nci immune system and cancer pdf
TRANSCRIPT
Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
Understanding The Immune System
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Developed by:
Lydia Schindler Donna Kerrigan, M.S. Jeanne Kelly Brian Hollen
Illustrates the immune system, a complex network of specialized cells and organs that distinguishes between self and foreign molecules inside the body. Explains that a malfunctioning immune system can cause allergies or arthritis and can fail to stop the growth of cancer cells.
The Immune System
SARS virus
Parasite in red blood cell
Fungus
Bacteria
Markers of Self
Muscle cell
Nerve cell
Epithelial cell
Leukocyte
Class I MHC self-marker protein
Markers of Non-Self
Non-self leukocyte
Antibody
Epitope Class I MHC protein
Epitope
Antibody
Antigen
Antigen
Bacteria
Non-self nerve cell
SARS virus
Markers of Self: Major Histocompatibility Complex
Antigenic peptide
Antigen-presenting cell uses MHC Class I or II
Cell membrane
MHC Class II
Antigenic peptide
Viral infection
Infected cell
MHC Class I
Antigenic peptide
MHC Class I
Organs of the Immune System
Tonsils and adenoids
Lymph nodes
Bone marrow
Appendix
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Peyer’s patches
Spleen
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic System
Lymph node Lymphatic vessel
Lymph Node
Germinal center
Vein
Cortex
Paracortex
Incoming lymphatic vessel
Outgoing lymphatic vessel
Artery
Medulla
Follicle
Cells of the Immune System Bone graft
Multipotential stem cell
Hematopoietic stem cell
Platelets
Macrophage
Erythrocytes
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Megakaryocyte
Mast cell
Basophil
T lymphocyte
Natural killer cell
Dendritic cell
B lymphocyte
Lymphoid progenitor cell
Myeloid progenitor
cell
Monocyte
Marrow
Bone
B Cells
Plasma cell
Class II MHC and processed antigen are displayed
Antigen-presenting bacteria
Antigen
Antigen-specific B cell receptor
Antibodies B cell
Activated helper T cell
Lymphokines
Antibody
Assembled antibody molecule
Heavy chain
Antigen-binding region
Constant region
Light chain
Immunoglobulins
IgA
IgM
IgG, IgD, IgE, and IgA
Antibody Genes
Assembled antibody molecule
V D J C
Gene components scattered through one chromosome
Heavy chain
Antigen-binding region
Constant region
Light chain
V
V V D D J J J J
C
Rearranged gene
components encoding a heavy chain
T Cells
Activated killer cell Activated helper T cell
Resting cytotoxic T cell Resting helper T cell
Cytokines
Mature helper T cell
Monokines Lymphokines
Macrophage
Killer Cells: Cytotoxic Ts and NKs
Killer cell
Target-oriented granules
Surface contact
Target cell
Phagocytes and Their Relatives
Monocyte
Dendritic cell
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Basophil
Mast cell
Macrophage
Phagocytes in the Body
Brain: microglial cells
Joint: synovial A cells
Precursors in bone marrow
Lymph node: resident and recirculating
macrophages
Blood: monocytes
Kidney: mesangial
phagocytes
Spleen: macrophages
Liver: Kupffer cells
Lung: alveolar
macrophages
Complement
C9
Enzyme
C2
C5 C3b
C3a C3
C4 Antigen
IgG
C1 C8
C7
C6
C5b
C5b
C5a
Mounting an Immune Response
Complement
Virus
Killer cell
B cell
Antibodies
T cell
Lymphokines
Macrophage
Antigen Receptors
Killer cell
Infected cell Antigen-presenting cell Antigen-presenting cell
CD8 protein
Cell membrane MHC
Class I MHC Class I
Antigenic peptide
T cell receptor
CD4 protein
Cell membrane MHC
Class II
Antigenic peptide
T cell receptor
Cell membrane
Antigen
Antigen-specific receptor
Helper T cell B cell
Activation of B Cells to Make Antibody
Antigen-presenting cell
Antigen
Circulating antibody
Antigen is processed Class II MHC
Antigen
Activated helper T cell
Class II MHC and processed antigen are displayed
Antibodies
Plasma cell Antigen-presenting cell
Antigen-specific B cell receptor
B cell Lymphokines
Activation of T Cells: Helper
Activated helper T cell
Monokines
MHC Class II
T cell receptor
Antigen-presenting cell
CD4 protein
Antigenic peptide
Antigen is processed
Resting helper T cell
Class II MHC
Lymphokines
Helper T cell receptor recognizes processed antigen plus Class II MHC
Macrophage
Processed antigen and Class II MHC are displayed Antigen
Helper T cell
Activation of T Cells: Cytotoxic
Processed antigen and Class I MHC
Lymphokines
Class I MHC
Class II MHC
Processed antigen and Class II MHC are displayed Antigen
Resting helper T cell receptor recognizes processed antigen plus Class II MHC
Macrophage
Monokines
Cyto
tox
ic T
ce
ll
Infe
cte
d c
ell
MHC Class I
Antigenic peptide T cell receptor
CD8 protein
Resting helper T cell
Cytotoxic T cell
Cytotoxic T cell becomes activated
Antigen (virus)
Processed antigen (viral protein)
Cell dies
Infected cell
Activated cytotoxic T cell
Activated helper T cell
Antigen is processed
Regulatory T Cells
Regulatory T cells
Mature dendritic
cell
Regulatory T cell
Proliferation
T cells compete for cytokine signals
T cells compete for same antigen
Cytotoxic T cell
Immunity: Active and Passive
Artificially acquired
Passive immunity Active immunity
Naturally acquired Naturally acquired
Artificially acquired
Disorders of the Immune System: Allergy
Plasma cell
Interleukins
Mature helper T cell
B cell
IgE Allergen
Symptoms
Mediators
Mast cell
Disorders of the Immune System: Autoimmune Disease
Cytotoxic T cell
Pancreas
Beta cell
Disorders of the Immune System: Immune Complex Disease
Glomerular basement membrane of kidney
Large complex
Endothelial cell
Small complex
Disorders of the Immune System: AIDS
Virus protein
Virus RNA
New virus particle
Virus DNA
Cell DNA
Human Tissue Typing for Transplants
HLA
A C B D
Leukocyte
Chromosome 6
MHC protein
“Privileged” Immunity
Chorionic villi
Immunity and Cancer
Antibody
Helper T cell
Natural killer cell
Cancer cell
Macrophage
Cytotoxic T cell
Immunotherapy
Antibody
Breast cancer cell
Growth factor
Herceptin blocks receptor
Growth slows
Radioisotope
Antigen
Lymphoma cell Lymphoma cell
destroyed
Herceptin
Dendritic Cells That Attack Cancer Complex binds to dendritic cell precursor
T cells attack cancer cell
Dendritic cell displays tumor antigen and activates T cells
Cancer cell
T cell
Tumor antigen
Tumor antigen is linked to a cytokine
Dendritic cell matures and is infused back into patient
Complex is taken in by dendritic cell precursor
The Immune System and the Nervous System
Thymosins
Macrophage
B cell
T cell
Thymus
Brain
Bone marrow
Neuroendocrine and autonomic pathways
Immunotransmitters (feedback, regulation and modulation)
Lymphokines Monokines
Hybridoma Technology
Antibody-producing plasma cells
Antigen
Cells fuse to make hybridomas Cancerous
plasma cells
Monoclonal antibodies are purified
Desired clones are cultured and frozen
Hybridomas are kept alive in mouse
Clones are tested for desired antibody
Individual hybridoma cells are cloned
Hybridoma cells grow in culture
Genetic Engineering
A plasmid (ring of DNA) is isolated from a bacterium
The new gene directs the bacterium to make a new protein product such as interferon
When the bacterium divides and replicates, it copies itself and the recombinant DNA
The recombinant plasmid is inserted back into the bacterium
The gene is inserted into the plasmid, where it fits exactly. This is recombinant DNA
A gene for protein, taken from another cell, is cut with the same enzyme
An enzyme cuts the DNA at specific sites
The SCID-hu Mouse
Mouse kidneys
Immuno-incompetent SCID mouse
Immature human immune tissue
Immature human immune cells
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