nerds 2012 pre-session #1 content lecture: terrestrial and aquatic ecology dr. jennifer hollander...
TRANSCRIPT
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NERDS 2012 Pre-Session #1
Content Lecture: Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology
Dr. Jennifer HollanderDr. Jeffrey Baguley
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Outline
• Climate and Life Zones of the Sierra Nevada• Plants
– Gymnosperms– Angiosperms
• Animals• Plant-Animal Interactions• Aquatic Organisms
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Basic physics of the atmosphere
• Rule #1 – Warm air holds more water• Rule #2 – Warm air rises, cold air falls
• Regional climates are determined by a combination of factors, most of which are influenced by these rules.
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Hadley cells
Subtropical high: arid
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8
Ecosystems in the Sierra Nevada – affected by elevation and precipitation
Lodgepole forest
Whitebark pine/ white fir
Jeffrey pine
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Plants
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Gymnosperm Characteristics• “Naked seed” – seeds mature in cones• Found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere
• Conifers (largest Gymnosperm group) and Ephedra have modified leaf structures and can carry on photosynthesis in the winter (no leaves to drop)
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Angiosperm Characteristics
• Flowers!– The function of the flower is to ensure fertilization
of the ovule and development of fruit– Angiosperms are often classified based on their
flowers (shape, number of petals, etc.)
• Fruit– Ovary which encases the seeds– May serve to attract dispersers
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Two major types of angiosperms
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• We will talk about specific species of animals during the second pre-session
• Today we are focusing on the bigger picture, and groups of animals that are involved in dispersing seeds of forest plants
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Order Rodentia
• 40% of all mammal species• Characterized by two continuously growing
incisors in upper and lower jaw– Kept short by gnawing
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SquirrelsSciuridae (Spermophilus or Ammospermophilus)
• Small to medium sized rodents found worldwide
• Live in almost every habitat • Mostly eat seeds, however some squirrels are
known to be omnivorous at times
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Chipmunks Sciuridae (Tamias or Eutamias)
• Small, striped mammals in squirrel family• All species (except one) are found in N. America• Omnivorous, but collect and store seeds for
winter us
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Other Rodents
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Community Ecology
• In ecology, a community is a group of two or more populations of a different species
• Community ecology study the interactions between species in a community
• There are many different types of species interaction, including some that involve multiple species
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Some types of species interactions
• Competition – species may compete with each other for finite resources
• Predation – using another species for food (not always “hunting” them)
• Mutualism – an interaction between species in which both species benefit
• Parasitism – one organism benefits (the parasite) at the expense of the other (the host)
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Plant-Animal Interactions
• Pollination
• Seed dispersal
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Frugivory
• Frugivorous animals (primarily birds) disperse seeds by eating fruits and then defecating the seeds in a microsite conducive to germination and emergence
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Seed Caching
Larderhoard
Scatterhoard
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Seed caching resulting in dispersal
Seed caching animals disperse seeds by storing them for winter, and then “forgetting” to retrieve them. The seeds must be placed in a microsite conducive to germination and emergence.
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Watersheds
• The entire land mass that drains into a given stream or river system.
• The Feather River watershed includes catchments for the various tributaries of the Feather and Yuba Rivers.
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Terrestrial/Aquatic Commonalities
• Every living organism needs to eat something.– Photosynthesis fuels the food webs
• Every living organism needs to reproduce.
• Organisms will interact with each other in multiple ways.– Competition, predation, symbiosis, etc.
• While some organisms are exclusively aquatic or terrestrial, others depend on both habitats.
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Bacteria & Cyanobacteria
• Unicellular prokaryotic organisms
• Bacteria are important decomposers and recyclers of organic and inorganic wastes
• Cyanobacteria may be important for photosynthesis, but blooms may also be an indication of poor ecosystem health.
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Protists
• Unicellular (and some multicellular) eukaryotes
• Some are photosynthetic• Some are heterotrophic• Some mixotrophic
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Phytoplankton and Benthic Microalgae
Euglena
Diatoms
Crysophytes
Dinoflagelates
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Plants & Macroalgae
• “Macrophytes”• There are several types of freshwater aquatic
plants that are an important source of photosynthesis and also habitat in aquatic ecosystems.
• Macroalgae are multicellular protists (not plants)
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Plants and Macroalgae
Red Algae Green Algae
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Animals
• Multicellular eukaryotes– Invertebrates– Vertebrates
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Porifera
• Sponges– Simplest – Evolutionarily oldest– Lack symmetry– Lack true tissues
Ancestral colonialchoanoflagellate
Eumetazoa
Bilateria
Deuterostomia
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Porifera Anatomy
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Phylum Cnidaria
• Corals, anemones, hydroids, jellyfish– Eumetazoa– Radial symetry– True tissues– Diploblastic
Ancestral colonialchoanoflagellate
Eumetazoa
Bilateria
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Cnidaria Form/Function
• Polyp and Medusa– Gastrovasular cavity
• Digestion• Water exchange• Gas exchange
– Tentacles• Cnidocytes with
nematocysts• Capture prey or
detrital particles
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Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals
Ancestral colonialchoanoflagellate
Eumetazoa
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• Invertebrate Phyla– Platyhelminthes– Mollusca– Annelida– Nematoda– Arthropoda
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
• “Flat worms”– Acoelomates– Mostly free-living– Mostly marine– Some freshwater– Some parasitic
A freshwater turbellarian
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• Phylum Mollusca– Includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octopi
and squids• Most mollusks are marine
– Though some inhabit fresh water and some are terrestrial
• In freshwater habitats you will find:– Gastropods (snails)– Bivalves (clams & mussels)
Phylum Mollusca
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Gastropods• About three-quarters of all living species of
molluscs– Belong to class Gastropoda
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Bivalves• Molluscs of class Bivalvia
– Include many species of clams, mussels, etc. – Have a shell divided into two halves– Suspension (filter) & deposit feeders
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Phylum Annelida
• Annelids are segmented worms• Annelids
– Have bodies composed of a series of fused rings
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Oligochaetes
• Oligochaetes (class Oligochaeta)– Are named for their relatively
sparse setae, or bristles made of chitin
– Include the earthworms and a variety of freshwater and marine species
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Leeches• Members of class Hirudinea
– Are blood-sucking parasites, such as leeches
Figure 33.25
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Phylum Nematoda
• The round worms• Ubiquitous – found everywhere
– Marine, freshwater, terrestrial, some even live in polar ice.
– It has been said that if you eliminated all of the structure on the earth, but left the nematodes behind, you would see a grey shadow of that structure.
• 1,000,000+ species estimated globally
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Phylum Arthropoda• Probably the most successful phylum of all animals
– Approximately 1018 – 1019 individuals– 2,000,000+ species (insects and crustaceans account for
most)
• Two out of every three known species of animals are arthropods
• Members of the phylum Arthropoda are found in all of Earth’s habitats
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General Characteristics of Arthropods
• Arthropods are segmented coelomates that have an exoskeleton and jointed appendages
• The diversity and success of arthropods– largely related to their segmentation, hard exoskeleton,
and jointed appendages
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Insects
• Subphylum Hexapoda, insects and their relatives– Are more species-rich than most other forms of
life– Live in almost every terrestrial habitat and in fresh
water
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Notable Freshwater Insects
Mayfly NymphStonefly Nymph
Caddisfly larva Caddisfly Adult
Chironomid Larva
Chironomid Adult
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Crustaceans
• While arachnids and insects thrive on land– Crustaceans, for the most part, have remained in marine
and freshwater environments
• Crustaceans (subphylum Crustacea)– Typically have branched, appendages that are extensively
specialized for feeding and locomotion
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• Decapods are all relatively large crustaceans– And include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp
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Invertebrates Come in All SizesMeiofauna Macrofauna Megafauna
0.063 mm – 0.5 mmLive on surface or within sediment, smallenough to live between sand grains
0.5 mm – 5 cm Live on surface or burrow within sediment (most are lessone centimeter).
5 cm, easily see with naked eye
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• A theoretical phylogeny of chordates
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Vertebrates
• Amphibians• Reptiles• Fish• Birds
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