neurological disorders. psychological disorders 10 million people suffer from depression
TRANSCRIPT
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Neurological Disorders
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Psychological Disorders
10 million people suffer from depression
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Mood Disorders
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Mood Disorders•Unipolar Disorder (2 wks to 9 mos)
•Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode (MDDSE)•rare
•Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent (MDDR)•family history is common
•Dysthymic Disorder (DD)•milder symptoms•chronic occurrence (2-30yrs)
•Double Depression•combination or MDDR and DD
•Bipolar Disorder (2 wks to 9 mos)•Bipolar I Disorder•Bipolar II Disorder (hypomania)
•Dysphoric Mania•manic episodes with simultaneous depression
•Cyclothymic Disorder (mild bipolar)
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Major Depressive
Episode Characteristics
•Onset is in early to mid 20’s•but not age specific
•Onset age has been dropping
•16% of population experienceMDD in their lifetime
•2:1 women to men ratio
•41% occurs just before or justafter menstruation
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Depression: Etiology
Biological Influencegenetic predispostionneurochemical imbalancestress hormones
Psychological/Behavioral Influencelearned helplessness/hopelessnessdepressive attributional styledisturbed sleep habits
Social Influencestressful events serve as triggers
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Mood Disorders among Twins
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Depression and Neurochemistry
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Depression and Stress Hormones
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Depression and Sleep
Phase advanced body temperature rhythms
Enter REM sleep earlier in the night
Spend little time in SWS
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Depression: Treatment
MedicalChemicalElectroconvulsive Shock Therapy
PsychotherapyCognitive Behavioral TherapyInterpersonal Therapy
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Chemical Treatment•Tricyclic Antidepressants
•imipramine (Tofranil)•prevents monoamine reuptake•64% respond well•many side effects
•Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors•phenelzine (Nardil)•blocks MAO enzyme
•which breaks down monoamines•<64% respond well•several lethal side effects
•Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)•fluoxetine (Prozac)•blocks reuptake of serotonin•minor side effects
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Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy
•for patients where drugs are ineffective or that can’t wait for drugs to take effect•electric shock to the cortex for less than 1 second•creates seizure and mild convulsions•takes about 6-10 sessions every other day•some short term memory loss•50-70% beneficial•60% relapse rate
(ECT)
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
•make patient examine thought process and recognize errors•arbitrary interference•overgeneralization
•try to correct cognitive errors•concentrate on less depressive thoughts - be more realistic
•target negative cognitive schemes•use journals to identify faulty thinking•do hypothesis testing•put fun back into the patients life•increase exercise•takes about 10-20 sessions
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Interpersonal Therapy
•resolve problems in existing relationships•identify life stressors•work on interpersonal disputes
•role disputes•loss of a relationship•acquiring new relationships•identifying and correcting deficits in social skills
•takes about 15-20 sessions
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Depressions Vicious Cycle
Must control brain chemistry
e.g., Prozac
Must reshape the negative thought processes
e.g., CBT