netherlands case study in enforcement of hazardous waste import

8/17/2019 Netherlands Case Study in Enforcement of Hazardous Waste Import

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NETHERLANDS CASE STUDY IN ENFORCEMENT OF HAZARDOUSWASTE IMPORT/EXPORT J.R. Bouma and J.J.A. !"a"duM#n#$%"& o' Hou$#n() P*&$#+a, P,ann#n( and En-#"onm!n%

En'o"+!m!n% D#-#$#onPo$%u$ 012231 MB L!#d$+*!ndam 4T*! N!%*!",and$5 SUMMARY Som! &!a"$ a(o 6u,#+#%& 7a$ (#-!n %o %*! 'a+% %*a% *a8a"dou$ 7a$%! 7a$ %"an$6o"%!don a ,a"(! $+a,! '"om %*! "#+* #ndu$%"#a,#8!d +oun%"#!$ %o %*! d!-!,o6#n( +oun%"#!$. I%!+am! a,$o +,!a" %*a% %*#$ 7a$ no% *a66!n#n( o++a$#ona,,&) +om6an#!$ 7!"! 6,ann#n(%o !96and %*!$! a+%#-#%#!$.

A,$o 'o"+!d & 6u,#+#%&) %"!a%#!$ *a-! !!n mad! !%7!!n a ,o% o' +oun%"#!$ #n o"d!" %o6u% an !nd %o %*!$! un7an%!d %"an$6o"%$. T*! Eu"o6!an Commun#%& *a$ d"a7n u6 d#"!+%#-!$) 7*#+* *a-! !!n #n+,ud!d #n %*!,!(#$,a%#on o' a ,o% o' m!m!" $%a%!$. T*#$ a,$o *a66!n!d #n %*! N!%*!",and$. T*! a$#+ a$$um6%#on #$: In 6"#n+#6,!) no !96o"%o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%!. In $6#%! o' %*! 'a+% %*a% #% #$ !m6*a$#8!d no7ada&$ %o "!du+! %*!d!-!,o6m!n% o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%! and %o $%#mu,a%! "!;u$! and %o !96and %*! #n+#n!"a%o"+a6a+#%&) #% 7#,, %a $%a''m!m!"$. T*! !96!"#!n+!$ 7*#+* *a-! !!n mad! #n %*! '#"$% &!a" o' !n'o"+!m!n% 7#,,! d#$+u$$!d) a$ 7!,, a$ %*! +on+,u$#on$ 7*#+* +ou,d ! d"a7n on !*a,' o' %*!d!-!,o6m!n% o' !n'o"+!m!n% a+%#-#%#!$. =. INTRODUCTION

A$ a "!$u,% o' "!6o"%#n( and #n$6!+%#on & ma#n,& !n-#"onm!n%a, o"(an#8a%#on$) '"om *a,'o' %*! !#(*%#!$ #% !+am! +,!a") %*a% #n%!"+on%#n!n%a, %"an$6o"%$ o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%! %oo<6,a+! on a ,a"(! $+a,!. In 6a"%#+u,a" %*! %"an$6o"%$ o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%! '"om %*! "#+*#ndu$%"#a,#8!d +oun%"#!$ %o %*! d!-!,o6#n( +oun%"#!$ 7!"! m!n%#on!d. T*! "!a$on o' %*#$


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d!-!,o6#n( +oun%"#!$ 7!"! no% a7a"! o' %*! "#$

I% "!ma#n$ %o ! $!!n 7*!%*!" %*#$ *a$ !!n $u++!$$'u, o" no%. A ,o% o' +oun%"#!$ a"!$u$+"##n( %o %*! -#!76o#n%$. Ho7!-!") o%* %*! 7#,, %o a+% and %*! #m6,!m!n%a%#ono"(an#8a%#on a"! $%#,, ,a+ $%a'' m!m!"$. On %*! a$#$ o' !96!"#!n+!$ mad! & %*#$ !n'o"+!m!n%o"(an#8a%#on) $u((!$%#on$ a"! mad! #n o"d!" %o (!% un7an%!d %"an$6o"%$ o' *a8a"dou$7a$%! und!" +on%"o,. In o"d!" %o (!% a +,!a" und!"$%and#n( o' %*! Du%+* +#"+um$%an+!$) ann!9 = $*o7$ %*!Du%+* !n-#"onm!n%a, $#%ua%#on.


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2. DEELOPMENT AND REMOAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE IN THENETHERLANDS In %*! N!%*!",and$ %*! +om6an#!$ a"! 6"odu+#n( aou% =.111.111 %on$ o' *a8a"dou$7a$%! &!a",&. Ann!9 2 $*o7$ %*! +om6,!%! ,#$% o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%! a++o"d#n( %o Du%+*

"!(u,a%#on. Aou% 011.111 %on$ a"! 6"o+!$$!d & %*!$! +om6an#!$ %*!m$!,-!$. T*!"!ma#n#n( 011.111 %on$ mu$% ! 6"o+!$$!d & $6!+#a,#8!d 6"o+!$$#n( +om6an#!$ #n andou%$#d! %*! N!%*!",and$. P"o+!$$#n( +an ! u"n#n() dum6#n() d!%o9#'n() and "!;u$#n(. A$ a "!$u,% o' %*! "!u#"!m!n%$ #n o"d!" %o 6"o%!+% %*! !n-#"onm!n%) a$ 7!,, a$(!o*&d"o,o(#+a, +#"+um$%an+!$ 4,#


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F#(u"! 2: E96o"% %o %*! +oun%"& o' d!$%#na%#on #n =>G;=>

F#(u"! 2 $*o7$ #n a d#a("am %*! !96o"%!d uan%#%#!$ %o !a+* d!$%#na%#on and

%*! 7a& o' 6"o+!$$#n( du"#n( %*! &!a"$ =>G) =>>) and =>.

F#(u"! : R!mo-a, o' !96o"%!d *a8a"dou$ 7a$%! #n => F#(u"! $*o7$ *o7 %*! !96o"%!d *a8a"dou$ 7a$%! *a$ !!n 6"o+!$$!d #n => 45.

W! $%#,, *a-! a ,on( 7a& %o (o #n o"d!" %o "!a+* %*! Du%+* a#m o' *a-#n( '#n#$*!d %*!!96o"% o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%! #n aou% =2. In o"d!" %o "!du+! %*! !96o"%) a%%!n%#on$*ou,d ! 6a#d %o %*! "!du+%#on o' %*! d!-!,o6m!n% o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%!) "!;u$!)d!-!,o6m!n% o' #n+#n!"a%o"$ and dum6#n( 6o$$##,#%#!$ 'o" *a8a"dou$ 7a$%!. In Ro%%!"dam %7o "o%a"& %um,! 'u"na+!$ a"! #n "unn#n() %o a $ma,, d!("!! $om!+a%!(o"#!$ o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%! +an ! dum6!d. B!$#d!$) aou% '#'%& +om6an#!$ a"!d!a,#n( 7#%* $%o"a(!) %"!a%m!n% and 6"o+!$$#n( o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%!. Ho7!-!") #% #$d#''#+u,% %o d!-!,o6 n!7 6"o+!$$#n( +om6an#!$. On %*! on! *and $%"on( "!$#$%an+! *a$!!n '!,% a(a#n$% %*!$! +om6an#!$) #n $6#%! o' %*! ad-an+!d %!+*n#u!$ #n o"d!" %o

6"o%!+% %*! !n-#"onm!n%. On %*! o%*!" *and %*! u$#n!$$ +ommun#%& #$ no% 7#,,#n( %o"!a,#8! !96!n$#-! 7a&$ %o 6"o+!$$ *a8a"dou$ 7a$%!) !+au$! %*!"! a"! +*!a6!"6o$$##,#%#!$ #n 'o"!#(n +oun%"#!$. R!+!n%,& a dum6#n( ("ound 'o" *a8a"dou$ 7a$%! *a$ !!n '#n#$*!d. T*!"! a"!ad-an+!d 6,an$ %o u#,d a n!7 #n+#n!"a%o" and #% #$ %"#!d %o '#% #ndu$%"#a, 7a$%! dum6#n(("ound$ 'o" $om! +a%!(o"#!$ o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%!. Ho7!-!") #% #$ d#''#+u,% %o "!a,#8! and #%"!ma#n$ %o ! $!!n 7*!%*!" "!a,#8a%#on o' %*! 6"o+!$$#n( +om6an#!$ +an +om6!n$a%!%*! ("o7#n( uan%#%#!$ o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%! 'o,,o7#n( '"om %*! o6!n o"d!"$ 7#%*#n %*!Eu"o6!an Commun#%& #n =2 4'"!!dom o' (ood$) #n+,ud!d *a8a"dou$ 7a$%!5.

Con$#d!"#n( %*! ao-!;m!n%#on!d) #% 7#,, ! +,!a" %*a% %*! #m6o"% o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%! %o%*! N!%*!",and$ #$ ,#m#%!d. In =>) aou% >>.111 %on$ 7!"! #m6o"%!d) =G.011 %on$ '"omB!,(#um) 3=.011 %on$ '"om %*! F!d!"a, R!6u,#+ o' !"man& 4#n 6a"%#+u,a" 6o,,u%!d("ound5. F#(u"! $*o7$ *o7 %*#$ 7a$%! #$ 6"o+!$$!d #n %*! N!%*!",and$.


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F#(u"! : Im6o"% o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%! #n%o %*! N!%*!",and$ #n => 4=111 %*! Eu"o6!an Commun#%& mad! (u#d!,#n!$ #n o"d!"

%o +on%"o, %*! 6"o+!$$#n( and %*! %"an$'"on%#!" $*#6m!n%$ o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%!. T*#$*a8a"dou$ 7a$%! d#$a66!a"!d and 7a$ 'ound a++#d!n%a,,& #n a $*!d #n %*! No"%* o'F"an+!.

T*!$! (u#d!,#n!$ #m6,&) amon( o%*!" %*#n($) %*a% %*! au%*o"#%#!$ #n u!$%#on $*ou,da66"o-! %*! %"an$'"on%#!" $*#6m!n% o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%! !'o"! %*! a+%ua, %"an$6o"% #$%a


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"!(u,a%#on$ a"! no% "ou(*% #n%o a("!!m!n% 7#%* !a+* o%*!". Coo6!"a%#on and !9+*an(!o' #n'o"ma%#on and !96!"#!n+!$ a"! m#n#ma,. . ADAPTATION OF THE REULATION IN CONNECTION WITH THE TREATYOF BASEL 4THE UNEP;TREATY5

In %*! !(#nn#n( o' => a66o#n%m!n%$ *a-! !!n mad! #n Ba$!, aou% %*! %"an$'"on%#!"$*#6m!n%$ o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%!. T*#$ %"!a%& *a$ !!n $#(n!d & a ,o% o' +oun%"#!$ and%*! 6o#n%$ o' -#!7 $*ou,d ! #n+o"6o"a%!d #n%o na%#ona, ,a7. I% #$ !96!+%!d %*a% %*!Eu"o6!an Commun#%& 7#,, do %*#$ & a "!(u,a%#on 7*#+* 7#,, *a-! d#"!+% ,!(a,'o"+!. Con$u,%a%#on and a66"o-a, !%7!!n %*! (o-!"nm!n%$ $*ou,d $%#,, %a> 4=5. T*#$ "!(u,a%#on +am! #n%o !#n( on %*! a$#$ o' %*! E.C.;d#"!+%#-!$6!"%a#n#n( %o %*! #m6o"%) !96o"% and %"an$#% o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%! 425. T*! R!(u,a%#ondo!$ no% on,& #m6,& 6"o+!du"!$ 'o" 6!"m#$$#on) no%#'#+a%#on and a++om6ann(do+um!n%$) %*! +om6!%!n% au%*o"#%#!$ ma& a,$o o!+% %o %*! !96o"% a$ $u+* #$ #n %*!#n%!"!$% o' !''!+%#-! 7a$%! 6"o+!$$#n( #n %*! o7n +oun%"&. T*#$ +ou,d $%#mu,a%! %*!u#,d#n( o' n!7 6"o+!$$#n( #n$%a,,a%#on$) !+au$! u$! #$ (ua"an%!!d #n $6#%! o' +*!a6!"6"o+!$$#n( 6o$$##,#%#!$ #n o%*!" +oun%"#!$. Ho7!-!") 4'u%u"!5 n!#(*o"*ood$ a"! $%#,,o66o$!d %o %*! d!-!,o6m!n% o' n!7 #n$%a,,a%#on$) !$#d!$ #% #$ no%


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& %*#$ d!6a"%m!n%. I% $*ou,d ! m!n%#on!d) %*a% on! no%#'#+a%#on o' #n%!nd!d#m6o"%/!96o"% +an ! u$!d 'o" a ,o% o' %"an$6o"%$. T*!$! a+%#-#%#!$ 6"o-#d! 7o"< 'o" '#-!$%a'' m!m!"$.

F#(u"! 3: P"o6o"%#on !%7!!n no%#'#+a%#on o' d#$6o$a, and "!+!#6% #n => F#(u"! 3 (#-!$ #n a d#a("am %*! num!" o' no%#'#+a%#on$ o' #m6o"%) !96o"% and %"an$#% #n=>. Po,#+& D!6a"%m!n% Wa$%! P"odu+%$ 4BA5T*#$ d!6a"%m!n% #$ "!$6on$#,! 'o" %*! d!+#$#on$ 7*!%*!" %o a,,o7 a %"an$'"on%#!"$*#6m!n% o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%!. T*#$ d!6a"%m!n% #$ 6a"% o' %*! C*!m#+a, Wa$%! S!+%#on

o' %*! M#n#$%"& o' Hou$#n() P*&$#+a, P,ann#n( and En-#"onm!n% 4ROM5. In => %*#$d!6a"%m!n% *a$ 6"!6a"!d >3> d!+#$#on$) o' 7*#+* =11 7!"! n!(a%#-!. T*!$! a+%#-#%#!$6"o-#d! 7o"< 'o" %*"!! $%a'' m!m!"$. O''#+! 'o" %*! En'o"+!m!n% o' E.C.;D#"!+%#-!$ 4BHER5T*#$ d!6a"%m!n% #$ "!$6on$#,! 'o" #n$6!+%#on and +on%"o, on %"an$'"on%#!" $*#6m!n%$ o'*a8a"dou$ 7a$%!. T*#$ o''#+! 'o"m$ a 6a"% o' %*! Ma#n D!6a"%m!n% En'o"+!m!n% o'En-#"onm!n%a, L!(#$,a%#on) 6a"% o' %*! Ma#n En-#"onm!n%a, In$6!+%#on) D#"!+%o"a%!;!n!"a, En-#"onm!n%. A'%!" %*! #n#%#a, 6!"#od) %*#$ o''#+! 7#,, !m6,o& => $%a'' m!m!"$. 0.2 En'o"+!m!n% o' %*! R!(u,a%#on on #m6o"%) !96o"% and %"an$#% o' *a8a"dou$ 7a$%!

T*! O''#+! 'o" %*! En'o"+!m!n% o' E.C.;D#"!+%#-!$ 7#,, '#na,,& 6"o-#d! 7o"< 'o" => $%a''m!m!"$) o' 7*om =0 a"!/*a-! !!n %"a#n!d !$6!+#a,,& 'o" +on%"o, %a$


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d!'#+#!n+#!$ %o ,#(*%? on %*! o%*!" *and 6"o,!m$ a"! +au$!d & %*! 'a+% %*a% $om!+oun%"#!$ !-!n do no% *a-! a "!(u,a%#on. W*!n %*!& *a-! "!(u,a%#on$) %*! a+%#-!6!"'o"man+! #$ o'%!n ,a+


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+on$u,%a%#-! od& *a$ !!n !$%a,#$*!d. T*#$ !9am6,! $*ou,d ! +o6#!d on a ,a"(!$+a,!. 3. EXAMPLES OF ENFORCEMENT

Ann!9 %o 3 (#-! a d!$+"#6%#on o' 'ou" +a$!$ 7*#+* *a-! !!n 'ound #n %*! N!%*!",and$du"#n( %*! 6a$% 6!"#od. B!$#d!$ %*! ao-!;m!n%#on!d #n'o"ma%#on on %*! 7o"

• T*! ,#$% o' *a8a"dou$ 7a%! do!$ no% *a-! %o ! %*! $am! 'o" !-!"& +oun%"&.

•

I% #$ no% +,!a" 7*a%

. "!!n6!a+!) T*! In%!"na%#ona, T"ad! #n Wa$%!$) A "!!n6!a+! In-!n%o"& & J#ma,!%%!) Wa$*#n(%on) U.S.) =>>.


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. Jaa"o-!"8#+*% =>) In;) u#%; !n doo"-o!" -an (!-aa",#


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ANNEX =) 6.= B"#!' ou%,#n! o' %*! N!%*!",and$ and %*! !n-#"onm!n%

T*! N!%*!",and$ #$ a $ma,, +oun%"& 7#%* a $u"'a+! a"!a o' aou% G.111

T*! o"(an#8a%#on o' %*! !n-#"onm!n%a, 6o,#+& #$ "oad,& d#-#d!d amon( %*! d#''!"!n%6u,#+ od#!$. En-#"onm!n%a, 6o,#+& d!-!,o6m!n% a% +!n%"a, (o-!"nm!n%

M#n#$%"& ROM 4Hou$#n() P*&$#+a, P,ann#n() En-#"onm!n%5- a#") 7a$%!) $o#,) no#$!) "ad#a%#on) "#$<- +oo"d#na%#on) $%anda"d$) !n'o"+!m!n%

M#n#$%"& T"an$6o"%a%#on Wa%!" Wo"


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ANNEX =) 6.2

T*! o%*!" 6u,#+ od#!$ a"! "!$6on$#,! a$ 'o,,o7$:

P"o-#n+!$

-

L#+!n$#n( and +on%"o, mao" 6o,,u%#n( #n$%a,,a%#on$ 4" 21115

- R!(#ona, 6*&$#+a, 6,ann#n(- Coo"d#na%#on "!*a#,#%a%#on 6"o("amm!$ 4$o#,) no#$!) 7a%!") a#") +#%&

"!n!7a,5

Mun#+#6a,#%#!$ 4G115- L#+!n$#n( and +on%"o, $ma,,/m!d#um $+a,! 6o6u,a%#on- P*&$#+a, 6,ann#n(/+#%& "!n!7a,- Co,,!+%#on) "!+&+,#n( $o,#d 7a$%!- S!7a(! $&$%!m$

Wa%!" mana(!m!n% oa"d$ 4015- Po,d!" and #n,and 7a%!" +on%"o,- ua,#%& $u"'a+! 7a%!"$ 4#n,and5

En-#"onm!n%a, #n$6!+%o"a%!

- Su6!"-#$#on !n'o"+!m!n% !n-#"onm!n%a, 6o,#+#!$ T*! o"(an#8a%#on o' %*! In$6!+%o"a%! o' %*! En-#"onm!n% #$ a$ (#-!n #n %*! 'o,,o7#n(d#a("am:

W#%* %*! n#n! R!(#ona, In$6!+%o"a%!$ and %*! Ma#n D!6a"%m!n% En'o"+!m!n%En-#"onm!n%a, L!(#$,a%#on) #% #$ 6o$$#,! %o +om! %o an o6%#ma, #m6,!m!n%a%#on o' %*!!n'o"+!m!n% o' !n-#"onm!n%a, ,!(#$,a%#on.


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ANNEX 2) 6.= LIST OF HAZARDOUS WASTES IN THE NETHERLANDS =. Wa$%!$) #n+,ud#n( o!+%$ 7*#+* *a-! "!a+*!d %*! 7a$%! $%a%!) 7*#+* & -#"%u!

o' %*! Su$%an+!$ and P"o+!$$!$ D!+"!! und!" %*! C*!m#+a, Wa$%! A+% 4Bu,,!%#no' A+%$) O"d!"$ and D!+"!!$ =GG) 05 a"! d!!m!d %o ! +*!m#+a, 7a$%! on %*!("ound$ o' %*! +on+!n%"a%#on o' on! o" mo"! o' %*! 'o,,o7#n( $u$%an+!$ #n %*o$!7a$%!$:

C,a$$ A: 01 m(/


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ANNEX 2) 6. 2 2. C*,o"#na%!d and o"(an#+ $o,-!n%$ 7*#+* *a-! !n%!"!d %*! 7a$%! $%a(!)

un,!$$ %*!& a"! !#n( "!(!n!"a%!d & m!an$ o' d#$%#,,a%#on 'o" %*!6u"6o$! 'o" 7*#+* %*!& 7!"! o"#(#na,,& #n%!nd!d) 6"o-#d!d:

- a 7"#%%!n +on%"a+%ua, a("!!m!n% +an ! $um#%%!d 7*#+* d!mon$%"a%!$

%*a% %*! $u$%an+!$ a"! !#n( d#$%#,,!d) and- %*! +on+!n%"a%#on #n %*! $u$%an+!$ o' *a,o(!na%!d 6o,&+&+,#+ a"oma%#+$)

$u+* a$ 6o,&+*,o"#na%!d #6*!n&,$) 6o,&+*,o"#na%!d %!"6*!n&,$ and %*!#"d!"#-a%#-!$) #$ ,!$$ %*an 01 m(/


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=. Con$%"u+%#on and d!mo,#%#on 7a$%! +on%a#n#n( +on+!n%"a%#on$ o' non;ound

a$!$%o$ 4du$% and '#!"5 o' 0111 m(/


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ANNEX ) 6. = Ca$! = T"an$6o"% o' 7a$%! $u$%an+!$ +on%a#n#n( 8#n+ '"om Eu"o6! %o Sou%*;Am!"#+a.

Com6an& X mad! a +on%"a+% 7#%* %*! Sou%*;Am!"#+an Com6an& Y) +on+!"n#n( d!,#-!"&o' ma%!"#a,$ +on%a#n#n( 8#n+ and +o66!". Com6an& Y $*ou,d 6"odu+! m#+"o!,!m!n%$ #no"d!" %o '!"%#,#8! a("#+u,%u"a, ,and. T*!$! m#+"o!,!m!n%$ +ou,d ! o%a#n!d '"om 7a$%!7*#+* +on%a#n$ +o66!" and 8#n+) a++o"d#n( %o %*! 7!%;+*!m#+a, 6"o+!du"!. T*! En(,#$* +om6an& X a$


17/21

ANNEX ) 6. 2 T*! Du%+* au%*o"#%#!$ a"! +on'"on%!d 7#%* aou% =)111 %on$ o' 7a$%! +on%a#n#n( 8#n+ #n%*! 6o"% and a $*#6 7*#+* #$ "!%u"n#n( %o %*! N!%*!",and$ 7#%* ano%*!" =)111 %on$) no6o$$##,#%& %o (!% "#d o' %*! ma%!"#a,$ #n %*! $*o"% %!"m and 6o$$#,! $o#, 6o,,u%#on 7*#+* #$

+au$!d & +a"!,!$$ $%o"a(!. A +#-#, a+%#on #$ $%a"%!d #n o"d!" %o

F"an%#+ !''o"%$ a"! mad! %o "!a,#8! %*#$ d!+#$#on. T*! 6"odu+!"$ "!'u$! %o a++!6% %*!7a$%! and %*! +on+!"n#n( au%*o"#%#!$ "!'u$! %o 'o"+! %*!m. A$ a "!$u,%) %*! #m6o$!d '#n!+anno% ! #m6,!m!n%!d. T*#$ *a66!n!d a,mo$% on! &!a" a(o) %*! ma%!"#a,$ a"! $%#,, #n %*! N!%*!",and$ and %*!"!a"! no 6"o$6!+%$ #n o"d!" %o 6"o+!$$ %*! ma%!"#a,$ #n a $a'! 7a&. E-!n 7*!n %*#$ 7ou,d! 6o$$#,!) nood& #$ 7#,,#n( %o a++!6% %*#$ 7a$%! !+au$! o' %*! 6u,#+#%& (#-!n %o %*#$+a$!. B!$#d!$) +om6an& Z $*ou,d 6a& a ,o% o' mon!&) #n$%!ad o' ma


18/21

ANNEX ) 6. +om6an& X. T*! +on%a+%$ 7#%* %*! $!-!"a, au%*o"#%#!$ and %*! $!a"+* 'o" $o,u%#on$ 7!"!'u,,& -o,un%a"&) 7#%*ou% an& o,#(a%#on o" "!$6on$##,#%&.

B!$#d!$) #% 7a$ a ma%%!" o' "!;u$#n( #n Sou%* Am!"#+a. T*! Sou%* Am!"#+an +om6an&$*ou,d *a-! a,, n!+!$$a"& ,#+!n$!$ and %*! "!ma#nd!"$ $*ou,d ! 6"o+!$$!d 7#%*ou%n!(a%#-! !n-#"onm!n%a, !''!+%$. T*#$ 7a$ +on'#"m!d & %*! $%a%!m!n% o' a 6"o'!$$o")7*o mad! an #n-!$%#(a%#on #n Sou%* Am!"#+a a% %*! "!u!$% o' %*! Du%+* +om6an&. T*!ma%!"#a,$ $*ou,d ! +on$#d!"!d a$ 6o$#%#-! -a,u!d "a7 ma%!"#a,$ #n$%!ad o' *a8a"dou$7a$%!.

An&7a&) %*#$ !96,ana%#on do!$ no% !96,a#n !#%*!" 7a& %*! Sou%* Am!"#+an ud(!#m6o$!d a an on %*! a++!6%a%#on) no" 7*& %*! Sou%* Am!"#+an +om6an& d#d no% 7an%%o a++!6% %*!#" o7n ma%!"#a,$.

Fu"%*!"mo"! #% 7ou,d ! a ma%%!" o' %"an$#% #n$%!ad o' #m6o"% 'o,,o7!d & !96o"%) #n %*a%+a$! #% 7ou,d ! #m6o$$#,! 'o" %*! Du%+* au%*o"#%#!$ %o %a

A+%#-#%#!$ +an ! mad! un%"an$6a"!n% and un-!"#'#a,! 'o" %*! au%*o"#%#!$ #n u!$%#on &%"an$a+%#on$ on 6a6!". T*! 'a+% %*a% a $u$%an+! *a$ a 6o$#%#-! -a,u!) and 7#,, ! "!;u$!d 46a"%,&5 do!$ no%

#m6,& a $a'! 7a& o' 6"o+!$$#n(. I% #$ "!a,,& d#''#+u,% %o (!% an #n$#(*% #n 7*a% #$ (o#n( on #n 'o"!#(n +oun%"#!$. Fo"ma,+on%a+%$ !%7!!n au%*o"#%#!$ a"! o'%!n %oo $,o7 %o ! !''!+%#-!. In $u+* +a$!$ !mo%#on$ a"! 6,an( an #m6o"%an% "o,!.


19/21

ANNEX Ca$! 2 T*! +a";$*"!dd!" #n Bo$%on do!$ no% 'un+%#on 7!,,. T*! "!,!a$!d non;'!""o '"a+%#on *a$

!!n 6o,,u%!d 4%#,, G15 7#%* ,a+u!") 6,a$%#+$) "u!") 7ood) !%+. In-!$%#(a%#on *a$$*o7n %*! *a"m'u,n!$$ 'o" %*! !n-#"onm!n%) +au$!d & %*! !9%"a+%#on. T*!"!'o"!) %*!ma%!"#a,$ a"! +on$#d!"!d a$ *a8a"dou$ 7a$%! und!" %*! Du%+* R!(u,a%#on. T*! +om6an& #n Bo$%on $!,,$ %*!$! ma%!"#a,$ %o a Du%+* +om6an&) 7*#+* *a$ an#n$%a,,a%#on %o !9%"a+% %*! non;'!""o m!%a,$. T"an$6o"% (o!$ -#a Canada and B!,(#um. A%%*! Du%+*;B!,(#um o"d!" #% #$ 'ound ou% %*a% %*! n!+!$$a"& a66"o-a, #$ ,a+


20/21

ANNEX 0 Ca$!

An I%a,#an +om6an& +o,,!+%$ #n I%a,& a,,


21/21

ANNEX 3 Ca$! T*! o7n!" o' a Du%+* +om6an& *a$ an un!m6,o&!d +ou$#n 7*o ,#

add#%#ona, #n+om!. H! #$ $!n% %o !"man&) 7*!"! *! $*ou,d +o,,!+% a%%!"#!$ '"om !7!,!"$. R!(a"d#n( %*! R!(u,a%#on) a%%!"#!$ a"! +on$#d!"!d a$ *a8a"dou$ 7a$%! #n%*! N!%*!",and$. On a F"#da& n#(*%) %*! +ou$#n$@ +a"a-an #$ $%o66!d #n a "ou%#n!+u$%om$ a+%#on. I% %u"n!d ou% %*a% *! *ad 11

netherlands case study in enforcement of hazardous waste import

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