New castle disease outbreak

New castle disease outbreak in poultry and its control Dr. Abdul Rehman Poultry Research Institute, Rawalpindi 1Newcastle disease

First identified in Newcastle in 1926Affects all species of birdsMortality up to 100% in chickensWidespread in Asia, Africa, Europe and South AmericaIn USA, sporadic Newcastle disease (ND) occur due to importation of infected birds. In 2002 ND outbreak in California, four million birds were depopulated and cost the U.S. billions of dollars in damage and lost trade.In Pakistan V-virulent ND appeared in Nov,2011

2Clinical History (NDV) Broilers:Highest economic lossesAffected age is 25-35 days, also observed at 8-14 days Layers: Maximum losses in rearing age,Also caused high mortalities & production losses in laying birds Broiler breeders: same as in layers Fancy birds: High mortalities in peacocks, pheasants and pigeons 3Clinical signs Respiratory distress Greenish whitish diarrheaTorticollis Reduction in productionMortality up to 100%

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Proventicular hemorrhages.Caecal tonsils hemorrhages EnteritisTracheitis

Postmortem lesions

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6ND Losses in BroilersMonthMortality (Mill)Av. Rate/Kg (Rs)Value (Mill Rs.)Nov,110.86108.0392.90Dec,113.68117.58432.69Jan,128.60148.191274.40Feb,1215.48151.312342.27Mar,1215.97136.002171.92TOTAL44.596314.187Population under report at PRI Million MonthBroilerLayerBreederTotalNov,112.4223.5940.1296.145Dec,112.3122.8720.1865.369Jan,122.0692.6890.2394.997Feb,122.8232.5700.2085.601Mar,122.7392.4730.2175.2338ND Incidence In Punjab

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Newcastle disease virusGenus Avulavirusin family ParamyxoviridaeThe genome is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA consisting of 15,186 nucleotidesThe genome contains six genes in the order of 3-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5The virus is enveloped, roughly spherical, with a diameter around 100-500nm.F and HN proteins form the external envelope spikes

10NDV isolates

Based on severity of disease, NDV isolates are grouped into three pathotypes:Lentogenic strainsCause mild or in-apparent respiratory diseaseMesogenic strainsCause respiratory or nervous signs with moderate mortalityVelogenic strainsCause severe intestinal and/or neurologic disease resulting in high mortalityNeurotropicViscerotropic

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12Biological characterization of virus Isolation & identification of virus Characterization of virus Mean death time (less than 50 hrs)ICPI (more than 1.5) This indicates its a velogenic New castle disease virus Sequencing of M, HN, F genes F gene nucleotide similarity 97 to 100%M gene nucleotide similarity 98.5 to 100%HN gene nucleotide similarity 99.2 to 100%This indicates mutation and close relation with linage 7

13Contributing factorsIndiscriminate vaccinationClose proximity of farmImproper biosecurity/ managementImproper disposal of dead birdsMorbid Birds marketingInsufficient disease diagnostic facilities

14ND Surveillance at PRI(Nov,11 to date) Total no. of sera samples18847Total no. of tracheal swab 8646Total no. of cloacal swab 20175Total no. of tissue sample 2350Total sample collected 50018 15Sample processing Embryo inoculation Virus isolation HAHIRT-PCR

16Results (NDV isolated) Broilers flocks33Layer flocks 22Rural flocks 12Broiler breeder flocks 05Fancy bird flocks 07Total isolates 79 17Research trial on different vaccine regimes Lasota, Mukteswar (live, killed), Velogenic killed (oil based) were employedMukteswar killed (oil based) and Velogenic killed (oil based) vaccines prepared in disease section PRI, Rawalpindi7 groups was made 6 experimental and one unvaccinated control 18Experimental Vaccination schedule Group No. Day of vaccination Day 1Day 10Day 21Day 28 1ND+IB (E/D)Lasota (E/D)Lasota (D/W)Velogenic field strain challenge 2ND+IB (E/D)Mukteswer Live (E/D)Lasota (D/W)3Mukteswer Killed injection + ND+IB (E/D)Mukteswer Live (E/D)

Lasota (D/W)

4Velogenic Killed injection + ND+IB (E/D)Mukteswer Live (E/D)

Lasota (D/W)

5ND+IB (E/D)Mukteswer Killed injection + Lasota (E/D)Lasota (D/W)

6ND+IB (E/D)Velogenic Killed injection + Lasota (E/D)Lasota (D/W)

7No vaccine No vaccine No vaccine 19

20HI titers log2Group No.Age in days Day 1Day 9Day 20Day 27Group 16.23.33.45.0Group 25.53.24.44.7Group 37.33.63.25.5Group 4 5.42.73.75.9Group 56.34.54.46.2Group 66.23.23.55.6Group 7 6.63.42.02.221Protection after experimental challenge Group No. Total no. of birds at 28 days Mortality with in 8 days Total birds survived % protection 143103376.74242093378.5734373683.7244273583.3354373683.7264233992.857424112.322

23Results Velogenic killed vaccine at 10th day along with live lasota vaccine gave maximum protection to 92.85 %Velogenic killed vaccine at day 1st not proved so well as day 10thMukteswer killed vaccine at day 10th also gave significant protection 83.72 % Mukteswer killed vaccine at day first did not prove as much protectiveMukteswer killed vaccine proved well as compared to live vaccine

24Conclusion Homologous vaccine gave better result as compared to Mukteswer and Lasota vaccinesHomologous vaccine may also reduce virus shedding during infectionHomologous vaccine along with eradication program may be helpful in the control of current outbreak 25Research findings of various organizationsUVASRepeatedly isolated and confirmed presence of ND virus in diseased birdsKilled vaccine prepared from local isolate gives almost 100% protections against the challenge from the field virusNRLPDVirus is closely related to the Malaysian ND virus isolateProtection study showed that clone killed vaccine prepared from local isolate gave better protectionVRILive and Killed vaccine prepared from Mukteswer proved helpful

26Recommendations

Strict biosecurity rules must be implementedProper disposal of dead birdsProper dis-infection between the flocksProper litter disposalIt was unanimous opinion that killed vaccine must be included in the vaccine scheduleRepeated vaccine should be discouraged (Too many)Vaccine prepared from local isolate should only be used for experimental purposes and should not be used at commercial levelMore study work needs to be done to find out the solution to this problemRegulatory control in poultry sectorMaintain farms proximityBiosecurity/ managementSale/ Disposal of birdsAugment Poultry disease diagnostic facilities

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