(12 percent) of standard line housing paints are soldin Brazil market. According to industry experts, theprofits are declining, and the trend is towards the con-solidation of big companies. 28

Some of the major paint companies operating inBrazil include: BASF S/A (Suvinil brand); DacarQuimica do Brasil S/A (Dacar brand); EucatexQuimica e Mineral Ltda.; Sherwin Williams do Brasil;Coral; Killing S/A; Renner Sayerlack S/A (Renner);and AkzoNobel Ltda. (Coral paints). Of these compa-nies, only Dacar, Eucatex, and Lukscolor are Brazilian,the others are multinationals. The paint brands thatwere sampled included Dacar, Coral/Coralamine,Suvinil, Sherwin Williams Novacor, Renner, Coral-Coralit, and 3 RM.

According to law no. 11762 published on 4August 2008,29 the maximum limit of lead in the man-ufacture of housing paints and those for children'sproducts and schools, varnish and similar materials is0.06 percent by weight, expressed as metallic lead,determined in dry basis or total non-volatile content.This law will come into effect one year after its publi-cation. The Federal Environment Agency, Ibama, willbe legally responsible for the enforcement of this law.This law does not apply to paints, varnishes and simi-lar materials of surface coating used in:

1. Agricultural and industrial equipment2. Industrial, agricultural, and commercial metal-

lic structures

3. Painting-based anticorrosive treatment4. Traffic and safety signalling5. Auto-motors, airplanes, ships, and rail vehicles6. Graphic arts7. Housing gadgets and metallic furniture8. Exclusive-use artistic paints and similar materi-

als9. Graphic paints

ResultsDescription of paint samples from Brazil is given inTable 41. Lead concentrations in the samples aregiven in Table 42. Table 43 shows the statistical meas-urements of lead concentrations in Brazil paint sam-ples, while distribution of samples having lead concen-trations more than 90 ppm is shown in Table 44.

The major findings of the study are:

1. A total of 31 paint samples, which included 24enamel paint samples and seven plastic paints,were analysed for total lead concentrations.

2. Out of 24 enamel paint samples, ten samples(42 percent) were found to have lead concen-trations more than 90 ppm, while nine samples(37 percent) had lead concentrations exceed-ing 600 ppm. The average concentration was15,000 ppm.

3. None of the plastic paint samples was found tohave lead concentration more than 90 ppm.

4. Overall 32 percent of samples showed leadconcentrations more than 90 ppm, and 28 per-cent had lead higher than 600 ppm.

5. The arithmetic mean of lead concentrations ofall samples was 11,618.3 ppm; for enamel sam-ples, 15,004.1 ppm; and for plastic samples, 9.8ppm.

6. Lead concentrations for enamel samples var-ied from 0.6 ppm to 170,258.4 ppm (17 per-cent). For plastic samples, the lead concentra-tions ranged from 0.6 ppm to 14.4 ppm. Themedian for enamel paint samples was 40 ppm.

BRAZIL

27. http://www.abrafati.com.br/bn_conteudo.asp?cod=9428. http://maquina.com.br/revista/qd469/tintas.html29. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2008/Lei/L11762.htm



7. All enamel samples of Sherwin WilliamsNovacor and Coral-Coralit had lead concentra-tions less than 90 ppm.

8. Brands such as Renner, Dacar, and Suvinil hadsome enamel samples showing lead concentra-tions less than 90 ppm. Lead contents seem todepend upon colour of enamel samples ofthese brands. Enamel samples of white, blackand in some cases blue colour of these brandsshowed lead concentrations lower than 90ppm.

9. The highest concentration of lead (17 percent)was found in a yellow colour enamel samplefrom Renner (BRZ 14).

Conclusions

1. Plastic paint samples have low lead concentra-tions, lower than 90 ppm

2. Some 42 percent of enamel samples had leadcontents lower than 90 ppm, while 37 percentof enamel samples had lead contents lowerthan 600 ppm.

3. All enamel paint samples of brands, such asSherwin Williams Novacor and Coral-Coralit, had lead concentrations lower than90 ppm.

4. Not all samples of other brands showed leadconcentrations lower than 90 ppm.

SSaammppllee PPaaiinntt bbrraanndd DDaattee ooff LLooccaattiioonn ooff EExxppiirraattiioonn VVoolluummee PPrriiccee ooff TTyyppee ooff CCoolloouurr ooff nnoo.. ppuurrcchhaassee ppuurrcchhaassee DDaattee ooff tthhee tthhee ccaann ppaaiinntt-- tthhee ppaaiinnttss

ppaaiinntt iinn RReeaallss ppllaassttiicc//ssaammpplleess eennaammeell

BRZ 01 DACAR 31/12/08 Rei das Tintas, Curitiba City Nov-10 80ml 17.00 Plastic Green

BRZ 02 DACAR 31/12/08 Darka, Curitiba City Oct-10 80ml 10.00 Plastic Blue

BRZ 03 Coral / Coralamine 30/12/08 Diprotec Curitiba City Sep-10 80ml 15.00 Plastic Yellow

BRZ 04 Coral / Coralamine 30/12/08 Diprotec, Curitiba City Sep-10 80ml 15.00 Plastic Green

BRZ 05 Suvinil 30/12/08 Tintas Guarize, Curitiba City Sep-11 80ml 13.12 Plastic Blue

BRZ 06 Suvinil 30/12/08 Tintas Guarize, Curitiba City Jul-11 80ml 15.64 Plastic Orange

BRZ 07 Suvinil 30/12/08 Tintas Guarize, Curitiba City Sep-11 80ml 17.33 Plastic Red

BRZ 08 Sherwin Williams Novacor 30/12/08 Buchholtz, Curitiba City Jan-10 225ml 5.00 Enamel Yellow

BRZ 09 Sherwin Williams Novacor 30/12/08 Buchholtz, Curitiba City Apr-11 225ml 5.00 Enamel Red

BRZ 10 Sherwin Williams Novacor 30/12/08 Buchholtz, Curitiba City Feb-11 225ml 5.00 Enamel Blue

BRZ 11 Sherwin Williams Novacor 30/12/08 Buchholtz, Curitiba City Jun-11 225ml 5.00 Enamel Black

BRZ 12 Renner 18/12/08 Condor, Curitiba City Jul-10 225ml 6.92 Enamel Red

BRZ 13 Renner 18/12/08 Condor, Curitiba City Nov-09 225ml 6.92 Enamel Blue

BRZ 14 Renner 30/12/08 Condor, Curitiba City May-10 225ml 5.00 Enamel Yellow

BRZ 15 Dacar 30/12/08 Tintas Guarize, Curitiba City Oct-11 225ml 4.30 Enamel White

BRZ 16 Dacar 30/12/08 Tintas Guarize, Curitiba City Feb-12 225ml 4.30 Enamel Green

BRZ 17 Dacar 30/12/08 Tintas Guarize, Curitiba City Aug-11 225ml 4.30 Enamel Black

BRZ 18 Dacar 30/12/08 Tintas Guarize, Curitiba City Nov-11 225ml 4.30 Enamel Red

BRZ 19 Dacar 23/12/08 Mercado das Tintas, Curitiba Feb-11 225ml 4.00 Enamel Blue

BRZ 20 Dacar 23/12/08 Mercado das Tintas, Curitiba Nov-10 225ml 4.00 Enamel Orange

BRZ 21 Suvinil 30/12/08 Tintas Guarize, Curitiba City May-09 225ml 5.60 Enamel Red

BRZ 22 Suvinil 30/12/08 Tintas Guarize, Curitiba City Nov-10 225m 5.60 Enamel Yellow

BRZ 23 Suvinil 30/12/08 Tintas Guarize, Curitiba City Aug-11 112,5ml 3.10 Enamel White

BRZ 24 Suvinil 2/1/2009 Casa Haisi, Curitiba Jan-12 225ml 8.25 Enamel Black

BRZ 25 Coral–Coralit 30/12/08 Diprotec, Curitiba Nov-09 225ml 4.90 Enamel Yellow

BRZ 26 Coral–Coralit 30/12/08 Diprotec, Curitiba Sep-10 225ml 4.90 Enamel Green

BRZ 27 Coral–Coralit 30/12/08 Diprotec, Curitiba Apr-12 225ml 4.90 Enamel Black

BRZ 28 Coral–Coralit 30/12/08 Diprotec, Curitiba Jul-11 112,5ml 3.90 Enamel Red

BRZ 29 Renner 2/1/2009 Tintas Darka, Curitiba Jul-10 225ml 5.50 Enamel Green

BRZ 30 3RM 30/12/08 Cia. Brasileira de Distribuiçao Nov-10 225ml 5.99 Enamel Black

BRZ 31 3RM 30/12/08 Cia. Brasileira de Distribuição Sep-10 225ml 5.99 Enamel White

Table 41. Description of paint samples from Brazil



SSaammppllee nnoo.. PPaaiinntt bbrraanndd TTyyppee ooff ppaaiinntt--ppllaassttiicc// CCoolloouurr ooff PPbb ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn PPbb ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn

eennaammeell tthhee ppaaiinnttss ((iinn ppppmm)) ((iinn %%))

BRZ 01 DACAR Plastic Green 0.6 0

BRZ 02 DACAR Plastic Blue 7 0.00068

BRZ 03 Coral/Coralamine Plastic Yellow 12.4 0.00124

BRZ 04 Coral/Coralamine Plastic Green 14 0.00136

BRZ 05 Suvinil Plastic Blue 13.4 0.00134

BRZ 06 Suvinil Plastic Orange 14.4 0.00144

BRZ 07 Suvinil Plastic Red 7.5 0.00075

BRZ 08 Sherwin Williams Novacor Enamel Yellow 53 0.0053

BRZ 09 Sherwin Williams Novacor Enamel Red 16.4 0.00164

BRZ 10 Sherwin Williams Novacor Enamel Blue 22 0.0022

BRZ 11 Sherwin Williams Novacor Enamel Black 9.5 0.00095

BRZ 12 Renner Enamel Red 5,633.2 0.6

BRZ 13 Renner Enamel Blue 12.4 0.00124

BRZ 14 Renner Enamel Yellow 170,258.4 17.0

BRZ 15 Dacar Enamel White 26.3 0.00263

BRZ 16 Dacar Enamel Green 7,665.5 0.7

BRZ 17 Dacar Enamel Black 25 0.00247

BRZ 18 Dacar Enamel Red 19,081 2

BRZ 19 Dacar Enamel Blue 573.2 0.05

BRZ 20 Dacar Enamel Orange 60,713.1 6.1

BRZ 21 Suvinil Enamel Red 20,957.1 2.1

BRZ 22 Suvinil Enamel Yellow 66,126 7

BRZ 23 Suvinil Enamel White 55.4 0.00554

BRZ 24 Suvinil Enamel Black 4.3 0.00043

BRZ 25 Coral – Coralit Enamel Yellow 10 0.00096

BRZ 26 Coral – Coralit Enamel Green 6 0.00059

BRZ 27 Coral – Coralit Enamel Black 0.6 0.00006

BRZ 28 Coral – Coralit Enamel Red 8.2 0.00082

BRZ 29 Renner Enamel Green 12 0.00119

BRZ 30 3RM Enamel Black 4935.5 0.5

BRZ 31 3RM Enamel White 3896.1 0.4

Table 42. Lead concentrations (ppm and %) in paint samples from Brazil


Arithmetic mean 11618.3 15004.1 10

Standard deviation 33564 37635.1 5.1

Maximum concentration 170258.4 170258.4 14.4

Minimum concentrations 0.6 0.6 0.6

Median 16.4 40 12.4

Table 43. Statistical measurements of lead concentrations in paint samples from Brazil



Enamel paint samples 24 10 (42%) 9 (37.5%)Plastic paint samples 7 0 0All samples 31 10 (32.2%) 9 (28.1%)

Table 44. Distribution of paint samples having leadconcentrations more than 90/600 pm



BackgroundThe size of the paint market is estimated at Rs 110 bil-lion, with organized sectors accounting for 65 percentof the market and unorganised sectors 35 percent.India produces both decorative and industrial paints.Decorative paints can further be classified into premi-um, medium, and distemper segments. Premium dec-orative paints are acrylic emulsions used mostly in themetropolitan areas. The medium range segments con-sist of enamels, which are popular in smaller cities andtowns. Distempers are economy products demandedin the suburban and rural markets. Nearly 20 percentof all decorative paints sold are distempers, in whichthe unorganised sector has the dominance. Industrialpaints include powder coatings, high performancecoatings, and automotive and marine paints. Two-thirds of the industrial paints produced in India areautomotive paints. The decorative paint segmentaccounts for 70 percent of the sector and the industri-al paints segments 30 percent. Other sub-segments aremarine paints, powder coatings for large appliancessuch as like refrigerators and washing machines, andindustrial coatings.

MMaarrkkeett sshhaarree ooff vvaarriioouuss ddeeccoorraattiivvee ppaaiinntt pprroodduuccttss3300

Enamels 50%Distemper 19%Emulsions 17%Exterior Coatings 12%Wood Finishes 2%

MMaarrkkeett sshhaarree ooff vvaarriioouuss iinndduussttrriiaall ppaaiinntt pprroodduuccttss

Automotive Paints 50%High Performance Coating 30%Powder Coating 10%Coil Coating 5%Marine Paints 5%

Goodlass and Asian Paints are the leading OEM

players. Berger and Goodlass lead in the solid powdercoating segment used for decoration and protectionof large appliances, electronic equipment, and autocomponents. ICI and Asian Paints lead the segment ofsolvent based paints for sheets. Shalimar and BombayPaints are the major players in these anti-corrosive,underwater marine paints used for ships and contain-ers. Asian Paints dominates the decorative segmentwith a 38 percent market share. GNPL is number twoin the decorative segment with a 14 percent marketshare. Berger and ICI have nine percent and eightpercent shares, respectively, in this segment, followedby J&N and Shalimar with one and six percent shares,respectively. GNPL dominates the industrial paintssegment with 41 percent market share.

India does not have any mandatory regulation forlead limits in paints. The issue is only addressed in avoluntary portion of the government's Eco MarkScheme, which suggests that lead should not be morethan 0.1 percent in certain types of paints. A previousstudy by Toxics Link had found that 84 percent ofenamel paint samples had lead concentrations inexcess of 600 ppm (Kumar and Gottesfeld, 2008). Thestudy had also found that except one brand (ICIDulux), enamel paint samples of all other brands,(Asian Paints, Kansai Nerolac, Goodlass Nerolac,Berger, Bombay Paints, Jenson & Nicholson, andShalimar Paints) had lead concentrations of morethan 600 ppm. All plastic samples were found to havelead concentrations of less than 25 ppm.

ResultsAs a part of this study, a total of 26 paint samples,which included four varnish samples, were analysedfor total lead concentrations. Table 45 gives thedescription of paint samples collected from India.Table 46 shows the lead concentrations in the paintsamples. Table 47 shows the statistical summary oflead concentrations of paint samples. Distribution ofpaint samples with more than 90 ppm or 600 ppm oflead concentrations is given in Table 48.

30. http://www.managementparadise.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-72869.html

INDIA



SSaammppllee PPaaiinntt bbrraanndd DDaattee ooff LLooccaattiioonn ooff DDaattee ooff VVoolluummee PPrriiccee ooff TTyyppee ooff ppaaiinntt-- CCoolloouurr ooff nnoo.. ppuurrcchhaassee ppuurrcchhaassee mmaannuuffaaccttuurree ooff tthhee tthhee ccaann ppllaassttiicc//eennaammeell tthhee ppaaiinnttss

ppaaiinntt iinn RRss..ssaammpplleess

IND 01 Kansai Nerolac 15/01/09 New Delhi 2008 Aug 1 l 237 Synthetic Enamel Hi-Gloss finish P.O. RedIND 02 Kansai Nerolac 15/01/09 New Delhi 2008 Aug 1 l 208 Synthetic Enamel Hi-Gloss finish N. Bus GreenIND 03 Kansai Nerolac 15/01/09 New Delhi 2008 Oct 500 ml 112 Synthetic Enamel Hi-Gloss finish Brill WhiteIND 04 Kansai Nerolac 15/01/09 New Delhi 2008 Sep 1 l 208 Synthetic Enamel Hi-Gloss finish Oxford BlueIND 05 ICI Dulux 15/01/09 New Delhi 2008 Sep 1 l 247 Premium Gloss Enamel paint Bus GreenIND 06 ICI Dulux 15/01/09 New Delhi 2008 Mar 1 l 192 Premium Gloss Enamel paint P.O. RedIND 07 ICI Dulux 15/01/09 New Delhi 2008 Mar 500 ml 95.60 Premium Gloss Enamel paint Golden YellowIND 08 ICI Dulux 15/01/09 New Delhi 2008 Oct 500 ml 116 Premium Gloss Enamel paint Blazing whiteIND 09 Berger 15/01/09 New Delhi 2008 Sep 500 ml 116.4 Luxol Hi-Gloss enamel Bus GreenIND 10 Berger 15/01/09 New Delhi 2008 Mar 500 ml 88.8 Luxol Hi-Gloss enamel Oxford BlueIND 11 Berger 15/01/09 New Delhi 2008 Aug 500 ml 101.4 Luxol Hi-Gloss enamel Snow WhiteIND 12 Berger 15/01/09 New Delhi 2008 Jun 500 ml 110.9 Luxol Hi-Gloss enamel P.O. RedIND 13 Berger 15/01/09 New Delhi 2008 May 500 ml 96.6 Luxol Hi-Gloss enamel G YellowIND 14 Shalimar 15/01/09 New Delhi 2008 Sep 100 ml 31 Superlac Hi-gloss enamel Golden YellowIND 15 Asian Paints 15/01/09 New Delhi 2008 Jul 100 ml 33 Premium Gloss Enamel BLZ. WhiteIND 16 Asian Paints 15/01/09 New Delhi 2008 Oct 100 ml 35 Premium Gloss Enamel P.O. RedIND 17 Asian Paints 15/01/09 New Delhi 2008 Aug 100 ml 35 Premium Gloss Enamel Oxford BlueIND 18 Asian Paints 20/1/09 New Delhi 2008 Jul 200 ml 58 Premium Gloss Enamel BLZ. WhiteIND 19 Asian Paints 20/1/09 New Delhi 2008 Jun 200 ml 58 Premium Gloss Enamel Golden YellowIND 20 Asian Paints 20/1/09 New Delhi 2008 Jul 200 ml 59 Premium Gloss Enamel P.O. RedIND 21 Asian Paints 20/1/09 New Delhi 2008 Oct 200 ml 61 Premium Gloss Enamel OX BlueIND 22 Asian Paints 20/1/09 New Delhi 2008 May 100 ml 29 Premium Gloss Enamel Bus GreenIND 23 Nerolac 26/2/09 New Delhi 2007-Oct 1 L 170 Full gloss hard drying

synthetic clear varnishIND 24 Asian Paints 26/2/09 New Delhi 2008-Oct B. 500 ml 103 Clear sunthetic Enamel VA

No. 174IND 25 Shalimar 26/2/09 New Delhi 2008-Feb B. 500 ml 80 Superlac Hi-gloss enamel

No. SL9538 Synthetic clear VarnishIND 26 Honda 29/110, 26/2/09 New Delhi 1 L 90 Pale Copal Varnish City Paints

Vishwas Nagar, Delhi-32

Table 45. Description of paint samples from India

The major findings of the study of Indian paintsamples are:

1. Some 26 enamel paint samples, which wereanalysed for total lead concentration,belonged to four brands, namely KansaiNerolac, ICI Dulux, Berger, and Asian Paints,and one sample of Shalimar Paints.

2. While all enamel samples of Kansai Nerolacand ICI Dulux had lead concentrations lowerthan 90 ppm, some enamel samples of AsianPaints showed lead concentrations higher than90 ppm.

3. All enamel samples of Berger Paints showedlead concentrations higher than 90 ppm.

4. None of the varnish sample showed lead con-centrations higher than 90 ppm.

5. Out of 22 enamel samples, eight samples (36 per-cent) showed lead concentrations higher than 90ppm. Overall 31 percent of samples showed leadconcentrations higher than 90 ppm.

6. The arithmetic mean of lead concentrations ofall samples was 7,966.3 ppm with the rangevarying from 0.6 ppm to 49,593 ppm. Thearithmetic mean of enamel samples was 9,411ppm with lead concentration ranging from 8.1

ppm to 49,593 ppm (five percent)7. The median lead concentration for enamel

samples was 25 ppm.8. The highest concentration of lead, five per-

cent, was found in a bus green colour enamelpaint sample of Berger Paints.

ConclusionsThe major conclusions of the study with respect toIndian Paints are:

1. Some 36 percent of enamel paint samples and31 percent of total samples were found to havemore than 90 ppm of lead.

2. None of the varnish samples were found tohave lead contents exceeding 90 ppm.

3. ICI Dulux continues to have low lead concen-trations in their enamel paints.

4. In the previous study done by Toxics Link(Kumar and Gottesfeld, 2008), 38 percent ofall samples, including plastic and enamel types,contained lead at levels above 600 ppm. Allenamel paint samples of Kansai Nerolac thatwere manufactured from 2003 to 2005 werefound to have high lead concentrations



SSaammppllee PPaaiinntt bbrraanndd TTyyppee ooff ppaaiinntt--ppllaassttiicc// CCoolloouurr ooff PPbb ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn PPbb ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn nnoo.. eennaammeell tthhee ppaaiinnttss ((iinn ppppmm)) ((iinn %%))IND 01 Kansai Nerolac Synthetic Enamel Hi-Gloss finish P.O. Red 23 0.00228IND 02 Kansai Nerolac Synthetic Enamel Hi-Gloss finish N. Bus Green 8.1 0.00081IND 03 Kansai Nerolac Synthetic Enamel Hi-Gloss finish Brill White 11.1 0.00111IND 04 Kansai Nerolac Synthetic Enamel Hi-Gloss finish Oxford Blue 12 0.00119IND 05 ICI Dulux Premium Gloss Enamel paint Bus Green 8.1 0.00081IND 06 ICI Dulux Premium Gloss Enamel paint P.O. Red 13.4 0.00134IND 07 ICI Dulux Premium Gloss Enamel paint Golden Yellow 13 0.00128IND 08 ICI Dulux Premium Gloss Enamel paint Blazing white 11 0.00106IND 09 Berger Luxol Hi-Gloss enamel Bus Green 49,593 5IND 10 Berger Luxol Hi-Gloss enamel Oxford Blue 22,274 2.2IND 11 Berger Luxol Hi-Gloss enamel Snow White 15,206 1.5IND 12 Berger Luxol Hi-Gloss enamel P.O. Red 20,520 2.0IND 13 Berger Luxol Hi-Gloss enamel G Yellow 41,381.3 4.1IND 14 Shalimar Superlac Hi-gloss enamel Golden Yellow 31,630.1 3.2IND 15 Asian Paints Premium Gloss Enamel BLZ. White 13,626 1.4IND 16 Asian Paints Premium Gloss Enamel P.O. Red 12,535 1.2IND 17 Asian Paints Premium Gloss Enamel Oxford Blue 26.4 0.00264IND 18 Asian Paints Premium Gloss Enamel BLZ. White 23 0.0023IND 19 Asian Paints Premium Gloss Enamel Golden Yellow 13 0.00129IND 20 Asian Paints Premium Gloss Enamel P.O. Red 66 0.00657IND 21 Asian Paints Premium Gloss Enamel OX Blue 14 0.0014IND 22 Asian Paints Premium Gloss Enamel Bus Green 28.1 0.00281IND 23 Nerolac Full gloss hard drying synthetic clear varnish 30.2 0.00302IND 24 Asian Paints Clear sunthetic Enamel VA 0.6 0.00006IND 25 Shalimar Superlac Hi-gloss enamel Synthetic clear Varnish 52 0.0052IND 26 Honda Pale Copal VarnishCity Paints 9 0.00087

Table 46. Lead concentrations in paint samples from India

exceeding 600 ppm. In the present study, theenamel samples of the same brand, manufac-tured in the year 2008, have shown low leadconcentrations, not exceeding 90 ppm.

5. Asian Paints continues to have lead concentra-

tion of more than 90 ppm in some of its enam-el paints. Its average lead level is 7,966.4 ppm.

6. Enamel samples of Shalimar Paints and BergerPaints continue to have high lead concentra-tions.


Arithmetic mean 7,966.3 9411 23

Standard deviation 14,161.2 14,984.4 23.1



Median 25 25 19.5

Table 47. Statistical summary of lead concentrations in paint samples from India



Enamel paint samples 22 8 (36.4%) 8 (36.4%)Varnish paint samples 4 0 0All paint samples 26 8 (31%) 8 (31%)

Table 48. Distribution of paint samples having lead con-centrations more than 90/600 ppm



Table 49 shows the statistical summary oflead concentrations of all samples takentogether, while the distribution of sampleshaving lead concentrations greater than

90 ppm is given in Table 50. Table 51 depicts thelead concentration in the multinational brands,which were sampled from different source coun-tries. There are four multinational paint brands forwhich samples were taken from more than onecountry, i.e., ICI Dulux, Sherwin Williams, Coral,and Asian Paints (Berger International in Thailandand Nigeria).

The major findings of the study are:

1. Overall 317 paint samples, which included 232enamel samples, 78 plastic samples and sevenvarnish samples, were analyzed for lead con-centrations.

2. Taking all samples together, 53 percent of sam-ples were found to contain more than 90 ppmof lead, while 50 percent samples had lead con-centrations of more than 600 ppm.

3. Some 68.5 percent of enamel samples had leadconcentrations of more than 90 ppm, while 65percent of enamel samples had lead concen-trations of more than 600 ppm.

4. Only 10 percent of plastic paint samples hadconcentrations more than 90 ppm.

5. The overall average of lead concentrations was18,220.3 ppm, while for enamel samples theaverage was 23,707.1 ppm. For plastic samplesthe average was 1,508.5 ppm.

6. Taking all samples together, 50 percent of sam-ples had lead concentrations of more than1,541.2 ppm. In the case of enamel samples,the median lead concentration was 3,914.2ppm. In the case of plastic paint samples, themedian lead concentration was nine ppm,which implied that 50 percent of plastic sam-ples had lead concentrations of more thannine ppm.

7. Lead concentrations in samples ranged from0.6 ppm to 505,716 ppm (51 percent).

8. Multinational paint brands, brands used in

more than one country, showed variation inlead concentrations for samples sourced fromdifferent countries.(a) Of the 54 paint companies with products

containing lead concentrations greaterthan 90 ppm, six were subsidiary compa-nies of U.S. corporations. An additionaleight paint companies were subsidiaries ofEuropean or Japanese companies.

(b) At least three of the paint companies withproducts containing lead concentrationsabove 90 ppm have ISO 14001Certification in the country in which thepaints were purchased. An additionalseven companies claim to adhere to ISO14001.

(c) In addition, 10 companies are subsidiarycompanies or market licensed brands oflarger companies that are ISO 14001 certi-fied.

FFiigguurree 11:: PPeerrcceennttaaggee ooff ppaaiinntt ssaammpplleess wwiitthh mmoorree tthhaann9900 ppppmm ooff LLeeaadd

The above figure depicts percentage of paint sam-ples bearing lead concentration in excess of 90 ppm.Out of the 10 countries from where paint sampleswere collected and analysed for total lead contents,two countries, Nigeria and Tanzania, showed veryhigh percentage of samples containing more than 90ppm of lead. Nigeria and Tanzania were followed byMexico, South Africa, Belarus, and Senegal. Thailandhad the lowest percent of paint samples containinglead in excess of 90 ppm.

ALL SAMPLES

% >

90 p

pm

Country

100120100

80604020

0

7767656060

45403230

Thaila

ndBraz

il

Philipp

ines

Sri Lan

ka*

Seneg

al

Belarus

South

Africa

Mexixo

Tanz

ania

Nigeria



FFiigguurree 22:: PPeerrcceennttaaggee ooff eennaammeell ppaaiinntt ssaammpplleess wwiitthhmmoorree tthhaann 9900 ppppmm ooff lleeaadd

The figure above shows the percentage of enam-el paint samples from the 10 countries containingmore than 90 ppm of lead. It is evident that all enam-el paint samples from Tanzania, Nigeria, and Mexicocontained more than 90 ppm of lead, followed bySenegal (86 percent) and Belarus (82 percent). Brazilhad the lowest percent of enamel paint samples con-taining more than 90 ppm of lead.

ConclusionsMajor conclusions drawn from the study of paint sam-ples from 10 countries around the globe are:

1. With a few exceptions, all plastic paint samples

had low lead concentrations, often below 90ppm

2. Majority of enamel paint samples had lead con-centrations higher than 90 ppm or 600 ppm.

3. Presence of small amount of lead in a majorityof plastic samples may be due to the impuritiesin the raw materials as significant percentageof samples had lead less than 20 ppm. Out of317 samples of plastic paints, 101 samples (32percent) had less than 20 ppm of lead.

4. There is a little difference in the percentage ofsamples having lead concentrations greaterthan 90 ppm and those with more than 600ppm.

5. It is obvious that alternatives to lead in paintsexist, as a number of brands from various coun-tries show consistently low lead concentrationseven in their enamel products. Cleaner substi-tutes for lead based pigments, like titaniumdioxide, have been in use for some time now.

6. There is a general lack of awareness on thewhole issue of lead in a majority of countriesthat participated in the present study.

7. In the absence of any mandatory standard forlead in paints, industries, big and small, areusing lead without regard for its environmentaland health impacts.

% >

90 p

pm

Country

120100

80604020

0

100 100 1008682

68.466.765.547.142

Brazil

Thaila

nd

South

Africa

Phillip

ines

Sri Lan

ka

Belarus

Seneg

al

Tanz

ania

Nigeria

Mexico

CCoouunnttrriieess SSaammpplleess AArriitthhmmeettiicc mmeeaann ((ppppmm)) MMaaxxiimmuumm lleeaadd MMiinniimmuumm lleeaadd MMeeddiiaann ((ppppmm))ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn ((ppppmm)) ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn ((ppppmm))

Sri Lanka All 15,927 137,325 4 34.4Enamel 25,210 137,325 4 5,137.4Plastic 4,177 45,743.1 6 18

Philippines All 17,016.4 189,163.5 0.6 40.2Enamel 28,354 189,163.5 3.4 3,199Plastic 11 40.2 0.6 9

Thailand All 38,970.5 5,05716 0.6 2.2Enamel 61,893 5,05716 0.6 35Plastic 3 15 0.6 0.6

Tanzania All 11,187.3 120,862.1 13 3,631.5Enamel 14,537 120,862.1 193.2 4,130.5Plastic 22.2 40.2 13 19

South Africa All 19,862 195,289 3 11Enamel 19,862 195,289 3 11Plastic

Nigeria All 30,332.1 129,837 2,898.4 13,394.2Enamel 36,989.5 129,837 4,636 23,866Plastic 8,458 34,598 2,898.4 4,560

Senegal All 4,108.1 29,717 0.6 1,615Enamel 5,866.4 29,717 0.6 2,771.4Plastic 5.5 29 0.6 3

Belarus All 4091 59,387.2 0.6 571.Enamel 5,557.5 59,387.2 0.6 1,678Plastic 58.2 418.1 0.6 2

Mexico All 34,575.3 163,812 0.6 30,204.2Enamel 51,860.1 163,812 22,758.5Plastic 6 16 0.6

Brazil All 11,618.3 170,258.4 0.6 16.4Enamel 15,004.1 170,258.4 0.6Plastic 10 14.4 0.6

India All 7,966.3 49,593 0.6 25Enamel 9,410.6 49,593 8.1Plastic

All All 18,220.3 505,716 0.6 1,541.2Enamel 23,707.1 505,716 0.6Plastic 1,508.4 45,743 0.6

Table 49. Statistical measurements of lead concentrations of all samples



CCoouunnttrriieess SSaammpplleess NNuummbbeerr ooff SSaammpplleess PPeerrcceennttaaggee ooff ssaammpplleess PPeerrcceennttaaggee ooff ssaammpplleess bbeeaarriinngg mmoorree tthhaann 9900 ppppmm ooff lleeaadd bbeeaarriinngg mmoorree tthhaann 660000 ppppmm ooff lleeaadd

Sri Lanka Total(including three 33 45 45varnish samples)

Enamel 19 68 68Plastic 11 10 10

Philippines Total 25 40 36Enamel 15 67 60Plastic 10 0 0

Thailand Total 27 30 30Enamel 17 47 47Plastic 10 0 0

Tanzania Total 26 77 73Enamel 20 100 95Plastic 6 0 0

South Africa Total 29 65 62Enamel 29 65 62Plastic 0

Nigeria Total 30 100 100Enamel 23 100 100Plastic 7 100 100

Senegal Total 30 60 53Enamel 21 86 76Plastic 9 0 0

Belarus Total 30 60 50Enamel 22 82 68Plastic 8 0 0

Mexico Total 30 67 67Enamel 20 100 100Plastic 10 0 0

Brazil Total 31 32 28Enamel 24 42 37Plastic 7 0 0

India Total(including four 26 31 31

varnish samples)Enamel 22 36 36Plastic 0

Total Total 317 53 50Enamel 232 68.50 65Plastic 78 10.20 10.20

Table 50. Samples with lead concentrations more than 90 ppm or 600 ppm


CCoouunnttrryy MMuullttiinnaattiioonnaall PPbb AAvvgg.. PPbb ppaaiinntt bbrraannddss ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn

((ppppmm)) ((ppppmm))Sri Lanka CIC (ICI) 4 11.02

4.1898

10.221.214.320.4

Philippines Olympic 26,897*Davies ND 1,599.5

3,199Dutch Boy 189,163.3*

Thailand Berger(part of Asian Paints) ND 22

NDND35ND8.5

Nippon 77,637 199,213.5505,71614,287.4

Rust Oleum 43,042 133,666333,69524,260

Tanzania Goldstar 19.3 3,219.240.23,651

3,612.22,52211,3603,3874,188193.2

Sadolin 17.1 6,209.22,21926

2,670.23,914.231,5814,073.19,8411,541.2

Coral 18 161,722.113

44,068.57,6025,4847,722

120,862120,248

South Africa Prominent 11.2 19,469.154,77851,338

8.18.4

10,671Dulux 8.5 7.3

73107


Table 51 Lead concentrations in the Multinational Paint Brands



CCoouunnttrryy MMuullttiinnaattiioonnaall PPbb AAvvgg.. PPbb ppaaiinntt bbrraannddss ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn

((ppppmm)) ((ppppmm))11

4.4Nigeria Berger

(part of Asian Paints) 5,674.3 28,786.162,80066,224.16,0043,228

Senegal Seigneurie 2135 15496297175966

24,164.4National 5.3*

Belarus NilMexico Comex 16 40,255.1

100.6

163,81227,17150,521

Pintu sayer ICI 4.4 35,164.36.2

70,53173,96836,224

30,252.1Sherwin Williams 4 10,056

7.330,156.4

Brazil Coral 12.4 8.514106

0.68.2

Sherwin Williams Novacor 53 25.216.4229.5

Renner 5,633.2 43,97912.4

170,258.412

3RM 4,935.5 4,4163,896.1

India Kansia Nerolac 23 178.111.112

30.2ICI Dulux 8.1 11.2

13.41211

Asian Paints 13,626 292612,53526.423136614

28.10.6

Table 51 Lead concentrations in the Multinational Paint Brands

* Indicates the Pb concentration of only one sample



Recommendations include the following:

Regulations Lead use in paints is not regulat-ed in developing countries.Health effects of lead are wellrecognized in most developedcountries and many govern-

ments have taken stringent actions against it. Leadpoisoning is the most serious environmental diseaseamong children in developing countries. Therefore,it is imperative to enact mandatory national regula-tions for limiting lead concentrations in paints. Theuse of paints with lead, such as industrial paints,should be reduced to a minimum.

MonitoringFor effective implementationof the lead standards, a propermonitoring plan should bedevised to ensure that theindustry complies with the stan-dards. The government agen-

cies in collaboration with non-government organisa-tions can play a key role in monitoring the presence oflead in paints. Before 2012, a follow-up paint samplingfrom these 10 countries could be conducted to moni-tor possible markets phase-out of lead in paint or mar-ket shifts.

Household Exposures Only limiting the lead contentsin new paints would not beenough. A programme has to bedeveloped to determine thesources of lead contamination ofhousehold dust, which is a primeexposure route for children.

Legacy IssuesThe paint industry and healthcare professionals should setguidelines to reduce exposure tolead while removing old paints orrecoating with new ones.

Public awarenesPublic awareness on lead toxici-ty is extremely low in develop-ing countries. A mass campaignshould be launched to educateand make people aware (espe-cially painters, architects, and

the paint industry) of the hazards associated with lead.Such a campaign should comprise programmes for anaggressive implementation of preventive measures.Support of important stakeholders, like the govern-ments, industry, public health professionals, publicinterest groups, etc., must be elicited to prevent lead

poisoning.

LabellingThe paint industry shouldinclude a lead-free paint symbolon products, as well as guide-lines for use including for homedecorative or industrial andcommercial.

Partnerships Concerted efforts should bemade to evolve partnershipsamong the civil society organi-sations and other stakeholdersin the developing region of the

world in order to ensure that lead is eventually elim-inated from paints worldwide. Also a coordinatedand organised network of NGOs and civil societyorganisations will help in achieving the targets.

Global Efforts The Global Partnership onLead In Paints formed underUNEP and WHO at the May2009 ICCM2 is an example ofglobal efforts. All stakeholders,particularly national govern-

ments and industry, must support this effort.Further, industry through its global outreach andpartnerships of various sorts must work to eradicatethis problem.

Recommendations



American Journal of Public Health, 1923. Prohibition of white lead in Belgium. 13. 337.

Annest, J. L., 1983. Trends in the blood lead levels of the U.S. population. In Rutter M, Jones RR, eds. Lead versus health.Chichester, England, John Wiley & Sons, 33-58.

Barboza, David., 2007. 11 September. Why Lead in Toy Paint? It’s Cheaper. New York Times.http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/11/business/worldbusiness/11lead.html (accessed in September).

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1991. Preventing lead poisoning in young children: a statement by the Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta, GA.

Clark, C.S., Bornshein, R.L., Succop, P., Que Hee, S.S., Hammond, P.B. and Peace, B., 1985. Condition and Type of Housingas an indicator of potential Environmental Lead Exposure and Pediatric Blood Lead Levels. Environmental Research. 38,46-53.

Clark, C.S., K.G. Rampal, V Thuppil, C.K. Chen, R Clark, S. Roda., 2006. The lead content of currently available new resi-dential paint in several Asian countries. Environmental Research. 102, 9-12.

Clark, C.S., Thuppil, V., Clark, R., Sinha, S., Menezes, G., D’Souza, H., Nayak, N., Kuruvila, A., Law, T., Dave, P. and Shah,S., 2005. Lead in Paints and Soil in Karnataka and Gujarat, India. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2:38-44.

Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act, 2008. One Hundred and Tenth Congress of the United States of America at theSecond Session begun and held at the City of Washington on Thursday, the third day of January, two thousand eight. p. 5(http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_bills&docid=f:h4040enr.txt.pdf) (accessed inSeptember 2008).

Department of Environment and Heritage, 2001. Australian Government

http://www.environment.gov.au/atmosphere/airquality/publications/housepaint.html (accessed in August 2007).

Edwards-Bert, P., Calder, I. C., Maynard, E. J., 1994. National review of public exposure to lead in Australia. Adelaide, SouthAustralian Health Commission.

ILZSG, 2004. World lead chemicals productions and usage. International Lead and Zinc Study Group, Lisbon, Portugal.

IPCS, 1995. Inorganic Lead - Environmental Health Criteria 85. World Health Organisation, International Programme onChemical Safety. World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.

Kalra, Veena., Chitralekha, K. T., Dua, T., Pandey, R.M. and Gupta, Y., 2003. Blood lead levels and risk factors for lead tox-icity in Children from schools and an Urban Slum in Delhi. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 49 (2): 121-123.

Kaul, B., 1999. Lead exposure and iron deficiency among Jammu and New Delhi children. Indian Journal of Paediatrics. 66,27-35.

Koller, Karin; Terry, Brown., Anne, Spurgeon, and Len, Levy, 2004. Recent Developments in Low-Level Lead Exposure andIntellectual Impairment in Children. Environmental Health Perspectives. 112, 9, 987-994.

Kumar, R. K. and Kesaree, N., 1999. Blood lead levels in urban and rural Indian children. Indian Paediatrics, 36. 303-306.

Kumar, A and Gottesfeld, P. (2008). Lead content in household paints in India. Science of the Total Environment. 407(1),333-337.

Kuruvilla, A., Pillay, V.V., Venkatesh, T., Adhikari, P., Chakrapani, M., Clark, C.S., D’Souza, H., Menezes, G., Nayak, N., Clark,R., Sinha, S., 2004. Portable lead analyser to locate source of lead. Indian Journal of Paediatrics, 71: 495-499.

Lin-Fu, J. S., 1967. Lead poisoning in children. Social and Rehabilitations Service. U.S. Department of Health, Education and

References



Welfare. Children’s Bureau Publication 452, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., as cited in Clark et al., 1985.

Markowitz, Gerald. 2000. “Cater to the Children”: The Role of the Lead Industry in a Public Health Tragedy, 1900-1955.American Journal of Public Health, 90, 1, 36-46.

Marsden, A. Philip, 2003 Increased body lead burden-causes or consequences of chronic renal insufficiency? The NewEngland Journal of Medicine. Editorials. 348, 4, 345-347.

Mathee, A., Röllin, H., Levin, J. and Naik, I. (2007). Lead in Paint: Three Decades Later and Still a Hazard for AfricanChildren? Environmental Health Perspectives, 115 (3), 321-322 (Retrieved on 11 November 2008 from website:

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1849931).

Needleman, H.L. 1995. Environmental lead and children’s intelligence. Studies included in the meta-analysis are not rep-resentative [Letter]. British Medical Journal. 310, 1408.

Needleman, H. L., Bellinger, D. 2001. Studies of lead exposure and the developing central nervous system: a reply toKaufman. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 16, 359-374.

Needleman, H. L., McFarland, C., Ness, R. B., Fienberg, S.E., Tobin, M. J. 2002. Bone lead levels in adjudicated delinquents.A case control study. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 24, 711-717.

Nriagu, J., Ngozi, T., Oleru, Charles, Cudjoe., Ada, Chine., 1997. Lead poisoning of children in Africa, III. Kaduna, Nigeria.The Science of the Total Environment. 197, 13-19.

Nuwayhid, Iman, Nabulsi, M., Muwakkit, S., Kouzi, S., Salem, G., Mikati, M., and Ariss, M., 2003. Blood lead concentra-tions in 1-3 year old Lebanese children: A Cross-sectional study. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source. 2:5(http://www.ehjournal.net/content/2/1/5)

Patel, K.S., Shrivas. K., Hoffman, P., and Jakubowski. N., 2006. A survey of lead pollution in Chattisgarh State, central India.Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 28, 11-17.

Pirkle, J. L., Brody, D. J., Gunter, E.W., Kramer, R. A., Paschal, D. C., Flegal, K. M., Matte, T. D., 1994. The decline in bloodlead levels in the United States. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Journal of the American MedicalAssociation 272 (4): 284-291.

Rahbar, M.H., Franklin, White, Mubina, Agboatwalla., Siroos, Hozhabri., and Stephen Luby., 2002. Factors associated withelevated blood lead concentrations in children in Karachi, Pakistan in Bulletin of the World Health Organisation. 80(10).

Schnaas, L., Rothenberg, S. J., Flores, M., Martinez, S., Hernandez, C., Osorio, E., Velasco, S. R., and Perroni, E. 2006.Reduced intellectual development in children with prenatal lead exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives. 114(5), 791-797.

Selevan, S. G., Deborah, C. R., Karne, A., Hogan, Susan Y. Euling, Andrea Pfahles-Hutchens, and James Bethel, 2003. Bloodlead concentration and delayed puberty in girls. The New England Journal of Medicine. 348, 16, 1527-1536.

The George Foundation. Project lead-free: a study of lead poisoning in major Indian cities. George A, M, ed. Proceedings ofthe International Conference on Lead Poisoning Prevention and Treatment, February 8-10, 1999. Bangalore, India, The GeorgeFoundation; 1999: 79-85.

Tong, S., McMichael, A. J., 1999. The magnitude, persistence and public health significance of cognitive effects of environ-mental lead exposure in childhood. Journal of Environmental Medicine. 1. 103-110.

United States Department of Health and Human Services, 1988. The nature and extent of lead poisoning in children in theUnited States: a report to Congress. Atlanta, GA, United States.

United States Environmental Protection Agency ( U.S. EPA), 2001. Standard Operating Procedures for Lead in Paint byHotplate or microwave-based Acid Digestions and Atomic Absorption or Inductively Coupled Plasma EmissionSpectroscopy, EPA, PB92-114172, September, 1991.

WHO/UNECE, 2006. Health risks of heavy metals from long-range transboundary air pollution. Draft of May 2006. WorldHealth Organisation (WHO) and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), Geneva, Switzerland. (To beupdated when final version is available).

World Health Organisation. 1995. Inorganic Lead (Environmental Health Criteria, No. 165), Geneva.

Wu, T., Germaine, M. Buck and Pauline, Mendola., 2003. Blood lead levels and sexual maturation in U.S. girls: the thirdnational health and nutrition examination survey, 1988-1994. Environmental Health Perspectives. 111.5. 737-741.



IFCS Resolution for EliminatingLead in Paints

The following resolution was adopted by the del-egates of the IFCS, Forum VI, at its meeting in Dakar,Senegal, 15-19 September, 2008:

Recognise that lead in paints poses seriousrisks to human health and the environment,especially to the health of childrenTake into account that most children exposedto lead live in developing countries and coun-tries with economies in transitionRecognise that household paints sold in devel-oping countries contain leadAware that safer and affordable alternatives forlead in paints already existAffirm that many consumers, especially indeveloping countries, are unaware of the dan-gers posed by lead in paintsWSSD POI paragraph 56 (b) supports thephasing out of lead in gasolineApplaud the important work of thePartnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles(PCFV) in its implementation of WSSD POIparagraph 56 (b)Acknowledge that much progress has beenmade towards achieving a global phase out oflead in automotive fuels

Recognise that the WSSD POI, in paragraph57, calls for the phasing out of lead in paintsand other sources of human exposure. It callsfor work to prevent children's exposure tolead, and to strengthen monitoring and sur-veillance efforts and the treatment of lead poi-soning.

The meeting decided that a global partnership topromote the implementation of the measures con-tained in WSSD POI paragraph 57 is essential, espe-cially for developing countries and countries witheconomies in transition.

Support the phase out of lead in paints The Forum Standing Committee suggested settingup an ad-hoc Working Group to prepare a draftTerms of Reference, to be submitted to the ICCM-2,for a global partnership to consider taking a decisionto support the concerted action in the implementa-tion of the measures contained in WSSD POI para-graph 57.

It suggested a role for the governing bodies of therelevant intergovernmental organisations, includingUNEP, WHO, and other IGOs to support and partici-pate in such an initiative.

It Invited the UNEP Governing Council at its 25thSession to consider providing support for such con-certed action.

Appendix I



Appendix IISampling ProtocolThis study is designed for analysing lead concentrationin household paints. Paints can broadly be classified asindustrial and decorative paints. Industrial paints areautomotive and marine paints and those used for spe-cific purposes. Decorative paints are those used topaint houses. Decorative paints are further classifiedon the basis of solvents used as water-based plastic orlatex paints and oil-based enamel paints. Water-basedpaints are used to paint walls of houses while oil-basedpaints are primarily meant for coating wooden sur-faces, iron grills etc. However, it must be kept in mindthat paints are often found to be used differently fromtheir intended purposes.

The total number of decorative paint samplesmeant for household use that should be purchased is25 to 30. Out of which 10 should be water-based plas-tic paints, while the rest should be oil-based enamelpaints. Samples may include the following colours: yel-low, orange, blue, green, red, black, and white. Onemay choose different shades of these colours. Samples

should consist of all or most of the popular brands inthe country, including those from unorganised small-scale industrial sectors. The total number of samplesfrom each country must not exceed 30. In case thereare more than four popular brands, samples should beso chosen that together they make for more than 80percent of market share. The above-mentioned sevencolours may be chosen from across the brands.Samples should be purchased in lowest availableamount, such as 25/50 ml cans. Sometimes, the small-est packaging of plastic paints is of one litre. The cansshould not be tampered with, including the seal andlabelling and other information. After being pur-chased, the samples should be given a unique numberusing a permanent marker and transparent adhesivetape should be stuck on it so that the marking does notfade during the can's shipment.

All relevant information about the samples shouldbe noted down as per the attached sample catalogueform. Samples with their seals and all labelling infor-mation should be couriered to Toxics Link officealong with a copy of sample catalogue.


new decorative paints - ipen · half a century the paint industry has known about the ... in india...

Documents