neurologi

neurologi

Soal1. afasiaAphasia is a language disorder that can affect an individual's ability to speak, read, write, and understand.

1. Global -affects an individual's ability to speak, read, write, and understand2. Receptive - where individuals have trouble understanding and reading3. Expressive - which is the type we will be talking about

2carpal tunnel syndrome is a common condition that results from compression of the median nerve at the wristPatients may also complain of numbness and tingling in the distribution of the median nerve, as well as nocturnal pain, which occurs in as many as 95% of patients.Diagnosis is usually based on clinical grounds but is often confirmed with electrophysiologic testing. Several physical signs are associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, including Tinels sign and Phalens maneuver

Tarsal tunnel syndrome: caused by osteoarthritis, post-traumatic ankle deformitiesWhen entrapment compresses the nerve, it causes ankle pain and a burning sensation, numbness and tingling on the sole of the foot. Symptoms are usually unilateral. Symptoms may be worse at night.Examination may reveal Tinel's sign (radiating pain following nerve percussion behind the medial malleolus)

De Quervain's tenosynovitis (dih-kwer-VAINS ten-oh-sine-oh-VIE-tis) is a painful condition affecting the tendons on the thumb side of your wrist.Symtom:Pain near the base of your thumbSwelling near the base of your thumbDifficulty moving your thumb and wrist when you're doing activities that involve grasping or pinching

Soal 7Bell's palsy is a form of temporary facial paralysis resulting from damage or trauma to the facial nerves. The facial nerve-also called the 7th cranial nerve

Soal 8Diagnosis Peroneal palsy berdasarkan tanda dan gejala yaitu drop foot(kaki tidak mampu dorsofleksi), kram malam hari pada anterior tungkai bawah. nyeri biasanya terjadi di lokasi kompressi dan timbul gangguan sensorik(kesemutan, mati rasa). gejala pasti dapat dibedakan berdasarkan letak lesi, yaitu:1. lesi kaput fibula: kelumpuhan saraf peroneus, cabang profunda lebih sering terkena, jika kedua cabang terkena timbul parese kaki, dorsofleksi kaki dan jari kaki, jika hanya cabang profunda maka timbul deep peroneal nerve syndrome.2. lesi anterior tibial: parese/paralese jari kaki dan dorsofleksi. gangguan sensori pada kulit sela jari kaki 1 dan 2. bisa juga timbul anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome.3. lesi superfisial peroneal: timbul parese dan atopi musculus peronei dan gangguan eversi kaki dan gangguan sensoris pada kulit lateral distal tungkai bawah dan dorsum kaki.pemeriksaan penunjang yang dapat dilakukan adalah MRI lumbal untuk memberikan bukti radikulopati l5. MRI pada lutut dan pergelangan kaki dapat menunjukkan ganglia interneural.Penatalaksanaan Peroneal palsy secara konservatif yaitu mengistirahatkan kaki dan menghindari fakator kompressi seperti menyilangkan kaki.

Soal 10

mata

Soal 1

1Prostaglandins.Doctors often prescribe prostaglandins to treat open-angle glaucoma. These eyedrops increase the outflow of the fluid in your eye (aqueous humor) and reduce pressure in your eyeBeta blockers.These reduce the production of fluid in your eye and pressure in your eye (intraocular pressure). Examples include timolol (Betimol, Timoptic) and betaxolol (Betoptic).

Alpha-adrenergic agonists.These medications reduce the production of aqueous humor and increase outflow of the fluid in your eye. Examples includeapraclonidine (Iopidine) and brimonidine (Alphagan)Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.These are rarely used, but these medications may reduce the production of fluid in your eye. Examples include dorzolamide (Trusopt) and brinzolamide (Azopt).

Miotic or cholinergic agents.These also increase the outflow of fluid in your eye. Examples include pilocarpine (Isopto Carpine) and carbachol (Isopto Carbachol). Possible side effects include smaller pupils, blurred or dim vision, or nearsightedness.

Soal 4

Pemeriksaan vitamin A secara biokimia yaitu dengan pemeriksaan serum Retinol Binding Protein (RBP) mempunyai asumsi bahwa RBP merupakan alat transport retinol. Pemeriksaan serumini baru terlihat bila cadangan hati sudah habis atau sebaliknya (Wirjatmadi dan Adriani, 2006).

THT

Soal 1Abstrak: Epistaksis adalah perdarahan yang keluar dari lubang hidung, rongga hidung dan nasofaring. sumber perdarahan yang paling sering adalah dari pleksus Kiessel-bachs. Prinsip penanggulangan epistaksis adalah menghentikan perarahan, mencegah komplikasi dan kekambuhan. Epistaksis anterior ditanggulangi dengan kauter dan tampon anterior, sedangkan epistaksis posterior dengan tampon Bellocq dan ligasi arteri atau embolisasi.