Need

Figure 1: This pie chart shows the percentage of deaths related from bacterial infection present in major countries in January 2004. The U.S has the greatest percentage of 44.6% http://www.nationmaster.com/red/pie/mor_bac_inf_of_uns_sit-mortality

-bacterial-infection-unspecified-site

Knowledge Base

Figure 2: bacteria which are the cause of bacterial infections and are known as pathogens

http://www.bacterialinfection.net/

Knowledge Base

Figure 3: adaptive immune response

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/lifescience/generalbiology/Immunology/ImmuneSystem/OrgansCells/WhatisImmunity/WhatisImmunity.htm

Knowledge Base

Figure 4: Three ways antibodies work against antigens or foreign invaders

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/lifescience/generalbiology/Immunology/ImmuneSystem/OrgansCells/WhatisImmunity/WhatisImmunity.htm

Knowledge Base

Figure 5: the physiology of a mollusk and the main parts the of organism

http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/106/106F06_12.html

Knowledge Base

http://www.bodyfasting.com/juice-detox-fasting.html

Figure 6: Antioxidant replacing free radicals

Knowledge Base Figure 7: Nutrition facts of Spirulina

http://www.spirulina.com/nutrition_tech_info.html

Knowledge Base

(Ottaviani, 2004)

Figure 8: the evolutionary path of immune-neuroendocrine response between mammals and invertebrates

Literature ReviewFigure 9: schistosome Trichobilharzia ocellata that was exposed to one group of the pond snails

When the snails that were exposed and unexposed to Trichobilharzia ocellata were compared their immune responses to an infection of Staphylococcus saprophyticus bacteria differed.

(Van der Knaap, et al, 1986)

Literature Review

(Van der Knaap, et al, 2004) the humoral defense activities of a Lymnaea stagnalis agglutination, oposonisation, and inhibition of bacterial growth.

Literature Review

(Brambilla, et al, 2008)Antioxidants are used on a large scale to try to

maintain healthAntioxidants may be used to prevent free radical

related health disorders

Purpose/Hypothesis• Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to show

the effect that antioxidants have on immune responses to bacterial infections

• Null Hypothesis: There will be no increase or decrease between the immune response to the E.coli when the pond snail is exposed or not exposed to the antioxidants

• Alternate Hypothesis: There will be a decrease in the immune response to the E.coli when the pond snail is exposed to the antioxidant.

MethodologyMethodology

Pond Snails: 36

Variable 1 - infected with e.coli but no anti oxidant exposure

Sample Size: 12

Variable 2 – infected with e.coli with antioxidant exposure

Sample Size: 12

MeasurementImmune response compared to variable and length of infection

in pond snails

Statistical Analysis

MeasurementImmune response compared to variable and length of infection

in pond snails

Control – neither exposed to e.coli or bacteriaSample Size: 12

MeasurementImmune response compared to variable and length of infection

in pond snails

Protocols for MeasurementDifferences in the reaction to the e.coli between the

snails exposed to antioxidants and the unexposed snails

Survival Rate of Snails

Do-AbilityFreshwater pond snails: easy to keep alive and

maintainNo expensive equipment neededSome equipment needed is available in the labQualitive data is obtained by observation of the pond

snails immune response to the bacterial infection

Budgetvendor catolog # page description quantity

unit price

total price

carolina 141212   pond snails 3 $10.75 $32.25

wards 85 V 1860   Escherichia coli 1 $15.50 $15.50

wards 86 V 0700   Spirulina 1 $6.75 $6.75

wards 86 V 0126   Chlorella 1 $6.75 $6.75

carolina 671226  

Aquarium Tank, Glass, 2 1/2 gal 3 $17.16 $51.48

carolina 671227  

Tank Cover, Glass, for 2 1/2 gal 2 $8.27 $16.54

researchsupply.net  10 syringes 1 $2.20 $2.20

total $131.47

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<http://www.benbest.com/nutrceut/AntiOxidants.html>. "BIL 106 - Lecture 12." University of Miami Department of Biology. 04 June 2009 <http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/106/106F06_12.html>. Brambilla, Daria, Cesare Mancuso, Mariagrazia R. Scuderi, Paolo Bosco, Giuseppina Cantarella, Laurence Lempereur, Giulia D.

Benedetto, Salvatore Pezzino, and Renato Bernardini. "The role of antioxidant supplement in immune system, neoplastic, and neurodegenerative disorders: a point of view for an assessment of the risk/benefit profile." Nutrition Journal 7 (2008). BioMed Central. 30 Sept. 2008. 10 June 2009 <http://www.nutritionj.com/content/7/1/29>.

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Maule, Aaron. Parasitic flatworms molecular biology, biochemistry, immunology and physiology. Cambridge, MA: CABI Pub., 2005. Pacheco-Lopez, Gustavo, Maj-Britt Niemi, Harald Engler, and Manfred Schedlowski. "Neuro-Immune Associative Learning." Neural Plasticity and Memory (2007). CRC Press. 2007. 10 June 2009 <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=frplas&part=ch14>.

Ottaviani, Enzo. "The mollusc as a suitable model for mammalian immune-neuroendocrine." Http://www.isj.unimo.it/articoli/ISJ001.pdf 1 (2004): 2-4. Visions and Perspectives. 2004. 13 May 2009 <http://www.isj.unimo.it/articoli/ISJ001.pdf>.

Pacheco-López, Gustavo, Maj-Britt Niemi, Harald Engler, and Manfred Schedlowski. "Neuro-Immune Associative Learning." Neural Plasticity and Memory. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2007. CRC Press. 5 June 2009 <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=frplas&part=ch14>.

"Spirulina Earthrise - Nutrition and Technical Information." Spirulina Earthrise - Health Benefits of Spirulina, The World's Healthiest Superfood,. 04 June 2009 <http://www.spirulina.com/nutrition_tech_info.html>.

Van der Knaap, W. P. W., E. A. Meuleman, and T. Sminia. "Alterations in the internal defence system of the pond snail Lynmaea stagnalis induced by infection with the schistosome Trichobilharzia ocellata." Parasitology Research 73 (1987): 57-65. SpringerLink. 12 Dec. 2004. 9 June 2009 <http://www.springerlink.com/content/v8277uj42hh24hm8/>.

Van der Knaap, W.P.W, C. M. Adema, and T. Sminia. "Invertebrate blood cells: Morphological and functional aspcts of the haemocytes in teh pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis." Comparative Haematology International 3 (1993): 20-26. SpringerLink. 11 Dec. 2004. 9 June 2009 <http://www.springerlink.com/content/n527t8272l616372/>.