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Page 1: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Page 2: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

Figure 49.4Central nervoussystem (CNS)

Brain

Spinal cord

Peripheral nervoussystem (PNS)

Cranial nerves

Ganglia outsideCNS

Spinal nerves

Page 3: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

Figure 48.3

Sensor

Effector

Sensory input

Motor output

Integration

Peripheral nervoussystem (PNS)

Central nervoussystem (CNS)

Page 4: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves
Page 5: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves
Page 6: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

Basic Neuron Structure

Page 7: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

Figure 48.4

Nucleus

Dendrites

Stimulus

Axon hillock

Cellbody

Presynapticcell

Signaldirection

Axon

Synapse

Neurotransmitter

Synaptic terminals

Postsynaptic cell

Synapticterminals

Page 8: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves
Page 9: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves
Page 10: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

Cell body

Schwann cell

Depolarized region(node of Ranvier)

Myelinsheath

Axon

Figure 48.14

Page 11: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves
Page 12: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

Presynapticcell Postsynaptic cell

Axon

Presynapticmembrane

Synaptic vesiclecontainingneurotransmitter

Postsynapticmembrane

Synapticcleft

Voltage-gatedCa2 channel

Ligand-gatedion channels

Ca2

Na

K

2

1

3

4

Figure 48.15

Page 13: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

Table 48.2

Page 14: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

Table 48.1

Page 15: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

KeyNa

K

Sodium-potassiumpump

Potassiumchannel

Sodiumchannel

OUTSIDEOF CELL

INSIDEOF CELL

Figure 48.7

Page 16: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

OUTSIDE OF CELL

INSIDE OF CELLInactivation loop

Sodiumchannel

Potassiumchannel

Threshold

Resting potential

TimeM

emb

ran

e p

ote

nti

al(m

V)

50

100

50

0

Na

K

Key

1

1

Resting state

Figure 48.11-1

Page 17: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

OUTSIDE OF CELL

INSIDE OF CELLInactivation loop

Sodiumchannel

Potassiumchannel

Threshold

Resting potential

TimeM

emb

ran

e p

ote

nti

al(m

V)

50

100

50

0

Na

K

Key

2

1

1

2

Resting state

Depolarization

Figure 48.11-2

Page 18: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

OUTSIDE OF CELL

INSIDE OF CELLInactivation loop

Sodiumchannel

Potassiumchannel

Actionpotential

Threshold

Resting potential

TimeM

emb

ran

e p

ote

nti

al(m

V)

50

100

50

0

Na

K

Key

2

1

3

1

2

3

Resting state

Depolarization

Rising phase of the action potential

Figure 48.11-3

Page 19: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

OUTSIDE OF CELL

INSIDE OF CELLInactivation loop

Sodiumchannel

Potassiumchannel

Actionpotential

Threshold

Resting potential

TimeM

emb

ran

e p

ote

nti

al(m

V)

50

100

50

0

Na

K

Key

2

1

34

1

2

3

4

Resting state

Depolarization

Rising phase of the action potentialFalling phase of the action potential

Figure 48.11-4

Page 20: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

OUTSIDE OF CELL

INSIDE OF CELLInactivation loop

Sodiumchannel

Potassiumchannel

Actionpotential

Threshold

Resting potential

TimeM

emb

ran

e p

ote

nti

al(m

V)

50

100

50

0

Na

K

Key

2

1

34

5

1

2

3

4

5 1

Resting state Undershoot

Depolarization

Rising phase of the action potentialFalling phase of the action potential

Figure 48.11-5

Page 21: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

Figure 48.11a

Actionpotential

Threshold

Resting potential

Time

Mem

bra

ne

po

ten

tial

(mV

)

50

100

50

0

1

2

3

4

51

Page 22: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

Figure 48.12-3

K

K

K

K

Na

Na

Na

Actionpotential

Axon

Plasma membrane

Cytosol

Actionpotential

Actionpotential

2

1

3

Page 23: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves
Page 24: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

Figure 49.9a

Page 25: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

Figure 49.9d

Diencephalon

ThalamusPineal glandHypothalamus

Pituitary gland

Spinal cord

Brainstem

Midbrain

Pons

Medullaoblongata

Page 26: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

Figure 49.9c

Adult brain viewed from the rear

Cerebellum

Basal nucleiCerebrum

Left cerebralhemisphere

Right cerebralhemisphere

Cerebral cortex

Corpus callosum

Page 27: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

Figure 49.15

Motor cortex(control ofskeletal muscles)

Frontal lobe

Prefrontal cortex(decision making,planning)

Broca’s area(forming speech)

Temporal lobe

Auditory cortex (hearing)

Wernicke’s area(comprehending language)

Somatosensory cortex(sense of touch)

Parietal lobe

Sensory associationcortex (integration ofsensory information)

Visual associationcortex (combiningimages and objectrecognition)

Occipital lobe

CerebellumVisual cortex(processing visualstimuli and patternrecognition)

Page 28: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

Efferent neuronsAfferent neurons

Central NervousSystem

(information processing)

Peripheral NervousSystem

Sensoryreceptors

Internaland external

stimuli

Autonomicnervous system

Motorsystem

Control ofskeletal muscle

Sympatheticdivision

Parasympatheticdivision

Entericdivision

Control of smooth muscles,cardiac muscles, glands

Figure 49.7

Page 29: NERVOUS SYSTEM. Figure 49.4 Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal nerves

Parasympathetic division

Action on target organs:

Constricts pupilof eye

Stimulates salivarygland secretion

Constrictsbronchi in lungs

Slows heart

Stimulates activityof stomach and

intestines

Stimulates activityof pancreas

Stimulatesgallbladder

Promotes emptyingof bladder

Promotes erectionof genitalia

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

SynapseSacral

Sympatheticganglia

Sympathetic division

Action on target organs:

Dilates pupil of eye

Accelerates heart

Inhibits salivarygland secretion

Relaxes bronchiin lungs

Inhibits activity ofstomach and intestines

Inhibits activityof pancreas

Stimulates glucoserelease from liver;inhibits gallbladder

Stimulatesadrenal medulla

Inhibits emptyingof bladder

Promotes ejaculationand vaginal contractions

Figure 49.8


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