new biomass stoves and carbon credits
DESCRIPTION
New Biomass Stoves and Carbon Credits . Dean Still Executive Director, Aprovecho Research Center. Overview of today’s talk. Background history on stoves development Understanding modern stoves New market approaches :top down versus bottom up International standards Carbon credits. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
New Biomass Stoves and Carbon Credits
Dean StillExecutive Director, Aprovecho Research Center
Overview of today’s talk
Background history on stoves development Understanding modern stoves New market approaches :top down versus
bottom up International standards Carbon credits
Aprovecho: Testing Stoves
In-Field TestingLaboratory Testing
Cooking StovesAprovecho has a library of tests from over 50 stoves in use around the
world.
Health impact of solid fuelsIndoor Air Pollution
1.6 million premature deaths per year according to WHOAsthma, Colds, Eye Irritation, COPD, Pneumonia, ALPD, …
Worldwide use of solid fuels
Global Warming :CO2, CH4, CO and black carbon emissions
from inefficient biomass stoves is accelerating warming(Brown cloud over Asia) Excessive Fuel Use: Deforestation,Desertification and Drudgery/Danger
CookStoves: A Troubled History
Bad “Improved” Stoves have been made A broad misunderstanding of traditional methods and
cultures, as well as heat transfer and combustion, led to the faulty assumption that any stove is better than none
Many designers still do not understand insulation vs. mass
Manufacturing high-quality stoves in-country on a small scale has been a challenge
Testing was not widely done to optimize and/or validate performance
Stable financing was not generally available
Modern Stoves: A Four-Legged Approach
Marketing
Research & Development
Finance
How close are we?
Manufacturing
Defining “Improved” CookStoves
Good Stoves Can Turn Wood Into Clean Energy Stoves need to be as carefully designed as Toyotas. Moving forward:
Testing Needs to be standardized In 2003, Shell Foundation/UCBerkeley/Aprovecho revised 3 test protocols
to quantify and compare performance in lab, field, and homes. Gold Standard has been developed for fuel savings/carbon credits.
R&D is required to quantify and improve combustion and heat transfer efficiency
Aprovecho provided first extensive laboratory fuel use and emissions testing, many other large organizations have also begun testing
Emissions testing kits are now available from Aprovecho Without comparisons we don’t know what we are aiming to achieve
International Standards are needed to provide minimum requirements of stove performance.
Research & Development
Testing CookStoves
Aprovecho has designed easy-to-use emissions equipment, available to help projects with stove testing:
Research & Development
Portable Emissions
Measurement System (PEMS)
Indoor Air Pollution/Exposure Meter
Benchmarks for Stove PerformanceEnergy Use vs. Benchmark
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Thre
e St
one
Fire
Gha
na W
ood
Mud
/Saw
dust
Bald
win
VITA
Cast
Iron
Sto
ve fr
om In
dia
Mod
ified
VITA
Sto
veM
odifie
d VI
TA w
/ Ins
ulat
ion
Skirt
Sto
ve20
-L C
an S
kirte
d Ro
cket
Tall
Heav
y Sk
irted
Roc
ket
Prev
ious
Impr
oved
Heav
y Sk
irted
Roc
ket
Prev
ious
Impr
oved
Insu
lated
Bric
k Ro
cket
Shor
t Lig
ht R
ocke
tTw
o-Po
t Roc
ket
Extra
Sm
all D
oor w
/ Skir
tCa
st Ir
on R
ocke
tBa
ldos
a ro
cket
, lar
ge b
ody,
with
1-Do
or w
/out
skir
t1-
Door
w/S
kirt
2-Do
or w
/out
skir
t2-
Door
w/S
kirt
Char
coal-
Mak
ing g
asifi
erEr
xper
imen
tal G
asifi
erLa
rge
Gas
ifier
Grid
-Pow
ered
Fan
Batte
ry P
ower
ed F
anBo
ttom
Air
Fan
Stov
eW
ood
Gas
Rock
et w
ith F
anM
ali C
har
Char
coal
Jiko
Char
coal
Stov
e wi
th S
kirt
Char
coal
Roc
ket
Prop
ane
Alco
hol
Kero
sene
Ener
gy to
Com
plet
e WBT
(MJ)
.
Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/Gas
CO Emission vs. Benchmark
020406080
100120140160
Thre
e St
one
Fire
Gha
na W
ood
Mud
/Saw
dust
Bald
win
VITA
Cast
Iron
Sto
ve fr
om In
dia
Mod
ified
VITA
Sto
veM
odifi
ed V
ITA
w/ In
sulat
ionSk
irt S
tove
20-L
Can
Skir
ted
Rock
etTa
ll He
avy
Skirt
ed R
ocke
tPr
evio
us Im
prov
edHe
avy
Skirt
ed R
ocke
t Pr
eviou
s Im
prov
edIn
sulat
ed B
rick
Rock
etSh
ort L
ight R
ocke
tTw
o-Po
t Roc
ket
Extra
Sm
all D
oor w
/ Ski
rtCa
st Ir
on R
ocke
tBa
ldos
a ro
cket
, lar
ge b
ody,
1-Do
or w
/out
skir
t1-
Door
w/S
kirt
2-Do
or w
/out
ski
rt2-
Door
w/S
kirt
Char
coal
-Mak
ing g
asifie
rEr
xper
imen
tal G
asifie
rLa
rge
Gasif
ierGr
id-Po
were
d Fa
nBa
ttery
Pow
ered
Fan
Botto
m A
ir Fa
n St
ove
Woo
d G
asRo
cket
with
Fan
Mal
i Cha
rCh
arco
al J
ikoCh
arco
al S
tove
with
Ski
rtCh
arco
al R
ocke
tPr
opan
eAl
coho
lKe
rose
ne
CO E
miss
ion
to C
ompl
ete W
BT (g
)
.
Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/Gas
PM Emissions vs. Benchmark
0500
100015002000250030003500400045005000
Thre
e St
one
Fire
Ghan
a W
ood
Mud
/Saw
dust
Baldw
in VI
TACa
st Ir
on S
tove
from
India
Mod
ified
VITA
Sto
veM
odifie
d VI
TA w
/ Ins
ulat
ionSk
irt S
tove
20-L
Can
Ski
rted
Rock
etTa
ll He
avy
Skirt
ed R
ocke
tPr
eviou
s Im
prov
edHe
avy
Skirt
ed R
ocke
t Pr
eviou
s Im
prov
edIn
sulat
ed B
rick
Rock
etSh
ort L
ight R
ocke
tTw
o-Po
t Roc
ket
Extra
Sm
all D
oor w
/ Skir
tCa
st Ir
on R
ocke
tBa
ldosa
rock
et, l
arge
bod
y, w
ith1-
Door
w/o
ut s
kirt
1-Do
or w
/Skir
t2-
Door
w/o
ut s
kirt
2-Do
or w
/Skir
tCh
arco
al-M
aking
gas
ifier
Erxp
erim
enta
l Gas
ifier
Larg
e Ga
sifie
rGr
id-Po
were
d Fa
nBa
ttery
Pow
ered
Fan
Botto
m A
ir Fa
n St
ove
Woo
d G
asRo
cket
with
Fan
Mal
i Cha
rCh
arco
al Jik
oCh
arco
al St
ove
with
Skir
tCh
arco
al Ro
cket
Prop
ane
Alco
hol
Kero
sene
PM E
miss
ion
To C
ompl
ete W
BT (m
g)
.
NOTE: Only 1 PM measurement for 9 stoves
Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/Gas
Fuel Use for Stoves with Chimney vs. Benchmark
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Sunken Pot withSteam Jets
Sunken Two-PotInsulativeRocket
Insulative TwoPot with Holes
One Pot Rocketwith Hole
PatsariPrototype
Two-pot Rocketwith Holes
Justa Griddle Stovewith Oven
Large GriddleStove
Fuel
to C
ompl
ete W
BT (g
)
.
Sunken Pots Griddle with Holes for Pots Griddle Only
The Aprovecho Library of performance of over 50 stoves was used to create benchmarks for Shell Foundation, Philips, and others.
International Standards are in the works…
Research & Development
Benchmarks for Stove Performance
Energy Use vs. Benchmark
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Thre
e St
one
Fire
Ghan
a W
ood
Mud
/Saw
dust
Bald
win
VITA
Cast
Iron
Sto
ve fr
om In
diaM
odifi
ed V
ITA
Stov
eM
odifi
ed V
ITA
w/ In
sula
tion
Skirt
Sto
ve20
-L C
an S
kirte
d Ro
cket
Tall
Heav
y Sk
irted
Roc
ket
Prev
ious
Impr
oved
Heav
y Sk
irted
Roc
ket
Prev
ious
Impr
oved
Insu
lated
Bric
k Ro
cket
Shor
t Lig
ht R
ocke
tTw
o-Po
t Roc
ket
Extra
Sm
all D
oor w
/ Skir
tCa
st Ir
on R
ocke
tBa
ldos
a ro
cket
, lar
ge b
ody,
with
1-Do
or w
/out
skir
t1-
Door
w/S
kirt
2-Do
or w
/out
skir
t2-
Door
w/S
kirt
Char
coal-
Mak
ing g
asifi
erEr
xper
imen
tal G
asifi
erLa
rge
Gasif
ier
Grid-
Powe
red
Fan
Batte
ry P
ower
ed F
anBo
ttom
Air
Fan
Stov
eW
ood
Gas
Rock
et w
ith F
anM
ali C
har
Char
coal
Jik
oCh
arco
al St
ove
with
Skir
tCh
arco
al Ro
cket
Prop
ane
Alco
hol
Kero
sene
Ener
gy to
Com
plet
e WBT
(MJ)
.
Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/Gas
Fuel Use Benchmark: The wood-burning stove without chimney should use less than 850 g of wood (15 MJ of energy) to complete the WBT.
Research & Development
Benchmarks for Stove Performance
CO Emission vs. Benchmark
020406080
100120140160
Thre
e St
one
Fire
Ghan
a W
ood
Mud
/Saw
dust
Baldw
in VI
TACa
st Ir
on S
tove
from
India
Mod
ified
VIT
A St
ove
Mod
ified
VIT
A w/
Insu
lation
Skirt
Sto
ve20
-L C
an S
kirte
d Ro
cket
Tall H
eavy
Skir
ted
Rock
etPr
evio
us Im
prov
edHe
avy
Skirt
ed R
ocke
t Pr
eviou
s Im
prov
edIn
sulat
ed B
rick
Rock
etSh
ort L
ight
Roc
ket
Two-
Pot R
ocke
tEx
tra S
mall
Doo
r w/ S
kirt
Cast
Iron
Roc
ket
Baldo
sa ro
cket
, lar
ge b
ody,
1-Do
or w
/out
skir
t1-
Door
w/S
kirt
2-Do
or w
/out
skir
t2-
Door
w/S
kirt
Char
coal-
Mak
ing g
asifie
rEr
xper
imen
tal G
asifie
rLa
rge
Gas
ifier
Grid-
Powe
red
Fan
Batte
ry P
ower
ed F
anBo
ttom
Air
Fan
Stov
eW
ood
Gas
Rock
et w
ith F
anM
ali C
har
Char
coal
Jiko
Char
coal
Stov
e wi
th S
kirt
Char
coal
Rock
etPr
opan
eAl
coho
lKe
rose
ne
CO E
miss
ion
to C
ompl
ete W
BT (g
)
.
Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/Gas
CO Benchmark: The wood-burning stove without chimney should emit less than 20 g of carbon monoxide to complete the WBT.
Research & Development
Benchmarks for Stove PerformancePM Emissions vs. Benchmark
0500
100015002000250030003500400045005000
Thre
e St
one
Fire
Ghan
a W
ood
Mud
/Saw
dust
Baldw
in VI
TACa
st Ir
on S
tove
from
India
Mod
ified
VITA
Sto
veM
odifi
ed V
ITA
w/ In
sulat
ionSk
irt S
tove
20-L
Can
Skir
ted
Rock
etTa
ll Hea
vy S
kirte
d Ro
cket
Prev
ious
Impr
oved
Heav
y Sk
irted
Roc
ket
Prev
ious
Impr
oved
Insu
late
d Br
ick R
ocke
tSh
ort L
ight
Roc
ket
Two-
Pot R
ocke
tEx
tra S
mal
l Doo
r w/ S
kirt
Cast
Iron
Roc
ket
Baldo
sa ro
cket
, lar
ge b
ody,
with
1-Do
or w
/out
skir
t1-
Door
w/S
kirt
2-Do
or w
/out
skir
t2-
Door
w/S
kirt
Char
coal-
Mak
ing g
asifie
rEr
xper
imen
tal G
asifie
rLa
rge
Gasi
fier
Grid-
Powe
red
Fan
Batte
ry P
ower
ed F
anBo
ttom
Air
Fan
Stov
eW
ood
Gas
Rock
et w
ith F
anM
ali C
har
Char
coal
Jiko
Char
coal
Stov
e wi
th S
kirt
Char
coal
Rock
etPr
opan
eAl
coho
lKe
rose
ne
PM E
miss
ion
To C
ompl
ete W
BT (m
g)
.
NOTE: Only 1 PM measurement for 9 stoves
Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/Gas
PM Benchmark: The wood-burning stove without chimney should emit less than 1500 mg of PM to complete the WBT.
Research & Development
Performance Standards Ideally, standards will:
Encourage development locally to compete with companies selling stoves globally
Improve all stoves by keeping big and small stove makers on the same page
Help to promote user safety considerations in stove designs
Increase stove durability and longer performance At the end, ensure stove projects are worth
pursuing
Research & Development
Improvements in Design Heat Transfer can be improved
Containing the fire and forcing heat against the pot can save 30-50% of fuel compared to Open Fire
Combustion Efficiency can be improved Several methods of combustion can save 50-90%
of emissions compared to Open Fire Rocket Combustion Chamber from China ($2= ½
emissions) Gasification ($5 = ½ emissions) Fan Stove ($20= 1/8 emissions)
Research & Development
Moving Biomass a Step Up the “Energy Ladder”
Stoves with small (1 Watt) electric fan can burn wood as cleanly as kerosene 40% Of Biomass Users Have Electricity in Their
Homes Chimneys: The solution to Indoor Air
Pollution? Chimneys remove smoke in the US, Europe: Why
not everywhere?
Research & Development
ElectricityLPG
AlcoholKerosene
Charcoal/coalWood
DungBiomass waste or plastic
Three groups of people using traditional solid fuels:
• The poorest of the poor (< US$ 1.25day)(will not move up the energy latter, need subsidy?)
• The poor (US$ 1.25-3 day) (long term transition) *Immediate commercial market
• The low middle class (> US$ 3/day)(Likely in transition ?)
The energy ladder
Social-Economical development
Marketing
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005
$2.00 - $2.50
$1.45 - $2.00
$1.25 - $1.45
Under $1.25
Poverty lines (millions of people) by mean per capita consumption (US$ per day)
Regional breakdown of the 2005 poverty lines (millions)
Source: Chen and Ravallion (2008)
Marketing
Market size
Complimentary ApproachesManufacturing
LARGE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCERS
SMALL LOCAL PRODUCERS
3 billion people = Huge Market
There is room for everyone.
Manufactured Stoves for Sale Today
Manufacturing
Philips Envirofit – Shell
British PetroleumStoveTec Ecostoves
StoveTec: powered by
“rocket stove”, made in China for the global
market. Optional fan
wood and charcoal
burning stove.
Envirofit-Shell: powered by rocket
stove, sold in India (& Brazil and Eastern
Africa).
Ecostove: powered by rocket stove,
made and sold in Latin America
by SMEs (Brazil, Honduras,
Nicaragua and Bolivia). One
model for many markets.
Philips: made and sold in India.
Thermoelectric powered fan.
British Petroleum (BP): fan stove,
made and sold in India. Pellet fueled.
Biofuels stoves
Bosch-Siemens: plant oil stove for Asia market
Dometic: ethanol stove for Africa and Brazil.
Manufacturing of Improved Cook Stoves: Adding Opportunity
Local Production + PROS: Better knowledge of market, Lower transportation costs,
Capacity building
- CONS: Unimproved design, Lower quality materials, Lower Quality Control and consistency, Home-made appearance, May not meet Benchmarks
Centralized Production+ PROS: Improved design, Higher quality materials, Higher quality
control, Meets Benchmarks, Modern factory-made appearance
- CONS: Generic stove may not be a great fit, Higher transportation costs, Adds distribution jobs but not manufacturing
Manufacturing
Financing Stove Programs
Foundations Government Aid Agencies Microfinance Carbon Markets – The new opportunity
Financing
The Newest Source of Funding: Carbon Credits
Financing
Carbon Emissions Financing
Emission
Global Warming Potential (GWP)
– 100 year time-frame --
Potential Reduction
from Three-Stone Fire Methods
Primary Kyoto BasketCarbon Dioxide CO2 1 ~ 30-50%
Methane CH4 25 IPCC 2007 ~ 75%
Nitrous Oxide N2O 298 IPCC 2007 N/A
Secondary Kyoto BasketCarbon Monoxide CO 1.9 IPCC 2007 ~ 75%
Others Not Yet Counted
Unburned Hydrocarbons NMHC 12 Smith, 2002 ~ 75%
Black Carbon EC 680 Bond, 2005 0-90%
Carbon and Cookstoves Household stoves can save
about 1-3 tons of CO2 per year based on fuel reductions alone
Cleaner-burning stoves get extra credit as well
~$30 per Ton CO2eq. per year currently – projected to increase after U.S. elections
Credit can cover costs of both the Stove and the Distribution?
Financing
Total Global Warming Impactgrams CO2 equivalent per liter of water boiled and simmered 30 minutes,
normalized for starting temperature and fuel moisture content
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Three StoneFire
Rocket Fan Gasifier Charcoal
Global Warming Potential (g CO2
equivalent/L)
PM -- -50*OMPM--680*EC1.9*CO12*NMHC25*MethaneCO2
Improved Rocket, Fan and Gasifier Stoves can provide substantial carbon savings.
Source: MacCarty et al., A Laboratory Comparison of the Global Warming Impact of Five Major Types of Biomass Cooking Stoves, Energy for Sustainable Development, June 2008.
Gold Standard Certification
Based on verified kitchen survey proving savings
Statistically Significant Results (~100 Houses) Fuel use measured, Emissions predicted Also considers stove lifetime
Financing
Many Marketing Chains…
Retail Relief Microfinance Social entrepreneurship NGOs National Distribution Chains Local Markets Governments
Marketing
Many Networking Opportunities…Marketing
Biomass Stoves Today
R& DManufacturingFinanceMarketing (BC)Availability
Marketing
Research & Development
Finance
Manufacturing