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NEBOSH DIPLOMAIN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

Unit B

Hazardous agents in the workplace

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Licence details

RMS PublishingVictoria House, Lower High Street, Stourbridge DY8 1TA

© RMS Publishing.

Fourth Edition November 2013

All rights reserved. No part of this presentation may be stored in a retrieval system, reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers.This presentation may not be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade in any form other than that in which it is published, without the prior consent of the Publishers.This presentation may not be reproduced in any form without prior consent of the Publishers other than a single copy thumbnail handout forimmediate use by the tutor.

Whilst every effort is made to ensure the completeness and accuracy of the information contained herein, RMS can bear no liability for any omission or error.

Issued to:Single LicenceLicence No:

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ELEMENT B7PHYSICAL AGENTS 2 –RADIATION

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B7.1 Outline the nature of the different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation

B7.2 Explain the effects of exposure to non-ionising radiation, its measurement and control

B7.3 Explain the effects of exposure to ionising radiation, its measurement and control

B7.4 Explain the different sources of lasers found in the workplace, the classification of lasers and the control measures

LEARNING OUTCOMES

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B7.1 The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation

B7.2 Non-ionising radiation

B7.3 Ionising radiation

B7.4 Lasers

CONTENTS

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B7.4 Lasers

CONTENTS

Diploma Unit B - Element B7 - Physical agents 2 - Radiation February 2014

Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH Diploma in Occupational Health and Safety 1

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• Radiation is a form of energy

• The types of radiation are grouped and labelled according to the amount of energy they have

• Some of these forms of energy are transmitted by waves called electromagnetic waves

• The distance between wave peaks is the "wavelength”

• The number of wave peaks passing a given point in one second is the "frequency”

• The higher the peaks, the greater the frequency, the more energy they carry

The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUMBasic concepts - wavelength, energy, frequency

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• The more energy they carry, the greater the harm they can do to the human body

• Radiation can be arranged according to its frequency or wavelength into a series called the electromagnetic spectrum

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUMBasic concepts - wavelength, energy, frequency


THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Source: Olympus.


Electromagnetic waveTHE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Source: RMS.


Electromagnetic spectrum - wavelength, frequency and energy

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• Ionising radiation is that radiation, typically alpha and beta particles and gamma and x-rays, which has sufficient energy to produce ions by interacting with matter

• Whereas non-ionising radiation does not possess sufficient energy to cause the ionisation of matter

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUMThe differences between ionising and non-ionising radiation


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THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUMIonisation


Source: RMS.



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• Alpha particles

• Beta particles

• Neutrons

• X-rays

• Gamma rays

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUMThe nature and types of ionising radiation


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Source: BBC.

X-ray generation machine


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Radiation Wavelength

Ultraviolet (UV) 100 - 400 nm (nanometre)

Visible light 400 - 780 nm (nanometre)

Infrared (IR) 780 - 1,000,000 nm (1 mm)

Microwave and radio frequency 1 mm - 100 m

Source: RMS.


The nature and types of non-ionising radiationNon-ionising radiation wavelengths

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Ultraviolet radiation

• Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is emitted from very hot bodies, for example electric arcs and the sun

• It can also be created by an electric discharge through gases

• It has a wavelength of between 100 to 400 nm

• This part of the electromagnetic spectrum is further subdivided into three regions according to wavelength



The nature and types of non-ionising radiation

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Region Wavelength nanometre (nm)

UV-A 315 - 400

UV-B 280 - 315

UV-C 100 - 280


UV radiation wavelengths

Source: NRPB (HPA), Advice on protection against ultraviolet radiation.


The nature and types of non-ionising radiation

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Visible light

• Visible light is that part of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to the human eye

• The human eye is sensitive to a range of wavelengths from ~ 400 nanometres (the blue end) to ~ 750 nm (the red end), which sets the limits of the range of the electromagnetic spectrum that relates to visible light

• It can therefore be described by its wavelength (colour) and its amplitude (intensity)

• In common with the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum, it is a form of energy that has the characteristics of wave motion

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUMThe nature and types of non-ionising radiation




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Infrared (IR)

• Infrared radiation (IR) relates to the range of invisible radiation wavelengths from about 780 nanometres, just longer than red in the visible spectrum, to wavelengths of 1 millimetre, on the border of the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum

• This part of the electromagnetic spectrum is further subdivided into three regions according to wavelength



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Microwave radiation

• Microwaves are the name given to the electromagnetic radiation between the infrared and radio wave region of the electromagnetic spectrum, with wavelengths typically in the 1mm to 10cm range

• Microwaves are actually just radio waves of shorter wavelength and therefore higher frequencies

• As they constitute the highest frequency radio waves they have significant energy related to them



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Radio wave radiation• This part of the electromagnetic spectrum ranges from a wavelength

of approximately 1 mm to thousands of kilometres, there is no defined upper limit to the radio wave wavelength category

• If microwaves are considered to be in a separate category the remaining part of the radio waves range from approximately 10 cm upwards

• Radiation relating to these electromagnetic waves contains little energy

• At the longer wavelengths of this range the photon character of the energy is not apparent and the waves appear to transfer energy in a smooth manner



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Particulate ionising radiation

• Particulate ionising radiation refers to the radiation energy carried by moving particles

• Ionising radiation in the form of a particle includes very small (sub-atomic) particles such as electrons, protons and neutrons

Non-particulate ionising radiation

• Non-particulate ionising radiation refers to the radiation energy carried by electromagnetic waves

• Electromagnetic waves can vary in energy, frequency and wavelength

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUMParticulate and non-particulate types of ionising radiation


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THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUMCarbon 14 radioactive decay


Source: RMS.

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• The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) was founded in 1928 to advance for the public benefit the science of radiological protection

• The ICRP provides recommendations and guidance on protection against the risks associated with ionising radiation from artificial sources, as widely used in medicine, general industry and nuclear enterprises, and from naturally occurring sources

• Reports and recommendations are published four times each year on behalf of the ICRP as the journal

THE ROLE OF THE RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION ORGANISATIONS


Role of the International Commission for Radiological Protection



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The Health Protection Agency

• The Health Protection Agency's (HPA) role is to provide an integrated approach to protecting UK public health through the provision of support and advice to the NHS, local authorities, emergency services, other ‘arms-length’ bodies, the Department of Health and the devolved administrations

Advisory groups

• Advisory Group on Non-Ionising Radiation (AGNIR)

• Advisory Group on Ionising Radiation (AGIR)

• Radiation, Risk and Society Advisory Group (RRSAG)

Role of the Health Protection Agency/Health Protection Scotland



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Health Protection Scotland

• Health Protection Scotland (HPS) was established by the Scottish Government in 2005 to strengthen and co-ordinate health protection in Scotland

• HPS is organised into specialist groups with expertise provided by a multi-disciplinary workforce and includes doctors, nurses, scientists and information staff


THE ROLE OF THE RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION ORGANISATIONSRole of the Health Protection Agency/Health Protection Scotland

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• The Environment Agency and the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) are the environmental regulators for England and Wales and Scotland respectively

• Their main role is to protect and improve the environment

• This is done by assisting organisations to understand their environmental responsibilities, enabling them to comply with legislation and good practice

Role of the Environment Agency/Scottish Environment Protection Agency



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B7.4 Lasers

CONTENTS

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Workplaces

• Curing with UV

• UV sources in photocopiers and laser printers

• UV Lasers

• Welding

• Germicidal lamps used in water treatment, research and food processing

• Diagnostic lighting such as foetal/neonatal transilluminators

Non-ionising radiation

Ultraviolet

SOURCES OF NON-IONISING RADIATION GENERATED IN WORKPLACES AND NATURALLY OCCURRING

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ELEMENT B7PHYSICAL AGENTS 2 –RADIATION

PART ONLYSAMPLE



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