Need

Figure 1: This pie chart shows the percentage of deaths related from bacterial infection present in major countries in January 2004. The U.S has the greatest percentage of 44.6% http://www.nationmaster.com/red/pie/mor_bac_inf_of_uns_sit-

mortality-bacterial-infection-unspecified-site

Knowledge Base

Figure 2: the physiology of a mollusk and the main parts the of organism

http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/106/106F06_12.html

Knowledge Base

http://www.bodyfasting.com/juice-detox-fasting.html

Figure 3: Antioxidant replacing free radicals

Knowledge Base

Figure 4: Nutrition facts of Spirulina

http://www.spirulina.com/nutrition_tech_info.html

Knowledge Base

Figure 5: Nutrition facts of Spirulina

http://www.spirulina.com/nutrition_tech_info.html

Literature Review

(Ottaviani, 2004)

Figure 6: the evolutionary path of immune-neuroendocrine response between mammals and invertebrates

Mollusks are ideal model organisms for immune response due to their similarities in immune and nuroendocrine systems

Literature ReviewFigure 7: schistosome Trichobilharzia ocellata that was exposed to one group of the pond snails

When the snails that were exposed and unexposed to Trichobilharzia ocellata were compared their immune responses to an infection of Staphylococcus saprophyticus bacteria differed.

(Van der Knaap, et al, 1986)

Literature Review

(Van der Knaap, et al, 2004) the humoral defense activities of a Lymnaea stagnalis agglutination, oposonisation, and inhibition of bacterial growth.

Literature Review

(Brambilla, et al, 2008)Antioxidants are used on a large scale to try to

maintain healthAntioxidants may be used to prevent free radical

related health disorders

Purpose/Hypothesis• Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to show

the effect that antioxidants have on immune responses to bacterial infections

• Null Hypothesis: There will be no significant difference between the immune response to the e.coli when the pond snail is either exposed or not exposed to antioxidants

• Alternate Hypothesis: There will be a significant difference between the immune response to the e.coli when the pond snail is exposed to the antioxidant and when it is not exposed.

MethodologyMethodology

Pond Snails (24)

Control- infected with e.coli fed with chorella (no antioxidants)

Sample Size: 12

Variable – infected with e.coli fed with Spirulina (antioxidants)

Sample Size: 12

MeasurementImmune response compared to variable and length of infection

in pond snails

Statistical Analysis

MeasurementImmune response compared to variable and length of infection

in pond snails

Protocols for MeasurementDifferences in the reaction to the e.coli between the

snails exposed to antioxidants and the unexposed snails

Survival Rate of Snails

Do-AbilityFreshwater pond snails: easy to keep alive and

maintainNo expensive equipment neededSome equipment needed is available in the labQualitive data is obtained by observation of the pond

snails immune response to the bacterial infection

Budgetvendor catolog # page description

quantity

unit price

total price

carolina 141214   pond snails 1 $17.95 $17.95

wards 85 V 1860   Escherichia coli 1 $15.50 $15.50

wards 86 V 0700   Spirulina 1 $6.75 $6.75

carolina 162101   Elodea 1 $7.25 $7.25

carolina 671226  

Aquarium Tank, Glass, 2 1/2 gal 2 $17.16 $34.32

carolina 671227  

Tank Cover, Glass, for 2 1/2 gal 2 $8.27 $16.54

total $97.81

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June 2009 <http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/mor_bac_inf_of_uns_sit-mortality-bacterial-infection-unspecified-site>. Best, Ben. "GENERAL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIONS." BEN BEST's HOME PAGE. 02 June 2009

<http://www.benbest.com/nutrceut/AntiOxidants.html>. "BIL 106 - Lecture 12." University of Miami Department of Biology. 04 June 2009 <http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/106/106F06_12.html>. Brambilla, Daria, Cesare Mancuso, Mariagrazia R. Scuderi, Paolo Bosco, Giuseppina Cantarella, Laurence Lempereur, Giulia D.

Benedetto, Salvatore Pezzino, and Renato Bernardini. "The role of antioxidant supplement in immune system, neoplastic, and neurodegenerative disorders: a point of view for an assessment of the risk/benefit profile." Nutrition Journal 7 (2008). BioMed Central. 30 Sept. 2008. 10 June 2009 <http://www.nutritionj.com/content/7/1/29>.

Lockyer, Anne E., Jennifer N. Spinks, Anthony J. Walker, Richard A. Kane, Leslie R. Noble, David Rollinson, Emmanuel Dias-Neto, and Catherine S. Jones. "Biomphalaria glabrata transcriptome: Identification of cell-signalling, transcriptional control and immune-related genes from open reading frame expressed sequence tags (ORESTES)." Development and Comparitive Immunology 8 (2007): 763-82. PubMed Central. 2007. 10 June 2009 <http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1871615>.

Maule, Aaron. Parasitic flatworms molecular biology, biochemistry, immunology and physiology. Cambridge, MA: CABI Pub., 2005. Pacheco-Lopez, Gustavo, Maj-Britt Niemi, Harald Engler, and Manfred Schedlowski. "Neuro-Immune Associative Learning." Neural Plasticity and Memory (2007). CRC Press. 2007. 10 June 2009 <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=frplas&part=ch14>.

Ottaviani, Enzo. "The mollusc as a suitable model for mammalian immune-neuroendocrine." Http://www.isj.unimo.it/articoli/ISJ001.pdf 1 (2004): 2-4. Visions and Perspectives. 2004. 13 May 2009 <http://www.isj.unimo.it/articoli/ISJ001.pdf>.

Pacheco-López, Gustavo, Maj-Britt Niemi, Harald Engler, and Manfred Schedlowski. "Neuro-Immune Associative Learning." Neural Plasticity and Memory. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2007. CRC Press. 5 June 2009 <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=frplas&part=ch14>.

"Spirulina Earthrise - Nutrition and Technical Information." Spirulina Earthrise - Health Benefits of Spirulina, The World's Healthiest Superfood,. 04 June 2009 <http://www.spirulina.com/nutrition_tech_info.html>.

Van der Knaap, W. P. W., E. A. Meuleman, and T. Sminia. "Alterations in the internal defence system of the pond snail Lynmaea stagnalis induced by infection with the schistosome Trichobilharzia ocellata." Parasitology Research 73 (1987): 57-65. SpringerLink. 12 Dec. 2004. 9 June 2009 <http://www.springerlink.com/content/v8277uj42hh24hm8/>.

Van der Knaap, W.P.W, C. M. Adema, and T. Sminia. "Invertebrate blood cells: Morphological and functional aspcts of the haemocytes in teh pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis." Comparative Haematology International 3 (1993): 20-26. SpringerLink. 11 Dec. 2004. 9 June 2009 <http://www.springerlink.com/content/n527t8272l616372/>.