nckh ban chinh thuc

7/23/2019 NCKH Ban Chinh Thuc

1/47

TRNG H CNG NGHIP H NI KHOA IN

NGHIN CU KHOA HC1

Mc LcLI NHN XT .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.LI NI U ..................................................................................................... 5CHNG I. TNG QUAN V CC NG DNG CA NNG LNGMT TRI TRONG CHIU SNG ................................................................ 7

1.1 Gii thiu chung ........................................................................................ 71.1.1 nh ngha ........................................................................................... 71.1.2 ng dng ca nng lng mt tri .................................................. 81.1.3 Nng lng mt tri trong chiu sng ............................................. 9

1.2 u,nhc im ca nnglng mt tri .............................................. 91.3 Kt lun chung ......................................................................................... 10

CHNG II. THIT K H THNG CHIU SNG .. Error! Bookmark notdefined.

2.1 Yu cu thit k ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.2.1.1 Phn tch yu cu ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.2.1.2. Yu cu ph ti .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2 S khi h thng ................................................................................. 382.3 S nguyn l ................................................................................. 39

2.3.1 S nguyn l mch np ............................................................... 392.3.2 S nguyn l mch ngch lu ..................................................... 412.3.3 S nguyn l mch ng ct....................................................... 44

CHNG III: THIT KM HNH N CHIU SNG GIAO THNGV THNGHIM ........................................................................................... 113.1 S thut ton....................................................................................... 113.2Thit bc sdng .............................................................................. 12

3.2.1Pin nng lng mt tri ................................................................... 123.2. Ac quy ................................................................................................. 143.2.2My bin p ....................................................................................... 17


2/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC2

3.2.3n led ............................................................................................... 203.2.4Cc thit b ng ct......................................................................... 213.2.5Cc linh kin in t........................................................................ 28

3.3M hnh chy thnghim ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.4.1 Kt lun .................................................................................................... 454.2 Kin ngh p dng vo thc t ............................................................... 46

Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................. 47iu khin logic. ........................................................................................ 47K thut chiu sng Nguyn Quang Thun. ..................................... 47Cc ti liu khc. ....................................................................................... 47


3/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC3

LI NHN XT

Nhn xt ca ging vin hng dn:

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4/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC4

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Nhn xt ca ging vin phn bin:

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5/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC5

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LI NI U

Trong nhng nm va qua nn kinh tnc ta t c nhiu thnh tu

to ln, to ra nhng tin c bn bc vo thi k mi, thi k cng ngip

ho hin i ho t nc, m trong ngnh in ng vai tr then ch t. Cng

vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t, vn ho, i sng x hi nhu cu vin nng

khng ngng gia tng. iu i hi h thng in phi c m bo cung

cp in y .

Cuc sng hin i th nhu cu s dng in cng tng cao, khi cc ngun

in khng p ng nhu cu s dng ca ph ti v tnh trng thiu in nng

vn din ra. Nhn nhn vo thc ti ca Vit Nam th s thiu ht vin ang

ngy cng gia tng. Tnh n thi im hin ti th mc thiu ht c tnh vo

khong 800MW n 1300 MW. Gii php c hng ti l a ra nhng

ngun nng lng mi, ngun nng lng sch. c bit l ngun nng lng

mt tri.Ngun nng lng mt tri vn kh mi m vi ngi dn Vit Nam v

vy vic s dng ngun nng lng mt tri vn cn nhiu kh khn, v cha

c ng dng nhiu trong thc t. Do , mi ch c mt vi t chc, vin

nghin cu v cc trng i hc tham gia, cn pha doanh nghip, c nhn vn

cha mn m vi vic ng dng, sn xut cng nh s dng cc thit b nng

lng mt tri.

Vi vic c giao ti nghin cu khoa hc ch Thit k h thng

ngun cp in cho sinh hot tnng lng mt tri v qua thi gian tm ti

hc hi, tm hiu v ti ny, nhm thc hin ti hi vng n sc ng

dng v nhn rng khc trong cnc nu c nh vy th s gii quyt c

vn thiu in nng nh hin nay.


6/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC6

LI CM N

Li u tin chng em xin chn thnh cm n n qu thy c trng i

Hc Cng Nghip H Ni, c bit l nhng thy, c gio trong khoa innhng ngi trc tip ging dy truyn t nhng kin thc b ch v qu

gi, l nhng nn tng c bn, l nhng hnh trang v cng qu gi l bc

u tin cho chng em bc vo s nghip trong tng lai. c bit l s quan

tm v gip tn tnh ca thy gio Trnh Trng Chng trong thi gian lm

nghin cu ny, thy hng dn, gii p nhng thc mc gip chng em

hon thnh n ny.

Trong qu trnh lm n chng em vi sam m, nhit tnh n lc ht

mnh nhng do cha c nhiu tri nghim thc t, ch da vo nhng kin thc

l thuyt v thi gian hn hp nn bo co s khng trnh khi nhng sai st.

Knh mong nhn c s gp , nhn xt v b sung ca qu thy c kin

thc ca chng em ngy cng c nng cao v hon thin hn t c th rt

ra c nhng kinh nghim b ch cho bn thn c th p dng hiu qu vothc tin.

Cui cng chng em xin knh chc qu thy c vui v, hnh phc sc khe

di do v lun thnh cng trong s nghip trng ngi.

Xin chn thnh cm n!


7/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC7

CHNG I. TNG QUAN V H THNG

PIN NNG LNG MT TRI

1.1 Gii thiu chung

1.1.1 nh ngha

Nng lng Mt Tri lnng lngca dngbc x in txut pht

tMt Tri, cng vi mt phn nh nng lng ca ccht h nguyn tkhc

phng ra t ngi sao ny.

Dng nng lng ny s tip tc pht ra cho n khi phn ng ht

nhn trn Mt Tri ht nhin liu, vo khong 5 tnm na.

Nng lng bc x in t ca Mt Tri tp trung ti vng quang ph nhn

thy. Mi giy tri qua, Mt Tri gii phng ra khng gian xung quanh

3,8271026 joule.

Nng lng Mt Tri l mt ngun nng lng quan trng iu khin cc

qu trnh kh tng hc v duy tr s sng trn Tri t. Ngay ngoi kh quyn

Tri t, c mi mt mt vung din tch vung gc vi nh nng Mt Tri,

chng ta thu c dng nng lng khong 1.400 joule trong mt giy.

- Nng lng mt tri Vit NamVit Nam l mt trong nhng quc gia c ngun nng lng mt tri

khng l. Mc d cc hot ng nghin cu c trin khai gn 30 nm,

nhng n nay nhng sn phm s dng ngun nng lng ny vn cha c

ng dng rng ri

V tr a l u i cho Vit Nam mt ngun nng lng ti to v cng

ln, c bit l nng lng mt tri. Tri di t v 23023 Bc n 8027 Bc,

Vit Nam nm trong khu vc c cng bc x mt tri tng i cao. Trong

, nhiu nht phi k n thnh ph H Ch Minh, tip n l cc vng Ty

Bc v vng Bc Trung B.
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8/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC8

V vy, s dng nng lng mt tri nh mt ngun nng lng ti ch

thay th cho cc dng nng lng truyn thng, p ng nhu cu ca cc vng

dn c ny l mt k sch c ngha v mt kinh t, an ninh quc phng.

1.1.2 ng dng ca nng lng mt tri

Nng lng mt tri c th chia lm 2 loi c bn: Nhit nng v Quang

nng. Cc t bo quang in (Photovoltaic cells - PV) s dng cng ngh bn

dn chuyn ha trc tip nng lng quang hc thnh dng in, hoc tch

tr vo pin, c quy s dng sau .

Nhit nng c th c s dng si nng cc ta nh mt cch th

ng thng quan vic s dng mt s vt liu hoc thit k kin trc, hoc c

s dng trc tip un nng nc phc v cho sinh hot. rt nhiu khu vc

khc nhau trn th gii thit b un nc nng dng nng lng mt tri (bnh

nc nng nng lng mt tri) hin ang l mt s b sung quan trnghay mt

s la thay th cho cc thit b cung cp nc nng thng thng dng in

hoc gas.

S pht trin ngnh cng nghip sn xut pin mt tri s gp phn thay th

cc ngun nng lng ha thch, gim pht kh thi nh knh, bo v mi

trng. V th, y c coi l ngun nng lng qu gi, c th thay th nhng

dng nng lng c ang ngy cng cn kit.

Nng lng mt tri c ng dng vo sinh hot cng nh cc hot ng

sn xut bao gm: Nc nng nng lng mt tri, chiu sng, nng lng mt

tri nu n, nc sch thng qua chng ct, in nng lng mt tri, khng

gian si m v lm mt thng qua kin trc nng lng mt tri, qu trnh tch

nhit cao cho mc ch cng nghip, in nng lng mt tri da trn cc

ngc nhit v t bo quang in


9/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC9

1.1.3 Nng lng mt tri trong sinh hot

Nh chng ta bit, cc hot ng sinh hot rt a dng,chng ta c th

khi qut thnh cc hot ng chnh nh sau: chiu sng trong v ngoi tri,s

dng cc thit b gia dng cng sut ln khc nh: ni cm in, qut in,

tivi, Do cc thit b ny c cng sut chnh lch ln nn h thng cn m

bo n nhcc mch np, mch Inverter, mch chuyn i ngun t ngun

acquy ca pin mt tri sang in li. ng thi ta cng phi chn cc thit b

ng ct v bo v ph hp h thng t hiu qu tt nht, tit kim chi ph

nht.

1.2 u, nhc im ca nng lng mt tri

uim Sau khi u t ban u c thu hi, nng lng t mt tri l thit

thc min ph. Cc h thng nnglng mt tri hu nh bo dng min ph

v s ko di trong nhiu thp k.

Thi k hon vn cho u t ny c th rt ngn ty thuc vo bao nhiuh gia nh ca bn s dng in.

Nu h thng pin mt tri sn xut nnglng nhiu hn bn s dng, thnh nc ca bn c th mua in t bn.

N s gip bn tit kim tin trn ha nin ca bn hng thng. Nnglng mt tri khng i hi bt c nhin liu. Thn thin mi trng. Nng lng mt tri sch, ti to (khng ging

du, kh t v than ) bn vng, gp phn bo v mi trng ca chng ti.

N tch cc gp phn vo vic gim pht thi kh nh knh c hi. Nkhng gy nhim khng kh do kh carbon dioxide pht hnh, oxit nit, kh lu

hunh hoc thy ngn vo kh quyn ging nh nhiu hnh thc truyn thng

ca cc th hin khng. V vy nnglng mt tri khng ng gp cho s

nng ln ton cu, ma axit hoc sng m.
http://www.facts-about-solar-energy.com/renewable-resources.htmlhttp://www.facts-about-solar-energy.com/renewable-resources.htmlhttp://www.facts-about-solar-energy.com/renewable-resources.htmlhttp://www.facts-about-solar-energy.com/renewable-resources.html


10/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC10

Nnglng mt tri ta c th d tr vo c quy hay pin sau khi sccho nhng thit b ny,ta c th s dng li chng ty thuc vo mc ch yu

cn nh khi b mt in, hoc mun tit kim in li quc gia.

Mt h thng nng lng mt tri c th hot ng hon ton c lp,khng i hi mt kt ni n mng li in.

Thm tm pin mt tri c th d dng c thm vo trong tng lai khinhu cu ca gia nh bn pht trin.

Nhc im Cc chi ph ban u l bt li chnh ca vic ci t mt h thng nng

lng mt tri, phn ln l v chi ph cao ca cc vt liu bn dn c s dngtrong vic xy dng.

Tm nng lng mt tri i hi mt vng rng ln lp t tc mc hiu qu tt nht c th.

Hiu qu ca h thng cng ph thuc vo v tr ca mt tri, mc chiu sng ca mt tri v vn ny vn c thc khc phc phn no

thng qua vic lp t mt s thit b nht nh.

1.3 Ktlun chung

Hin nay, in c coi l oxy m bo qu trnh sng khng ch cho

nn kinh t m cho tt c cc hot ng trong x hi. Nhng nhn vo

thc t, lng in sn xut ra khng p ng nhu cu cho t nc,

tnh trng thiu ht in nng ang din ra ngy cng nghim trng. Vvy m hng gii quyt tm n cc ngun nng lng ti to sn

xut in nng l mt vn tt yu, trong ngun nng lng mt

tri l mt gii php c nhiu u th.


11/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC11

CHNG II: PHNG PHP NGHIN CU V THC

NGHIM

2.1 S thut ton

Da trn c sl thuyt ca vn cn nghin cu v nhim vu tinl phi xy dng c s thut ton. Phng php v quy trnh nghin

cu c thc hin theo m hnh nh sau:

Sai

Bt u

S nguyn l

Lp t v

Vn hnh

Tnh chn thit b

Kim tra


12/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC12

ng

Hnh 3.1 S thut ton thit k m hnh

Thuyt minh quy trnh:

u tin ta phi thit kc s nguyn l sau da vo s nguyn

l ta tnh chn cc thit b cn thit. Ty ta i vo lp t v vn hnh th,

nu cha t yu cu th phi tin hnh lp t v kim tra li cho ti khi no ttiu chun th thi. Nu kim tra thy tha mn nguyn l th m hnh t yu

cu ta gi nguyn thit kv xut a vo s dng thc t.

2.2Thit bc sdng2.2.1 Pin nng lng mt tri

C 2 loi pin l cell mono v cell poly: cell mono c lm t t bo

n tinh th, cell poly c lm t ta tinh th nn gi thnh ca cell mono t

hn. V iu kin tiu chun th 2 loi pin c cng sut nh nhau, nhng khi

cc iu kin khng tiu chun nh nh sng yu, nhit thay i th cell

mono bao gicng cho hiu sut cao hn cell poly.

Sn phm


13/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC13

Hnh 3.2: Pin nng lng mt tri

Nguyn l hot ng ca pin nng lng mt tri:Khi mt photon chm vo mnh silic, mt trong hai iu sau s xy ra:

-Photon truyn trc xuyn qua mnh silic. iu ny thng xy ra khi nnglng ca photon thp hn nng lng a.

-Nng lng ca photon c hp th bi silic. iu cc ht electron lnmc nng lng cao hn.ny thng xy ra khi nng lng ca photon ln hn

nnglng a electron ln mc nnglng cao hn.

Khi photon c hp th, nng lng ca n c truyn n cc ht

electron trong mng tinh th. Thng thng cc electron ny lp ngoi cng, v

thng c kt dnh vi cc nguyn t ln cn v th khng th di chuyn xa.

Khi electron c kch thch, tr thnh dn in, cc electron ny c th t do di

chuyn trong bn dn. Khi nguyn t s thiu 1 electron v gi l "l

trng". L trng ny to iu kin cho cc electron ca nguyn t bn cnh di

chuyn n in vo "l trng", v iu ny to ra l trng cho nguyn t ln

cn c "l trng". C tip tc nh vy "l trng" di chuyn xuyn sut mch bn

dn.Mt photon ch cn c nng lng ln hn nng lung k ch thch


14/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC14

electron lp ngoi cng dn in. Tuy nhin, tn s ca mt tri thng tng

ng 6000K, v th nn phn ln nng lng mt tri u c hp th bi

silic. Tuy nhin hu ht nng lng mt tri chuyn i thnh nng lng nhit

nhiu hn l nng lng in s dng c. Tnh chn pin

Cch chn pin:

A.V= P Wh

P(vao) = P/0,7 Wh

Suy ra cng sut pin cn sc acquy l:

Ppin = P (vo) /tg

Vi: A l gi tr dng ca acquy

V l gi tr in p ca acquy

P l cng sut acquy

Tgl thi gian sc acquy

Ppinl cng sut ca pin mt tri

Vy: Chn pin poly kch thc 5434cm cng sut 22W.

2.2.2 Acquy

Acquy l mt loi ngun in ho hc, bin i nng lng ho hc thnh

nng lng in .Qu trnh bin i xy ra trn cc in cc t cch bit nhau

,do cc phn ng oxi ho khlm thay i in tch cc in cc v sinh ra

dng in t, tann dng in chy trong mch.

Cu toBnh acquy ny 12V c chia lm 6 ngn v mi ngn c u c in p

u ra l 2V. Nh vy nu ta em ni tip c6 ngn th ta sc bnh acquy

12V.Bn cc c lm bng hp kim ch v antimon, trn mt bn cc c gn

cc xng dc v xng ngang tng cng vng v cc to ra cc cho


15/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC15

cht bn tnh bm vo bn cc. Khi acquy hot ng cht hot tnh tham gai vo

cc phn ng ha hc cng nhiu cng tt, do tng b mt tip xc ca cc

cht hot tnh vi dung dch in phn, m ngi ta ch to cht hot tnh c

xp, ng thi em ghp nhng tm cc cng tn song song vi nhau thnh mt

chum cc trong mi ngn ca acqui n. Bn cc dng v bn cc m c

lng xen k nhau nhng gia hai bn cc khc nhau c t thm mt tm

cch tm cch c lm t cht cch in cch in gia hai bn cc nh

xp, thy tinh hay g.

Hnh 3.3: cu to c quy

Cc thng s c bn ca acquyDung lng ca acquy: L in lng ca c quy c np y,ri em

cho phng in lin tc vi dng in phng 1A ti khi in p ca cquy gim

xung n tr s gii hn quy nh nhit quy nh. Dung lng ca cquy

c tnh bng ampe-gi (Ah)

in p ca acquy:Tu thuc vo nng cht in phn v ngun np

cho c quy m in p mi ngn ca c quy khi n c np y s t 2,6V

n 2,7V( h mch), v khi c quy phng in hon ton l 1,7V n 1,8V.

in p ph thuc vo s bn cc.

in tr trong ca acquy: l tr s in tr bn trong ca c quy, bao gm

in tr cc bn cc, in tr dung dch in phn c xt n s ngn cch ca


16/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC16

cc tm ngn gia cc bn cc. Thng th tr s intr trong ca cquy khi

np y in l (0,001-0,0015) v khi c quy phng in hon ton l

(0,02-0,025) .

Nguyn tc hot ng c quy- Qu trnh np

Khi axit vo trong bnh do cc ngn c cu to bi ch oxit nn khi

cho axit sunfuric vo s phn ng gia ch oxit v axit sunfuric tora ch

sunfat.(Phn ng cc pc t nghin cu) em ni ngun in mt chiu vo hai

u cc ca c quy th dng in mt chiu c khp kn qua mch cquy v

dng in i theo chiu: Cc dng ca ngun mt chiu Dung dch in

phn u cc 2 ca cquy Cc m ca ngun mt chiu. Khi qu trnh

in phn v phn ly xy ra cho ta kt qu : l bn cc ni vi dng ngun

in c PbO2 (ch dioxit) v chm bn cc kia c ch Pb, nh vy hai chm

bn cc c s khc nhau v cc tnh. c quy c coi l np y khi quan

st thy dung dch si bt u (gi l hin tng si). Lc ta c th ngt

ngun np v xem nh qu trnh np in cho c quy hon thnh.

- Qu trnh phngKhi c quy phng in, ch sunfat li c hnh thnh hai bn cc, lm

cho cc bn cc dn tr li ging nhau, cn dung dch axit b phn thnh cation

2H+ v anion 2 4 SO , ng thi qu trnh cng to ra nc trong dung dch, do

nng ca dung dchgim dn v sc in ng ca cquy cng gim dn.

Ni acquy vi ti xem ti c hot ng khng.

Tnh chn c quyThi gian s dng acquy ph thuc vo dung lng ca acquy v cng sut

ca ti.

Cng thc tnh nh sau:

t = (A.V.)/P


17/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC17

Trong :

- t : l thi gian s dng in t acquy (hour)

- A: Dung lng acquy(Ah)

- V: in p acquy(Volt)

- P: Cng sut ti(W)

- : H s s dng acquy. Thng thng =0,7.

Chn c quy in p 12V dng in 6A, suy ra thi gian s dng c quy l:

t = (12V 6Ah 0,7) / 5W = 10 gi 08 pht.

2.2.3 My bin p

Khi nimMy bin p l thit bin gm hai hoc nhiu cun dy, hay 1 cun dy

c u vo v u ra trong cng 1 ttrng.

Cu toCu to c bn ca my bin p thng l 2 hay nhiu cun dy ng cch

in c qun trn cng 1 li st hay st t ferit.

My bin p c ththay i hiu in th xoay chiu, tng th hoc h th,

u ra cho 1 hiu in thtng ng vi nhu cu s dng. My bin thng

vai tr rt quan trng trong truyn ti in nng. My bin p lm vic theo

nguyn l cm ng in t, dng bin i in p ca h thng dng in

xoay chiu nhng vn gi nguyn tn s.

Nguyn l hot ngu vo ca my bin p ni vi ngun in, c gi l s cp. u ra

ni vi ti gi l th cp. Cc i lng, cc thng ss cp trong k hiu c

ghi ch s 1 : s vng dy s cp w1, in p s cp U1, dng in s cp I1,

cng sut s cp P1. Cc i lng v thng s th cp c ch s 2 : s vng dy

th cp w2, in p th cp U2, dng in th cp I2, cng sut th cp P2.


18/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC18

Nu in p th cp ln hn s cp l my bin p tng p. Nu in p th

cp nhhn in p s cp gi l my bin p gim p.

My bin p c hai b phn chnh : li thp v dy qun.

Hnh 2.2 : My bin p thc t

Tnh chn my bin pLa chn my bin p im gia v so snh v mt kinh t v mt k thut

phng n la chn ny l ti u :


19/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC19

Zt

u

E

2Ti

1Ti 1T

2T 2

1n

2

1n

2n

2u

11u

12u

1Tu

2Tu

Hnh 3.5: S ni dy nguyn l MBA

My bin p c cc thng s: U1 = 12V, U2 = 220V, f = 50HZ, P = 36VA

Do my bin p im gia nn in p U1 = 2.U1 = 2.12 = 24( V )

Cng sut ca my bin p: P = .U2.I2 (25 )

Trong :

o P l cng sut ca my bin po U2l in p ca cun th cp my bin po I2l dng in ca cun th cp my bin po l hiu sut my bin p

Chn = 0,85 ta tnh c dng in th cp ca my bin p

I2 =2. U

P

= 22085,036

= 0.2 ( A )

p dng t s my bin p

1

2

2

1'

=I

I

U

U => I1 =1'

22.

U

IU (26 )

Do my bin p im gia nn in p s cp c tnh bng U1 = 24( V )


20/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC20

I1 =24

2.0220 = 1.8( A )

Cng sut my bin p cn chn:

S1 = U1I1 = 241.8 = 43.2(W)

Vy ta chn my bin p c cng sut S = 36W

Chn My Bin p 3A i xng 12 V

2.2.4n compactn compact thc cht l loi n hunh quang cng sut nh c ng

thu tinh b un gp hnh ch U, 2U, 3U hoc ng xon thu gn kch thc gn

bng vi bng si t thng thng.

Hnh 3.6: n Compact

Tnh nng v c im ca n CompactTitkimin:Tit kim mc thp nht, hiu sut chiu sng cao hn na

tit kim khong 75% in so vi n chiu sng thng thng.

Mi n ch c cng sut 15W c th t chiu sng tng ng s

dng bng si t 45W.

Tuithcc lu: Tui th ti thiu ca n compact l 6.000h20.000h

Hiuqu nh sng cao


21/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC21

Nhit lm victhp:Nhit lm vic ca bng n Compact cao hn

nhit mi trng khong 5 80C, thp hn so vi n hunh quang thng

thng l khong 13 250C.

an ton: Khng nhp nhy, hin th mu sc tt, c hiu qu trong vic

lm gim mt mi khi nhn v bo v mt.

Gim nguy c chy n, nngcao hiu sut lm vic do npht nhit rt

thp trong qu trnh lm vic.

Thn thin mi trng: Gim thiu pht sinh kh CO2, gim lng rc

thi ra mi trng ( do tui th Compact cao ), khng s dng kh thy ngn.

Tnh chn n CompactThi gian s dng n Compact khong 12 gisuy ra. Chn n c thng

s: in p 220V, cng sut 15W.

2.2.5Cc thit b ng ct H thng cng tc t

Cng tc t l mt loi thit b in dng ng ct t xa, t ng hoc

bng nt nhn cc mch lc.

- Thng s ca cng tc t:+ inp nh mc Um : L in p ca mch in tng ng m tip

im chnh phi ng/ct, c cc cp: 110V, 220V, 440V mt chiu v 127V,

220V, 380V, 500V xoay chiu.

+ Cun ht c th lm vic bnh thng in p trong gii hn t 85%

n 105% Um.

+ Dng in nh mc Im: L dng in i qua tip im chnh trong ch

lm vic gin on lu di, ngha l ch ny thi gian cng tc t

trng thi ng khng lu qu 8h.


22/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC22

+ Cng tc t h p c cc cp thng dng: 10, 20, 25, 40, 60, 75, 100,150, 250, 600A.t cng tc t trong t th dng in nh mc phi ly thp

hn 10% v lm mt km, lm vic di hn th chn dng in nh mc nh.

+ Kh nng ct v kh nng ng: L dng in cho php i qua tip im

chnh khi ct v khi ng mch.

+ Kh nng ct vi cng tc t xoay chiu phi t b s khong 10 ln I-m khi ti cm.

+ Tui th cng tc: Tui th cng tc t tnh bng s ln ng m.

+ bn: bn c kh xc nh bi s ln ng ct khng ti, cng tc

t hin nay c khong 3 triu ln.

+ Tn s: Tn s thao tc l s ln ng ct trong thi gian mt gi b hn

ch bi s pht nng ca tip im chnh do h quang..

+ Tnh n nh lc in ng: Cho php dng ln nht qua tip im chnh

m lc in ng gy ra khng lm tch ri tip im.

+ Tnh n nh nhit : Cng tc t c tnh n nh nhit tc l khi c dngngn mnh chy qua trong khong thi gian cho php th tip im khng b

nng chy hoc b hn dnh.

+ Yu cu v thi gian ng ct: Khi cung cp in lin tc cho phti cn

c 2 ngun c lp: ngun li v ngun d phng.


23/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC23

Hnh 3.7: Hnh nh v contactor

- Chn cng tc t+ Chn theo in p nh mc Um

+ Chn theo dng nh mc Im

+ Khnng n v khnng ct

+ Tnh n nh nhit

Trong m hnh ta chn cng tc t LS c dng nh mc chy qua tip

im l 12A c 3 tip im chnh v 2 tip im ph, 1 thng ng v 1

thng m.

AptomatKhi nim : ptomat l thit b kh cin dng ng ct mnh in

(mt pha, ba pha). Thng c k hiu l CB.

CB cho php tc ng bng tay ph thuc hoc hoc c lp cng nh

bng c cu tch ly nng lng. CB cho php tc ng bng tay, ng c hoc

bng b nhnh hmch, qu dng, in p thp, cng sut hoc dng inngc.


24/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC24

Hnh 3.8: aptomat

- Yu cu ca CB+ Ch lm vic nh mc ca CB phi l ch lm vic di hn,

ngha la tr sdng in nh mc chy qua CB l lu ty . Mt khc, mch

ca dng in CB phi chu c dng in ln ( khi c ngn mch) lc cc tip

im ca n ng hay ang ng.

+ nng cao tnh n nh nhit v in ng ca cc thit bin, hn ch

s ph hoi do dng in ngn mch gy ra, CB c th gian ct b. Mun

thng phi kt hp lc thao tc c hc vi thit b dp hquang in bn trong

CB.

- Tnh chn aptomatHai aptomat CB1 v CB2 ng hai ngun mch lc cho ti ng thi c tc

dng bo v khi b qu ti

nng cao tnh n nh nhit v in ng ca cc thit bin hn ch

s ph hoi do dng ngn mch gy ra, CB phi c thi gian ct b .


25/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC25

- Dng in nh mc: l dng lm vic lu di ca aptomat, thng dngnh mc ca aptomat bng 1,2 n 1,5 ln dng nh mc ca ca thit b bo

v.

- Dng tc ng Itd: l dng in aptomat tc ng, ty thuc vo loi ti mtnh chn dng tc ng khc nhau.

- Cng thc chn aptomat:+ Um UmLv+ Im Ilvmax+ Icm IN+ Scm SN

Trong :

+ Um : in p nh mc ca aptomat+ UmLv : in p nh mc ca li+ Im : Dng in nh mc ca aptomat+ Ilvmax : Dng in lm vic ln nht trn ng dy+ Icm : Dng ct nh mc ca ptmt+ IN : Dng ngn mch trn ng dy cung cp cho ti+ Scm : Cng sut ct nh mc ca ptmt+ SN : Cng sut ngn mch trn ng dy cp cho ti

Theo tiu chun quy inh quc tu vo ptmt theo ch s l v ra ch

s chn c ghi trn ptmt.

Vy chn aptomat in p 220V-6A. H thng rle trong mch- Role thi gian: Trong h thng th r le c chc nng to khong thi gian

tr thc hin chuyn ngun d phng cung cp cho ph ti khi ngun li b

mt in hoc c in tr li. ng thi rle thi gian cng khng ch

congtactor m bo coh mch lc lm vic n nh, chnh xc.


26/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC26

H thng rle gm rle thi gian (time) v rle trung gian. Rle thi gian

(time) la thit b dng duy tr thi gian ng chm gat m chm ca h thng

tip im so vi thi gian a tn hiu tc ng vo rle.

Thi gian ng chm hay m chm c th vi dy hay vi gi ty theo

ngi s dng.

Yu cu rle thi gian l thi gian tr thc hin bi r le phi n nh t

ph thuc vo cc yu t khc nh in p ngun, dng in, nhit .

Hnh 3.9: R le thi gian-Rle trung gian thc cht l mt r le in t c nh, lm nhim v

khuch i hoc chuyn mch tn hiu iu khin. Trong s iu khin r

le trung gian nm v tr trung gian gia cc thit b cng sut nh v cc thit

b c cng sut ln.

R le trung gian c cu to tng t nh r le in t nhng khng c

c cu iu chnh lc ht. R le trung gian c nhiu cp tip im hn r le thigian.

Yu cu i vi r le trung gian phi tc ng tt khi in p thay i trong

phm vi 15% in p nhmc, thi gian hot ng mnh hn v tn s tc

ng ln hn.


27/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC27

Trong h thng t ng chuyn i ngun d phng th rle trung gian

c s dng cp ngun nui cho mch iu khin hot ng v khng ch

cc contactor khi c s c ti cn c kim tra, sa cha.

Hnh 3.10: role trung gian

+ Cch chn role: Time 1 v time 2 ng ngt cho mch in li vngun dphng, iu khin thi gin nh trc.

Time thi gian c vai tr iu khin trung gian gia cc thit biu khin

thi gin nh trc.Dng chu c l 5A v in p lm vic AC hoc DC.

T1 dng to thi gian tr khi ngun li c in ng cho ti.

T2 dng to thi gian tr khi ngun dphng c in ng cho ti.

Cng tcCng tcl tn ca mt thit b, hoc mt linh kin, s dng vi mc ch

ng/bt - ngt/m/ttdng inhoc chuyn hng trng thi ng-ngttrong t hp mch in c s dng chung mt cng tc.

Mt cng tc c cu to t 2 im ca ng dy ti in v cu nigia chng (gip 2 im "tip xc" vi nhau). Cng tc c th l cng tcnhoc a im.

+ CT1 dng ct ngun iu khin ct chung cho cli v ngun acquy
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2ng_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2ng_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2ng_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2ng_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n


28/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC28

+ CT2 dng chuyn ch CT2 v ch 0 th lm vic bng tay v vch 1 th lm vic tng.

2.2.6 Cc linh kin in tVi mch tch hp (integrated circuit, gi tt IC) l cc mch in cha

cc linh kin bn dn (nh transistor) v linh kin in t th ng (nhin

tr) c kt ni vi nhau, kch thc cmicrmt (hoc nh hn) ch to

bi cng ngh silicon cho lnh vcin t hc.

IC CD4047BCIC CD4047BC c kh nng vn hnh hai ch n n v khng n

nh. N yu cu mt tin bn ngoi (gia chn 1 v chn 3) v mt in tr

ngoi (gia chn 2 v 3), xc nh rng xung u ra iu kin n nh v

tn s kiu khng n nh. Trng thi khng n nh cho php bi mt mc in

p cao hoc thp u vo khng n nh. Tn su ra (50% chu trnh). Tc

dng to xung xoay chiu.

Tn s cu xung c tnh theo cng thc: T = 2.48RC

Vi R, C l gi trin trv tin t vo chn 2 v chn 1.

y l IC gm 14 chn ng gi dng dip 100T. in p hot ng trong

khong t3 n 15V.

Hnh 3.11: hnh nh IC CD4047BC

Chng ta cn quan tm ti chc nng cu cc chn sau:

Chn 1 u vo t C Chn 2 u vo in trR Chn 3 u vo R-C tao dao ng vi tn snh sn
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_b%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_b%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_b%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_b%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_b%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_tr%E1%BB%9Fhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_tr%E1%BB%9Fhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_tr%E1%BB%9Fhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_tr%E1%BB%9Fhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_tr%E1%BB%9Fhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micr%C3%B4m%C3%A9thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_silicon&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_silicon&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_silicon&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_h%E1%BB%8Dchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_silicon&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micr%C3%B4m%C3%A9thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_tr%E1%BB%9Fhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_tr%E1%BB%9Fhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_b%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n


29/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC29

Chn 10 u ra xung vung bn chu kdng Chn 11 u ra xung vung bn chu k m Chn 7 cp ngun m Chn 14 cp ngun dng

IC LM358.L IC khuch i thut ton thng dng gm hai b khuch i thut ton

ring bit. in p hot ng 1,5V 16V.

Hnh 3.12: IC LM358

S chn

Chn 1 u ra b khuch i thut ton A Chn 2 u vo o b khuch i A Chn 3 u vo khng o b khuch i A Chn 4 cp ngun m Chn 5 u vo khng o b khuch i B Chn 6 u vo o b khuch i B Chn 7 u ra b khuch i thut ton B Chn 8 cp ngn dng

Transistor D718L dng transistor h BJTNPN cng sut rt ln dng chu 8A, in p

120V, cng sut 80W, khi s dng trong bi thit k ny th n c chc nng

hot ng nh mt kha in t tn s 50Hz ca b pht xung.


30/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC30

Hnh 3.13 : Transistor d718

Transistor H1061L Transistor phn cc ngc, dng lm cc phn t khuch i trong

cc mch khuch i cng sut dng lm phn tiu chnh trong cc mch n

nh in p.L transistor cng sut h BJTNPN, kiu ng T0220 dng chu

c 3A, in p 50V, cng sut ti a 25W.

Hnh 3.14: Transistor H1061

DiodeDiode do hai lp vt liu PN ghp li. n tch b mt ghp c khi t

ti hng chc Cm, vi mt dng in 10A/mm.

it bn dn l cclinh kin in t th ngvphi tuyn, cho php dng

in i qua n theo mt chiu m khng theo chiu ngc li, s dng cc tnh

cht ca cc chtbn dn.

C nhiu loi it bn dn, nhit chnh luthng thng,it

Zener, LED. Chng u c nguyn l cu to chung l mt khibn dn loi

P ghp vi mt khibn dn loi N.
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_tuy%E1%BA%BFnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_tuy%E1%BA%BFnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_tuy%E1%BA%BFnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90i%E1%BB%91t_ch%E1%BB%89nh_l%C6%B0u&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90i%E1%BB%91t_ch%E1%BB%89nh_l%C6%B0u&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90i%E1%BB%91t_ch%E1%BB%89nh_l%C6%B0u&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%91t_Zenerhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%91t_Zenerhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%91t_Zenerhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn_lo%E1%BA%A1i_P&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn_lo%E1%BA%A1i_P&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn_lo%E1%BA%A1i_P&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn_lo%E1%BA%A1i_N&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn_lo%E1%BA%A1i_N&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn_lo%E1%BA%A1i_N&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn_lo%E1%BA%A1i_N&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn_lo%E1%BA%A1i_P&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn_lo%E1%BA%A1i_P&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEDhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%91t_Zenerhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%91t_Zenerhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90i%E1%BB%91t_ch%E1%BB%89nh_l%C6%B0u&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_tuy%E1%BA%BFnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng


31/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC31

Hnh 3.15: diode

Diode Zener: C cu to tng tDiode thng nhng c hai lp P N

ghp li nhau, Diode Zenerng dng trong ch phn cc ngc, khi phn

cc thun Diode Zener nh diode thng nhng khi phn cc ngc Diode

zener s gim mt in p cnh bng in p gi trn gi tr ca diode.

Hnh 3.16: Diode zenner

-Nguyn tc hot ng:Diode Zener, cn gi l "it nh thng" hay"it n p": l loi it c ch to ti u hot ng tt trong min nh

thng. Khi s dng it ny mc ngc chiu li, nu in p ti mch ln hn

in p nh mc ca it th it s cho dng ini qua.

Khi c phn cc thun diode Zener hot ng ging diode bnh thng

Khi c phn cc nghch, lc u ch c dng in tht nh qua diode. Nhng

nu in p nghch tng n mt gi tr thch ng: Vngc = Vz (Vz : in p

Zener) th dng qua diode tng mnh, nhng hiu in th gia hai u diode

hu nh khng thay i, gi l hiu th Zener.


32/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC32

T inTin l mt linh kin in t thng to bi hai b mt dn in c

ngn cch biin mi. Khi c chnh lchin thti hai b mt, ti cc b mt

s xut hinin tch cng cng , nhng tri du.

V mt lu trnng lng, tin c phn ging vic qui. Mc d cch

hot ng ca chng th hon ton khc nhau, nhng chng u cng lu tr

nng lng in.c qui c 2 cc, bn trong xy ra phn ng ha hc to

ra electron cc ny v chuyn electron sang cc cn li. Tin th n gin

hn, n khng th to ra electron - n ch lu tr chng. Tin c khnng

np v x rt nhanh. y l mt u th ca n so vi c qui.

Hnh 3.17 : Tin

in trL phn t hn chdng i qua cc phn t trong mch.

Chn dy dnChn dy dn cng l cng vic kh quan trng, v dy dn chn khng

ph hp, tc khng tha mn cc yu cu v k thut th c th dn n cc s

cnh chp mch do dy dn b pht nng qu mc dn n h hng cch in.

Bn cnh vic tha mn cc yu cu v k thut th vic la chn dy dn cng

cn phi tha mn cc yu cu kinh t.
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%ABn_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%ABn_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%ABn_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_m%C3%B4ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_m%C3%B4ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_m%C3%B4ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_th%E1%BA%BFhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_th%E1%BA%BFhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_th%E1%BA%BFhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_th%E1%BA%BFhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_th%E1%BA%BFhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%C3%ADchhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%C3%ADchhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%C3%ADchhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_s%E1%BA%A1chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_s%E1%BA%A1chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_s%E1%BA%A1chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_s%E1%BA%A1chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%C3%ADchhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_th%E1%BA%BFhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_m%C3%B4ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%ABn_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linh_ki%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_th%E1%BB%A5_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng


33/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC33

- Chn theo iu kin pht nng cho php.- Chn theo iu kin tn tht in p cho php-

Mch iu khin trong m hnh nh nn ta chn dy dn b lmmch iu khin, cn mch lc ta chn theo cng thc sau:

Chn dy dn theo phng php pht nng cho php

K1.K2.Icf Ilvmax

Trong :

+ Ilvmax :l dng cc i lu di i trong dy dn+ Icf :l dng cho php (tra bng K tiu chun)+ K1 K2 :l h s hiu chnh

Trong mch ta s dng dy dn li ng nhiu si c tit din 1.5mm

Bng 2: bng thng k cc thit b dphng trong mch

STT Tn thit b Slng Ghi ch

1 Pin mt tri 1 Kch thc 36, cng

sut 1,8W/tm, gm

36 tm.

2 cquy 1 Acquy kh, in p

12V-6A


34/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC34

3 My bin p 1 Dng 3A

4 Contactor 2

5 Role trung gian 1

6 Role thi gian 2

7 Aptomat 2

8 Bng n led 1

9 Dy dn 20m

10 Cng tc 3

11 Mch in t 2 Mch np v mch

nghch lu

12 Tin 1

13 Cc thit b khc Gi t pin, ct n

2.3 Tin hnh thc nghim-Trong qu trnh lp t chy thm hnh xy ra hin tng st p

rt nhiu trn u ra ca my bin p. Hin tng ny nguyn nhn do c

in p ri trn cc chn ca transistor, chn ca diode v c khc phc

bng cch hn li chn cc transistor.

-Khi chy th mch np th cc transistor D718 v H1061 ch chyc mt thi gian ri sau rt nng. Khc phc hin tng ny bng

cch lp thm cnh tn nhit v qut cho mch in t.

-Trong qu trnh th nghim th b chy 2 con IC 4047 v LM358 sau c thay. Yu cu t ra l phi vn hnh ng quy trnh.


35/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC35

Hnh nh ca m hnh:

Hnh 2.3 : Tin sau khi lp t


36/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC36

Hnh 2.4 : M hnh chy thnghim

Biu ca m hnh chy thc tBng 3: Cc thng so c

Thi gian(gi)

in p uvo c quy

(v)

in p capin mt tri

(V)8 11.4 12.1

9h10 11.91 14.411 12.4 16.2

12 12.87 17.1

12h20 13.1 18.2

13 13.6 17.5

14h30 13.6 16.4

15 13.6 15.6

16 13.6 13.9


37/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC37

Biu 1: Biu ca in p thc t

Nhn xt-T biu ta bit c in p ca c quy lc y l 13,6V.-Pin mt tri cho cng sut ln nht vo bui tra. in p l 18,2V, in

p ny cn ph thuc vo mc chiu sng ca mt tri.

Trong thi gian lm n vi tinh thn hng say, quyt tm, mit mi v

am m nhm chng em hon thnh n tt nghip vi ti s dng nng

lng mt tri trong chiu sng giao thng, qua nhiu ln vn hnh v kim tra

tnh chnh xc v n nh ca h thng. T c thso snh c vi thc t s

dng ngun in quc gia.


38/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC38

CHNG III :NGHIN CU THC NGHIM

3.1 S khi h thng

Hnh 3.1: S khi h thngPhn tch hot ng ca cc khi trong h thng:

-Pin nng lng Mt tri (haypin quang in, tbo quang in), l phnt bn dn quang c cha trn b mt mt slng ln cc linh kin cm bin

nh sng l cc dng diod p-n, dng bin i nng lng nh sng thnh nng

lng in.

-Sc l mt thit b trung gian gia h cc tm pin mt tri v h cc bnhc quy lu tr, c nhim v l iu khin sc bnh c quy t ngun in sinh ra

t pin mt tri c th nh: khi bnh y (i vi c quy 12V l 13,8V-14V) th

b iu khin ngn khng cho ngun in tip tc np vo c quy v c th lm

si bnh hoc lm nh hng n tui th ca bnh c quy. Dng in chy t

ni c in p cao ti ni c in p thp, v s c lc in p c quy s ln hn

in p tm pin to ra v vy b sc s c nhim v ngn dng in mt cch
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_b%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_b%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_b%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diod_p-n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diod_p-n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_b%C3%A1n_d%E1%BA%ABn


39/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC39

trit khng cho dng in chy ngc t c quy ti pin trnh hin tng

lm gim hiu sut v hng tm pin.

-c quy c chc nng lu giin nng v sau khi n c sc y thmch sc s tng ngt, m bo bn cho c quy.

-B nghch lu c chc nng chuyn i ngun 12VDC t c quy thnhin p 12VAC cung cp cho b bin p.

-B bin p dng chuyn i in p t 12VAC thnh in p 220VAC cp cho ph ti thng qua b ng ct.

-B ng ct s thc hin u tin cp ngun in c quy cho ph ti. khi cquy ht in th b ng ct c nhim v t ng chuyn sang ch ngun lido c cc thit b ng ct h tr.

-Ngun 220VAC chnh l ngun in li dng d phng khi c quyht in th s dng ngund phng.

-Ti y l cc thit b tiu th in.

Vy tm li nh sau: nh sng mt tri chiu vo pin, pin c chc nng

chuyn nh sng mt tri thnh in nng mt chiu sc cho c quy thngqua mch sc tng, sau khi c quy c sc y mch sc s tng ngt,

in p 12VDC tc quy qua b nghch lu chuyn thnh in p 220VAC cp

cho ti thng qua b nghch lu v bin p. Khi ht ngun in th bng ct

s t ng chuyn sang ngun d phng cp cho ti hot ng bnh thng

thng qua bng ct.

3.2 S nguyn l3.2.1 S nguyn l mch np

Nuvic np Acquy theo cch thng thng th rt hi cho acquy. Lm cho

acquy nhanh chai, hiu sut s b gim qua s ln sc. V theo cch thng

thng th chng ta khng bit khi no acquy y m ngt b b sc.

H thng np acquy cht lng cn m bo yu cu : Sc cho acquy y

100%, khi bnh acquy y phi t ng ngt ngun sc ra khi acquy, iu


40/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC40

chnh c dng sc theo tng loi acquy...H thng nh vy s lm cho acquy

nng cao bn, hiu sut cao, qu trnh s dng c lu di hn.

S mch di y dng sch cho bnh 12V. C chc nng : iu

khin dng sc, t ng ngt, chng u ngc ngun.

S mch np cho c quy 12V.

Hnh 3.2: S nguyn l mch np

Phn tch hot ng:

Khi pin mt tri c in t 12VDC trln, ng cng tc led ngun s sng

do c dng in i qua cng tc qua in trv qua led ngun v ngun mt.

ng thi khi c in p th cng c dng in i qua in tr1K sau qua

diode 4103 kch m transistor H1061. Transistor H1061 m dn n c dng

in i tdng ngun pin ti cc C sau do H1061 thng nn tip tc i tip

ti chn B ca transistor 2SC5200 lm transistor ny m. dng in i t chn C

qua chn E ca transistor ri i ti c quy do in trtrn ng nay l nhnht

nn dng in s chy theo ng ny. Nh vy c quy c np. IC 431

dng cn trkhng cho dng xung mt m s phi qua transistor v qua 2

in trkia c th s dng ti a in do pin mt tri to ra, nu in p qua


41/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC41

diode 4103 ln qu (hn 12V) th IC431 s mcho php dng in chy v mt,

nh vy s bo vc transistor chng bnh thng. Bin tr5K v in tr

100 lm gim dng khi trv mt. Nu c quy y th n gn nh trthnh

in trkhng cho dng in i vo na thay vo l n si qua in tr

100 xung led bo y b qua diode zenne vmt, khi led bo y s sng.

Nu iu p di 12V th led skhng bo do diode ngn khng cho dng i

qua. Trong lc sc pin th cng s c dng in i qua in tr6K kch m

cho transistor C1815 l transistor mnh vy sc dng in qua in tr560

sau qua C1815 v qua led bo ang sc vmt. Nh vy led bo sc sng.

Nh vy l ht qu trnh sc pin cho c quy.3.2.2 S nguyn l mch ngch lu

Ngch lu l qu trnh bin i nng lng mt chiu thnh nng lng

xoay chiu. Cc s nghch lu c chia lm hai loi: S nghch lu lm

vic ch ph thuc vo li xoay chiu v s nghch lu lm vic ch

c lp (vi cc ngun c lp nh c quy, my pht mt chiu).

- Cc loi nghich lu dng in

+ Nghch lu dng in mt pha.

+ Nghch lu dng in ba pha.

- ng dng mch nghch lu

Lnh vc p dng ch yu l bin i tn s cng cp in xoay chiu cho

cc thit b xoay chiu v phc v cho cc truyn ng in c iu chnh tn

s. N c ng dng rng ri vo cc lnh vc truyn ng in ng c xoay

chiu vi chnh xc cao.

Cc lnh vc nh Pin nng lng mt tri, trong lnh vc tn s cao, b

nghch lu c dng cc thit b l cm ng trung tn


42/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC42

S khi mch nghch lu

Hnh 3.3: S khi mch nghch lu- Khi ngun inc s dng y l ngun in mt chiu ly t bnh ac quy, thi gian

s dng ph thuc vo dung lng ca bnh vi cng thc tnh

P = U.I

v d: acquy 12v 100Ah th cng sut pht :12.100 = 1200W

Nu chy bng n compact 20W sc 60 gi.- Khi to tn s 50Hz

Nhim v ca khi to ra sng dao ng a vo khi cng sut vi tn s

in cng nghip. Sng y thng l hai dng chnh l hnh sin hoc vung

.Thng th khi cng sut trkhng u vo rt nh nn trn thc t chng ta

cn mt khi khuych i m nhim vn nh khi pht xung dao ng gim

trkhng u vo cho tng cng sut.- Khi cng sut

T dng sng nhn c t khi pht khi cng sut s khuych ia

nbin p to in p xoay chiu. Thng th khi ny s dng cc linh kin

cng sut nh thysistor transistor chu dng ln nh D718, 2N3055 yu cu

cho khi ny hot ng tt cn c h thng tn nhit lm mt.

- Bin p nghch lu

NGUN DC

KHI CNG SUT

KHI TO TN

S 50 Hz

BIN P


43/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC43

y l thnh phn chnh quyt nh ti cng sut pht ca mch. Bin p

c s dng l bin p nghch lu c t s vng dy ca cun th cp ln hn

rt nhiu cun s cp. Cng sut ca mch c tnh nh sau: Pmax= U.I

Vi I l dng in bin p chu c.

U l hiu in tht vo cun s cp 220V dng in 40A.

V d: Mt bin p nghch lu 12V cng sut ti a ca mch s l:12.40=480W

chy c mt ti vi 2 qut v 3 bng tp 40W.

Mch nghch lu

Hnh 3.4 : S nguyn l hot ng ca mch nghch lu

Phn tch hot ng ca mch:

Khi c cp ngun: u tin IC 4047 pht ra sng vung vi hai na chu

k. tn s hot ng l 50Hz tnh ton theo cng thc T=2,48RC ta c

thng sR,C nh sau: R=47K,C=0,1F.

Tn hiu sng vung c xut ra trn cc chn 10,11 qua in tr4,7K ti

IC lm358 khuych i m vi h s K=1 .Nhim v chnh ca IC ny l gim

trkhng u vo cho tng cng sut ,n nh ch lm vic ca b phn pht

xung 4047 .

Trasistor H1061 l tran cng sut tm trung nhim v trong mch kch m

tng transistor cng sut ln. C th khi c tn hiu t IC lm358 a vo


44/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC44

transistor mkhi in p ca tn hiu c khuych i kch mcp

transistor D718. Diot trong mch c tc dng bo v transistor, ngha l nu v

tnh t ngc in p th phn in p ny s chy qua diot . in tr1K tc

dng trnh dng IB bo ha khi mch in chy ch khng ti.

Cp transistor cng sut D718 hot hot ng nh mt kha in tng

ngt lin tc vi tn s 50Hz ca b pht xung .T sng ngt ny dng in

qua bin p thay i theo dng tn hiu sng vung . chu kdng cun L1

ca phn s cp c cp ngun , in p u ra c khuych i theo t s

vng dy ca bin p. Lc ny u ra l chu kdng .Ngc li chu k m

cun L2 ca phn s cp c cp in ,in p u ra l chu k m ca tn

hiu. Do u ra ca bin p in p l dng in xoay chiu tn s 50Hz

,dng sng vung.

3.3.3 S nguyn l mch ng ct

Hnh 3.5: S nguyn l mch ng ct

Phn tch hot ng:

u tin ta ng Aptomat 1v aptomat 2, mun n hot ng ta n cng

tc CT 1: cun dy role trung gian Rtg 2 (8) c in mtip im thng ng


45/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC45

Rtg2 (2), khi mch nghch lu v bit p cha hot ng do cha c ngun

cp( nhng ti vn hot ng do c ngun li), vo ng thi cun role trung

gian Rtg1 (3) c in ng tip im Rtg1(4) khi cun Rth1 (4) v cun Rth2

(5) c cp in, ng thi cun K1 (6) c in lm ng tip im K1 ti

c cp ngun mch hot ng. sau 3 giy role thi gian Rth1 tc ng lm m

tip im thng ng m chm Rth1 (6) cun K1 mt in, ti ngng hot

ng, sau 5 giy role Rth2 tc ng ng tip im thng mng chm Rth2

(7) cun ht K2 c in ng cc tip im thng mti c in lm vic, ht

qu trnh khi ng.

Khi ang hot ng m c quy ht in th mch tng chuyn ngun

li do Rth1 mt in lm tip im Rth1 (4) mra lm Rth1 (4) Rth2(5) mt

in dn n tip im Rth1(6) ng, Rth2(7) m lm K1 c in K2 mcp

ngun li vo ti. Khi khng c ngun li thi Rth2 (8) mt in lm tip im

Rth2 (2) ng, ti c cp ngun tc quy. Khi mun ngt ta tt 2 cng tc.

(Vi L1, N1 l ngun c quy. L2, N2 l ngun li).

3.3 Kt lun

ti s dng ngun nng lng mt tri l ti khng mi nhng angc nhiu t chc v nhiu nh khoa hc quan tm nghin cu, tng

bc s dng mt cch trit ngun nng lng ny.tng ngy a ngun

nng lng mt tri l mt trong nhng ngun chnh trong nhiu lnh vc

sn xut v i sng.Nng lng mt tri Vit Nam c n nh tng i cao, phn b trn

nhiu vng sinh thi khc nhau, c thkhai thc p ng mt phn nhu cu

nng lng in ti ch cho min ni, hi o, nng thn, thnh th, cho h

gia nh, sn xut k c ni li in quc gia.

Qua nhng kt qu v nghin cu l thuyt v trin khai ng dng vo thctin, vic s dng cc thit bnng lng mt tri vo sinh hot hng ngy


46/47


NGHIN CU KHOA HC46

ca ngi dn c ngha rt ln trong vic tit kim nng lng v bo v

mi trng.

V vy mun trin khai rng ri cc thit bnng lng mi ni chung v

nng lng mt tri ni ring vo thc t c hiu quth trc ht cn phi c

s phi hp v h trca cc cp cc ngnh, bc u cn c c ch khuyn

khch hay h trmt phn v mt kinh ph to iu kin cho ngi dn tip

xc v lm chi vi cc thit bny mi ngi dn bit r hn v li ch

thc t mang li khi s dng cc thit b, hn na nng cao c thc v tit

kim nng lng v bo vmi trng ca mi ngi dn chng ta.

Kin ngh p dng vo thc t. Tng cng v khuyn khch s dng ngun nng lng mt tri, v ng

gp to ln trong tit kim nng lng v gii quyt phn no bi ton nhim

mi trng.

Cn c h trkinh ph v t chc nhm ngi nghin cu ch to mu,

thnh lp c ssn xut v ph cp s dng.

Tuyn truyn trong dn s dng dng nng lng mt tri, bc u ctrgi, sau vi nm mi kinh doanh thc s.

Cn c ti liu v tnh ton chnh xc v ngun nng lng mt tri v cc

ng dng mt cch y nht.

Cc trang thit b th nghim gn lin vi a im th nghim hp l, ph

hp vi iu kin kh hu tng vng min ca nc ta a ra nhng phng

n t hiu qu kinh t cao nht.


47/47


Ti liu tham kho

1. H thng cung cp in Nguyn Cng HinNguyn Mnh Hoch.2. iu khin tng truyn ng inTrnh nh - V Tr An.3. Kh cin Phm Vn ChiBi Tn HuNguyn Tin Tn.4. iu khin logic.5. K thut chiu sng Nguyn Quang Thun.6. Cc ti liu khc.(www.dientuvietnamnet.com...)

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