CONVENTIONAL SECURITY: MILITARY OPERATIONS & ISSUES OF IDPs

Tughral Yamin PhDAssociate Dean

Centre for International Peace & Stability (CIPS)Lecture at NDU ISLAMABAD 18 March 2015

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

• WHAT IS THE PROBLEM?• HOW DO YOU DEFINE IT?• WHAT IS THE HUMAN SECURITY DIMENSION?• THE MAGNITUDE OF THE IDP PROBLEM IN

PAKISTAN?• HOW CAN THE PROBLEM BE MITIGATED?• WHAT COULD BE THE RECOMMENDATIONS?

PROBLEM STATEMENT• HUMAN DISPLACEMENT IS AN UNINTENDED

CONSEQUENCE OF MILITARY OPERATIONS• REFUGEE & DISPLACED POPULATIONS ARE A BURDEN

ON THE STATE• GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN WANTS THE IDPs AND

AFGHAN REFUGEES TO RETURN HOME AS SOON AS POSSIBLE

• ISSUES MILITATING AGAINST THE RETURN OF THE REFUGEES– NO END OF MILITARY OPERATION IN SIGHT– CONCERNS REGARDING SAFETY, SECURITY & LIVELIHOOD

WHO IS A REFUGEE?

THE DISPLACEMENT CYCLE

EVICTED FROM PLACE OF RESIDENCE

MOVED TO CAMPS

STAY IN CAMPS

REPATRIATION

MAJOR ACTORS IN THE CONCENTRIC CIRCLES OF A DISPLACEMENT

THE DISPLACED PEOPLE

THE GOVERNMENT

THE NATION

THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNTIY

THREATS TO HUMAN SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF IDP PROBLEM

• CAUSES– WARS– NATURAL CALAMITIES– HUNGER AND FAMINE

• EFFECTS – DISPLACEMENT– DEATH – DISEASE – HUNGER– PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA

CONSEQUENCES & RESPONSE• DEHUMANISING EFFECTS &

REACTIONS– LOSS OF DIGNITY LEADS TO

DEPRESSION & FRUSTRATION– SENSE OF DEPRIVATION LEADS

TO FIND COMMON CAUSE WITH REACTIONARY MOVEMENTS & RISE IN VIOLENCE

• EXPLOITATION OF HUMAN MISERY BY UNSAVORY ELEMENTS– HUMAN TRAFFICKING– CHILD SOLDIERS– BLACK MARKETTING

• NATIONAL RESPONSE – SECURITY CONCERNS– DONOR FATIGUE

• STATE BEHAVIOR– PREOCCUPATION WITH MILITARY

OPERATIONS– LACK OF INTEREST TO GENERATE

FUNDS – TARDY APPROACH TO RAISE

INTERNATIONAL AWARENESS– FAILURE TO ARRANGE EARLY

REPATRIATION

• INTERNATIONAL BEHAVIOR– LACK OF INTEREST– DONOR FATIGUE

CAN HUMAN DISPLACEMENT BE AVOIDED IN CASE OF MILITARY

OPERATIONS?• HUMAN DISPLACEMENT CANNOT BE AVOIDED

WHEN MILITARY OPERATIONS ARE LAUNCHED• GOVERNMENT DOES INFORM THE LOCAL

POPULATION ABOUT THE INTENDED OPERATIONS BUT THE EVACUATION IS SLOW OR DELAYED BECAUSE:– PEOPLE ARE RELUCTANT TO LEAVE THEIR HOUSEHOLDS,

PROPERTIES & SOURCES OF LIVELIHOOD– EXACT HOUR OF THE COMMENCEMENT OF OPERATION

IS NOT KNOWN TO THE PUBLIC– CURFEW & EXODUS COINCIDE

UNHCR 2015 PLANNING FIGURES FOR PAKISTAN

TYPES OF POPULATION ORIGIN JANUARY2015

DECEMBER 2015

REFUGEES AFGHANISTAN 1,468,250 1,478,030

IRAQ 60 80

SOMALIA 400 500

VARIOUS 140 180

ASSYLUM SEEKERS AFGHANISTAN 5,290 6,270

IRAN 20 30

SOMALIA 50 60

IDPs PAKISTAN 566,900 590,900

RETURNEE ARRIVALS DURING YEAR (EX-

IDPS)

PAKISTAN 270,600 276,000

TOTAL 2,311,750 2,352,080

AFGHAN REFUGEES IN KP• REPORT COMPILED BY THE

REPATRIATION CELL OF THE COMMISSIONERATE OF AFGHAN REFUGEES (CAR) SUGGESTS THAT THERE ARE 639,073 REGISTERED REFUGEES — 114,096 FAMILIES — LIVING IN REFUGEE CAMPS ACROSS KP

• TOTAL OF 70 CLUSTER CAMPS OPERATE UNDER 29 ADMINISTRATION CAMPS IN THE 15 KP DISTRICTS

• WITH 19 CLUSTER CAMPS IN TOTAL, PESHAWAR HOUSES THE LARGEST NUMBER OF REFUGEES AT 195,052 FOLLOWED BY HARIPUR AND NOWSHERA, HOME TO 84,485 AND 71,148 REFUGEES RESPECTIVELY

IDPs DUE TO MILITARY OPERATIONS IN PAKISTAN

• SWAT (OP RAH-I-RAST 2009) – IDPs: 2.7 MILLION – STATUS: RETURNED

• SOUTH WAZIRISTAN AGENCY (OP RAH-I-NIJAT 2009) – IDPs: 71,124 FAMILIES/.5 MILLION PEOPLE – STATUS: RETURNING

• NORTH WAZIRISTAN AGENCY (OP ZARB-I-AZAB 2014- )– IDPs: BETWEEN 7-800,000– STATUS: PREPARING TO RETURN

IDP SITE FAMILIES INDIVIDUALS

JALOZAI (NOWSHERA) 4,685 23,317

TOGH SARAI (HANGU) 1,154 6,173

NEW DURRANI (SADDA) 700 4,166

TOTAL IN CAMP POPULATION 6,539 33,656

TOTAL OFF CAMP POPULATION 147,973 680,892

TOTAL NUMBER OF IDPS 154,512 714,548

TOTAL NUMBER OF IDPS OF NWA* 83,000 500,000

FIGURES AS AT 08 JULY 2014

* PLANNING FIGURES UTILISED BY THE HUMANITARIAN COUNTRY TEAM’S PRELIMINARY RESPONSE PLAN (PRP)

YEARS OF RETURN

AREA OF RETURN

NUMBER OF RETURNEES

FAMILIES INDIVIDUALS

2010 BAJAUR, KURRAM,MOHMAND, ORAKZAI,SOUTH WAZIRISTAN,KHYBER

22,000 132,000

2011 32,362 158,010

2012 12,594 56,181

2013 19,095 90,637

2014 3,355 18,633

TOTAL NUMBER OF RETURNEES

89,406 455,461

HELP, RELIEF & AID PROVIDERS TO DISPLACED PEOPLE

• INDIVIDUAL GOOD SAMARITANS• NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS• INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS• INTERNATIONAL RELIEF AGENCIES• NGOs/INGOs

2015 UNHCR PARTNERS IN PAKISTAN

IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS• PAK GOVERNMENT AGENCIES – AFGHAN REFUGEES AND REPATRIATION CELL

(KARACHI)– FATA DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY– CCAR ISLAMABAD; CAR BALOCHISTAN, KP & PUNJAB– KHYBER TEACHING HOSPITAL– NADRA– PROVINCIAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

• AFGHAN GOVERNMENT AGENCIES – MINISTRY OF REFUGEES & REPATRIATION– REFUGEE ATTACHÉ OFFICE PESHAWAR

NGOs/INGOs• ACTED; Al Falah Development Foundation; Alisei - Italy; American Refugee Committee; Awaz

Welfare Organization; Azat Foundation; Balochistan Rural Development and Research Society; Basic Education and Employable Skills Training; Basic Education for Afghan Refugees; Catholic Relief Services, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops - USA; Centre of Excellence for Rural Development; Church World Service - USA; Council for Community Development; Courage Development Foundation; Danish Refugee Council; Dost Welfare Foundation; Drugs and Narcotics Educational Services for Humanity; Education, Health, Social Awareness and Rehabilitation; EHSAR foundation; Foundation for Rural Development; Gender and Reproductive Health Organization; Helping Organization for People's Empowerment; Hujra Village Support Organization; Human Development Organization Doaba; Initiative for Development and Empowerment Axis; Innovative Development Organization; Inspire Pakistan; International Catholic Migration Commission; International Rescue Committee - USA; Legend Society; Muslim Aid; National Integrated Development Association - Pakistan; Naveed Khan Foundation; Norwegian Refugee Council; Organization for Community Services and Development; Pakistan Community Development Programme; Regional Institute of Policy Research and Training; Salik Development Foundation; Sarhad Rural Support Programme; Save the Children Federation; Society for Community Support to Primary Education; Society for Empowering Human Resources; Society for Humanitarian Assistance, Research, Empowerment and Development; Society for Humanitarian Rights and Prisoners ; Socio Pakistan; Struggle for Change - Pakistan; Tamer-e-Khalq Foundation, Taraqee Foundation - Pakistan; Frontier Primary Health Care - Pakistan; Union Aid for Afghan Refugees - Pakistan; Water, Environment and Sanitation Society - Pakistan; Women Empowerment Organization

• Others: UNOPS

OPERATIONAL PARTNERS• GOVERNMENT AGENCIES – MINISTRY OF EDUCATION– MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS– MINISTRY OF HEALTH– MINISTRY OF HUMAN RIGHTS– MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR– MINISTRY OF SOCIAL WELFARE– MINISTRY OF STATES AND FRONTIER REGIONS

• NGOs: NORWEGIAN REFUGEE COUNCIL• Others: FAO, ICRC, ILO, UNDP, UNESCO, UNFPA, UN

HABITAT, UNICEF, UNV, UN WOMEN, WFP, WHO

REHABILATATION COST FOR IDPs

FEBRUARY 2015

HANDLING OF IDPs THROUGH MULTIPLE AGENCIES

• NATIONAL AGENCIES – THE ARMY– FDMA– MINISTRY OF SAFRON,

MINISTRY OF INTERIOR, MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS

– NADRA

• INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES LIKE UNHCR

• INTERNATIONAL DONORS

GOP EXPERIENCE IN HANDLING

• IN 1979 GOP ESTABLISHED THE COMMISSIONERATE OF AFGHAN REFUGEES (CAR)

• ALL THE PROVINCIAL COMMISSIONERS & THE CHIEF COMMISSIONER WORK UNDER THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF STATES & FRONTIER REGIONS (SAFRON)

PROCEDURE FOR IDP EVACUATION

• INTENSE CIVIL-MILITARY COORDINATION TAKES PLACE TO EVACUATE, HOUSE & REPATRIATE IDPs AT THE APPROPRIATE TIME

• ANNOUNCEMENTS TO EVACUATE• PLAN TO EVACUATE• ARRANGEMENT OF TRANSPORT• SITING & RUNNING CAMPS• REGISTRATION OF IDPs• REGULATION & DISTRIBUTION OF HUMANITARIAN AID• SAFETY & SECURITY OF THE IDP

SOUTH WAZIRISTAN IDPs RETURN

• REGD IDPs: .5 Million• STATUS

– RETURNED: 11645 FAMILIES

– STILL DISPLACED: 94 %– NEXT 20 DAYS: 3000 MORE

FAMILIES WILL RETURN

• FINANCIAL HELP– FREE TRANSPORT/FUEL– ATM CARDS & SIMS

WORTH RS 25OOO– RATIONS

A SNAPSHOT OF THE COST OF IDP RESETTLEMENT

THE FATA DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (FDMA) SPENT RS 47.6 MILLION TO PROVIDE TRANSPORTATION TO ALMOST ALL DISPLACED FAMILIES FROM BARA AND TIRAH

THE IDP TRAGEDY:LIFE IN THE CAMPS

QUEUEING UP FOR FOOD – LOSS OF HUMAN DIGNITY

LOSS OF DIGNITY

POLICEMAN BEAT IDPs FOR JUMPING THE QUEUE

LOST CHILDHOOD

REFUGEE CANNOT BE RETURNED AGAINST HIS OR HER WILL

SOLUTION: PREVENT A SITUATION CAUSING HUMAN DISPLACEMENT

EVACUATION• ANTICIPATE IN ADVANCE• REVISE CONTINGENCIES• UPDATE DATA BASE• SELECT ROUTES & CAMP

SITES• RAISE FUNDS & SEEK

INTERNATIONAL DONORS

REPATRIATION• CREATE CONDITIONS FOR

EARLY RETURN• INCENTIVIZE RETURN

THROUGH PAYMENT OF COMPENSATION

• FACILITATE RESETTLEMENT & SOCIAL REHABILITATION

• CREATE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY FOR GENERATING LIVELIHOOD

• PEOPLE ONCE UPROOTED WILL NOT RETURN TO A CONFLICT ZONE• UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD THEY BE THE FORCED TO GO

BACK AGAINST THEIR WILL• GOVERNMENT SHOULD PROTECT LIFE AND PROPERTY OF ITS

CITIZENS• NECESSARY INCENTIVES SHOULD BE CREATED TO MAKE THE

RETURN A LUCRATIVE OPTION• ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND STRONG POLICING ARE ESSENTIAL

CONDITIONS TO CONVINCE THE IDP TO RETURN TO THEIR NATIVE PLACES

• THE RETURN OF THE IDPs AND THEIR RE-SETTLEMENT IS GOING TO BE A MAJOR LOGISTIC EXERCISE AND A TEST CASE FOR THE GOVERNMENT

Q&A