neutron data
DESCRIPTION
A CHALLENGE FOR SUSTAINABLE, CLEAN ENERGY C.Borcea. NEUTRON DATA. OUTLOOK. INTRODUCTION NEUTRON DATA (ND): WHY AND HOW ND AT IRMM NP CONCLUSION. INTRODUCTION. RECENT HOT LINES IN THE NEWS: -CHERNOBYL -PRICE OF CRUDE IMPLICATIONS: MAKE NUCLEAR ENERGY SAFE AND CLEAN BY - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM)Geel, Belgium
http://www.irmm.jrc.be http://www.jrc.cec.eu.int
NEUTRON DATA
A CHALLENGE FOR SUSTAINABLE, CLEAN ENERGY
C.Borcea
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OUTLOOK
• INTRODUCTION
• NEUTRON DATA (ND): WHY AND HOW
• ND AT IRMM NP
• CONCLUSION
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INTRODUCTION
RECENT HOT LINES IN THE NEWS:
-CHERNOBYL
-PRICE OF CRUDE
IMPLICATIONS:
MAKE NUCLEAR ENERGY SAFE AND CLEAN BY
-NEW GENERATION OF REACTORS
-WASTE PROCESSING
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NEUTRON DATA: WHAT IS THAT?
DATA CONCERNING THE CROSS SECTIONS OF NEUTRON INDUCED REACTIONS ON VARIOUS MATERIALS
The neutron can:
-scatter elastically
-scatter in-elastically (followed by emission)
-be captured (followed by gamma end/or particle
emission)
-induce fission
-induce a (n,xn) or a (n,cp) reaction
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systematicslevel densitiesspins, parities
standards
shielding
waste Safetymargins
Higher burn-up
Temperatureeffects
sustainability
theory
Neutrondata
safety
ADS , HTR
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NEUTRON DATA: WHAT FOR?
• REACTORS OF A NEW GENERATION AND/OR ADS
• RADIOACTIVE WASTE PROCESSING
• FUSION REACTORS (ITER)
• SAFETY AND SAFEGUARDS
• MEDICINE, FORENSICS
• ELEMENT TRACING, etc.
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NUCLEAR ENERGY KEY ISSUES
• SAFETY (keff)
• SUSTAINABLE (BU, CLOSED CYCLE)
• WASTE (P&T)
• NONPROLIFERATION
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NEW GENERATION REACTORS: HOW?
DESIGN OF INOVATIVE NEW REACTOR TYPES IS DONE ESSENTIALLY BY USING:
-PERFORMANT, STATE OF THE ART CODES FOR MONTE CARLO SIMULATION and
-RELIABLE CROSS SECTION LIBRARIES WITH INFO CONCERNING THE DATA PRECISSION
-BENCHMARKING
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WASTE PROCESSING: P&T
Radiotoxicity of Nuclear Waste:• production of Pu and "minor actinides" (Np, Am,...) by
"breeding" (combination of neutron capture and beta decay)
• production of long-lived radioactive fission products
Partitioning:separate and recycle U, Pu
Transmutation:"burn" minor actinides (by neutron-induced fission),"transform" long-lived fission products into short-lived
or stable isotopes (by neutron capture)
requires fast neutrons
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LIBRARIES: WHAT IS THE PRESENT STATUS?
• MANY LIBRARIES, GENERALLY CONCORDANT BUT:
• ZONES WHERE DATA ARE ABSENT OR LARGE (20% or more) UNCERTAINTIES (especially for structural materials but also for MA)
• REGIONS WHERE DATA ARE DISCREPANT
• CROSS SECTIONS EXIST BUT DATA PRECISSION AND CROSS INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT FACTORS (SO CALLED COVARANCE MARIX) INSUFFICIENTLY KNOWN OR NOT KNOWN AT ALL
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57Fe(n,np)56Mn
Neutron energy (MeV)
15 20
Cro
ss
se
cti
on
(m
b)
0
50
100
150EXFORIkeda et al.ENDF/B-VI JENDL-3.2JEF-2.2
this work
Example 1: large uncertainties in data files due to lack of experimental data
ILLUSTRATION
IRMM
previous knowledge
extrapolations based on previous
knowledge
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61Ni(n,p)61Co
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 200
40
80
120
61Co: N=24/2.499 MeV; 6.48/-.89: D0=1.50 keV
N=11/1.682 MeV; 6.85/-.87: 0.95 N=24/2.499 MeV ; 6.85/-.75: 1.04 TALYS_0.49
Paul (1953)Cross (1963)Preiss (1960)Qaim (1977)Bahal (1984)Qaim (1984)ViennotRibansky (1985)Viennot (1991)Molla (1991)Osman (1996)Val'ter (1962)Levkovskiy (1969)IRMM
cros
s se
ctio
n (
mb
)
neutron energy (MeV)
Example 2: large uncertainties in data files due to inaccurate experimental data
ILLUSTRATION
predictions from model codes
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NEUTRON DATA: HOW?
• A NEUTRON SOURCE IS MANDATORY
• THERE IS NOT AN ALL PURPOSE NEUTRON SOURCE
• SUCH FACILITIES ARE HIGH-TECH INSTALLATIONS USSUALLY WITH TRANS-NATIONAL ACCESS
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ILUSTRATION: NEURON FACILITIES IN THE WORLD
• LOS ALAMOS
• OAK RIDGE
• JAPAN
• RUSSIA
• n_TOF (CERN)
• GELINA (IRMM)
• VdG accelerators (France, Germany, Belgium, etc.)
• HIGH-FLUX REACTORS
• FUTURE: SPIRAL2?
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NEUTRON DATA: FOCUS ON GELINA
• IRMM: A TRADITION IN QUALITY NUCLEAR DATA
• FACILITY, CHARACTERISTICS
• CAPTURE CROSS SECTIONS
• TRANSMISSION CROSS SECTIONS
• FISSION CROSS SECTIONS
• INELASTIC AND (n,2n) CROSS SECTIONS
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Reference Laboratory for Neutron Physics
Provide European safety authorities and industry with neutron data needed for:
• the feasibility study of waste transmutation facilities and advanced systems
• the safety assessment of nuclear installations and the nuclear fuel cycle
High-resolution neutron
cross-section data
measurements
7 MV VdG
150 MeV Electron Linac
Facilities: GELINA and VdGexclusively used for neutron production
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E1
vL
T
Le-
150 MeV
n
Geel Electron Linear Accelerator GELINA:
Continuous energy spectrum,
Time-of-flight measurements
U
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GELINA: a powerful neutron source
High-energy electron accelerator Electron-neutron conversion target
• 150 MeV electron accelerator (10 ns, 10 A)• pulse compression to 1 ns and 100 A• 800 bursts / s• uranium target - mercury cooled• 4 1010 neutrons / burst
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CERN TOF Facility
spallation neutron source
24 GeV protons, 3·1013 p/pulseΔt ~10 ns, frequency ~0.4 Hz
Pb target: 40 cm x 40 cm diam. + water moderator Neutron production rate:
~ 2·1016 n/pulse ~ 1016 n/s ~forward directed
fixed flight path L: 200 m~7·106 n/cm2 per pulse (2.4 s)
single user facility, En < 109 eVvery high n flux per pulseradioactive targets, rare isotopes
GELINA
electrons bremsstrahlung neutrons
0.15 GeV electrons, 7.5·1011 e- /pulse Δt = 1 ns, frequency : 800 HzU target: torus, 3 cm x 30 cm outer diam. ( + water moderator )Neutron production rate:
~ 4·1010 n/pulse~ 3·1013 n/s ~isotropic
several stations with L ~ 10 m - 400 m~3·103 - 2 n/cm2 per pulse (1.2
ms)
multi-user facility, En < 10 MeVvery high energy resolution, flux ~ 1/3 of TOF in resonance
region
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Van de Graaff acceleratormonochromatic neutrons via nuclear reactions
He)n,d(T 4e.g.:
d
n
Ti/T
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radiotoxic inventory
Typical radiotoxic inventory as a function of timein Sv per metric ton of heavy metal
fissionproducts
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contribution from long-lived fission products
radiotoxic inventory
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129I130I
130Xe
-
12.4 h
1.6 107 a
+ n
feasibility studies:capture and transmission experiments
at GELINA (collab. with CEA)
Example: long-lived fission product 129I via neutron capture:129I (1.6 107 a) + n 130I (12.4 h) 130Xe (stable)
Nuclear Waste Transmutation
stable
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High Resolution Measurements on High Resolution Measurements on 9999 Tc at GELINA Tc at GELINA
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A. Borella,P. Schillebeeckx
400000 425000 4500000
20
40
60
80
100 Y
exp
YENDF/B-VI
YThis Work
Ca
ptu
re Y
ield
/
mb
Neutron Energy / eV
206Pb(n,): res. shape analysis
304 resonances observed (221 in evaluated files)
E0, g up to 620 keV (before up to 200 keV ); gn up to 80 keV
Experiments at GELINA
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Inelastic scattering
mechanism by which fast neutrons lose energy
energy spectrum in accelerator driven systems (ADS)
structural materials (Al,Fe) : criticality
coolant materials (Na,Pb) : coolant void effect
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1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.00.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Inel
asti
c C
ross
Sec
tio
n [
b]
Energy [MeV]
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Our Data ENDF/B-VI
27Al Inelastic Neutron Scattering
E=1.0145 MeV
E=0.8438 MeV
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58Ni, Inelastic cross section
L. Olah, DNE, HU
C. Borcea, SV, RO
L.C. Mihailescu, GH,RO
IReS Strasbourg
U. and TU Vienna
U. Belgrade
nTOF collaboration
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207Pb(n,n’) and (n,2n) measurements
200 m FP, Gelinafast flux
8 ns FWHM TOF-resol.4 HPGE (3x 95%, 1x 80 %)
Continuous energy up to 20 MeV
High resolution at low energy
Mihailescu et al.Rudolf et al.
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207Pb(n,n’)
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209Bi(n,n’), Deduced total inelastic
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ROMANIA AND IRMM-NP UNIT
• VISITING SCIENTISTS (2 SENIOR RESEARCHERS FROM NIPNE-BUCHAREST AND 2 PROFESSORS FROM BUCHAREST UNIVERSITY)
• DNE (2 SENIOR RESEARCHERS FROM NIPNE-BUCHAREST)
• ONE PHD THESIS DONE IN IRMM (GRANT HOLDER)
• 4 POST-DOCTORAL FELLOWS (NIPNE-BUCHAREST)
• NEURON MEASUREMENTS, EVALUATIONS AND APPLICATIONS: NEMEA-2 WORKSHOP ORGANIZED BY IRMM AND NIPNE AT BUCHAREST (2004)
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CONCLUSION
• HIGH QUALITY NEUTRON DATA ARE NECESSARY
• COMPLEMENTARITY AND COOPERATION
• MEASUREMENT-EVALUATION CYCLE
• ATRACT NEW INSTITUTIONS/PEOPLE
• COMMUNICATE!