ncert sanskrit bhaswati class xi

HkkLorhizFkeks Hkkx%

,dkn'koxkZ; laLdrL; ikB~;iqLrde~(osQfUædikB~;Øe%)

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iqjksoko~Q

2005 bZLoh;ka jkf"Vª;&ikBÔp;kZ&:ijs[kk;ke~ vuq'kaflra ;r~ Nk=kk.kkafo|ky;thoua fo|ky;srjthousu lg ;kstuh;e~A fl¼kUrks¿;a iqLrdh;&KkuL; rL;k% ijEijk;k% iFko~Q orZrs] ;L;k% izHkkokr~ vLekoaQ f'k{kkO;oLFkkbnkuha ;kor~ fo|ky;L; ifjokjL; leqnk;L; p eè;s vUrjkya iks"k;frAjkf"Vª;ikBÔp;kZoyfEcrkfu ikBÔØe&ikBÔiqLrdkfu vL; ewyHkkoL;O;ogkjfnf'k iz;Ru ,oA iz;kls¿fLeu~ fo"k;k.kka eè;s fLFkrk;k% fHkRrs%fuokj.ka KkukFk± jVuizoÙks'p f'kfFkyhdj.kefi lfEefyra orZrsA vk'kkLegss;r~ iz;klks¿;a 1986 bZZLoh;ka jkf"Vª;&f'k{kk&uhrkS vuq'kaflrk;k%ckyosQfUnzrf'k{kkO;oLFkk;k% fodklk; Hkfo";frA

iz;RuL;kL; lkiQY;a fo|ky;kuka izkpk;kZ.kke~ vè;kidkuk×p rs"kqiz;kls"kq fuHkZja ;=k rs lokZufi Nk=kku~ LokuqHkwR;k KkuetZf;rqa]dYiuk'khyfØ;k% fon/krqa] iz'uku~ iz"Vaq p izksRlkg;fUrA vLekfHk%vo';eso Lohdj.kh;a ;r~ LFkkua] le;%] LokrU=;a p ;fn nh;sr] rfgZf'k'ko% o;LoSQ% iznÙksu Kkusu la;qT; uwrua Kkua l`tfUrA ijh{kk;k%vkèkkj% fu/kZfjr&ikBÔiqLrdeso bfr fo'okl% KkuktZuL; fofo/lkèkukukaÏksrlka p vuknjL; dkj.ks"kq eq[;ree~A f'k'kq"kq ltZu'kDrs% dk;kZjEHkizoÙks'pvk/kua rnSo lEHkosr~ ;nk o;a rku~ f'k'kwu~ f'k{k.kizfØ;k;k% izfrHkkfxRosuLohoqQ;kZe] u rq fu/kZfjrKkuL; xzkgdRosu ,oA

bekfu mís';kfu fo|ky;L; nSfuddk;ZØes dk;Zi¼rkS pifjorZueis{kUrsA ;Fkk nSfud≤&lkj.;ka ifjorZu'khyRoe~ visf{krarFkSo okf"kZddk;ZØek.kka fuoZg.ks rRijrk vko';dh ;su f'k{k.kkFk± fu;rs"kqdkys"kq oLrqr% f'k{k.ka Hkosr~A f'k{k.kL; ewY;kÄïuL; p foèk;% Kkif;";fUr

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iv

;r~ ikBÔiqLrdfena Nk=kk.kka fo|ky;h;&thous vkuUnkuqHkwR;Fk± fd;r~izHkkfo orZrs] u rq uhjlrk;k% lk/ue~A ikBÔp;kZHkkjL; funkuk;ikBÔØefuekZr`fHk% ckyeuksfoKkun`"VÔk vè;kiuk; miyC/&dkyn`"VÔkp fofHkUus"kq Lrjs"kq fo"k;KkuL; iqufuZ/kZj.ksu iz;Ruks fofgr%A iqLrdfenaNk=kk.kka Ñrs fpUruL;] foLe;L;] y?kqlewgs"kq okrkZ;k%] dk;kZuqHkokfn&xfrfoèkhuka p Ñrs izkpq;sZ.k volja nnkfrA ikBÔiqLrdL;kL; fodklk;fof'k"V;ksxnkuk; jkf"Vª;'kSf{kdkuqlUèkkuizf'k{k.kifj"kn~ Hkk"kkijke'kZnkrlfers%vè;{kk.kka izks- ukeojflagegksn;kuka] laLÑrikBÔiqLrdkuka eq[;ijke'kZdkukaizks- jk/koYyHkf=kikfBegkHkkxkuka] ikBÔiqLrdfuekZ.klfers% lnL;kuk×pÑrs gkfnZoQha ÑrKrka Kki;frA iqLrdL;kL; fodkls uSosQ fo'ks"kKk%vuqHkfou% f'k{kdk'p ;ksxnkua ÑroUr%] rs"kka laLFkkizeq[kku~ laLFkk'pizfr /U;oknks O;kfß;rsA

ikBÔiqLrdfodklØes mUurLrjk; fujUrja iz;Ru'khyk ifj"kfn;aiqLrdfena Nk=kk.kka Ñrs mi;qDrrja drq± fo'ks"kKS% vuqHkfofHk% vè;kidS'pizsf"krkuka lRijke'kkZuka lnSo Lokxra fo/kL;frA

Ñ".koqQekj%funs'kd%

uo nsgyh jkf"Vª;'kSf{kdkuqla/kuizf'k{k.kifj"kn~© N

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vè;{k Hkk"kk lykgdkj lfefr & ukeoj ¯lg

laLÑr ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr

eq[; ijke'kZd & jk/koYyHk f=kikBh] vè;{k] laLÑr foHkkx] gjhflagxkSj fo'ofo|ky;] lkxjA

eq[; leUo;d & jketUe 'kekZ] vè;{k] Hkk"kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-]ubZ fnYyhA

leUo;d & deykdkUr feJ] izksisQlj laLÑr] Hkk"kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-A

lnL;

jktsUnz feJ] iwoZ oqQyifr] lEiw.kkZuUn laLo`Qr fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klhA

nhfIr f=kikBh] vè;{k] laLÑr foHkkx] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyhA

txnh'k lseoky] funs'kd] oh- oh- oh- vkbZ- ,l-] ,.M vkbZ- ,l- iatkcfo'ofo|ky;] gksf'k;kjiqj] iatkcA

;ksxs Üoj nÙk 'kekZ] lsokfuo`Ùk] jhMj laLÑr] fgUnw dkyst] fnYyhfo'ofo|ky;] fnYyhA

lqjs'k pUæ 'kekZ] izkpk;Z] jktdh; ofj"B ekè;fed cky fo|ky;] 'kfDruxj] fnYyhA

NfoÑ".k vk;Z] miiz/kukpk;Z] osQUnzh; fo|ky;] lsosQ.M f'kÝV] ,.MªÔwtxat] ubZ fnYyhA

ljkst xqykVh] ih-th-Vh- laLÑr] oqQykph galjkt ekWMy LowQy] v'kksdfogkj] isQt&III] fnYyhA

ih- ,u- >k] ih- th- Vh- laLÑr] jktdh; ofj"B ekè;fed ckyfo|ky;] vkn'kZ uxj] fnYyhA

vfurk 'kekZ] ih- th- Vh- laLÑr] foosdkuUn ifCyd LowQy] vkuUnfogkj] fnYyhA

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vkHkkj

jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ mu lHkh fo"k;&fo'ks"kKksa]f'k{kdksa ,oa foHkkxh; lnL;ksa osQ izfr ÑrKrk Kkfir djrh gS ftUgksausbl iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa viuk lfØ; ;ksxnku fn;k gSA

ifj"kn~ izks- osQ'kopUnz nk'k] gksuk- osÄïVs'k 'kekZ (ekfLr osÄïVs'kvÕ;Äõkj osQ lqCc..k osQ laLÑr vuqoknd) izHkfr vk/qfud lkfgR;dkjksadh Hkh vkHkkjh gS ftudh Ñfr;ksa ls izLrqr iqLrd esa ikB~; lkexzhladfyr dh xbZ gSA

iqLrd dh ;kstuk&fuekZ.k ls ysdj izdk'ku i;ZUr fofo/ dk;ks±esa ;Fkkle; lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkus osQ fy, laLÑr ikB~;iqLrd lfefrosQ leUo;d o muosQ foHkkxh; lg;ksxh Ñ".k pUnz f=kikBh] izokpd]j.kftr csgsjk] izoDrk rFkk n;k'kadj frokjh] izkstsDV ,lksfl,V lk/qoknosQ ik=k gSaA izdk'ku dk;Z esa lfØ; lg;ksx osQ fy, Hkk"kk foHkkxdEI;wVj LVs'ku osQ bUpktZ ij'kjke dkSf'kd] foHkwfr ukFk >k] oqQ- o#.kkfeÙky] lrh'k >k (dkWih ,MhVj)] Jh jkt eÄõy ;kno] oqQ- ehuk(izwiQ jhMj) ,oa deys'k vk;kZ (Mh-Vh-ih- vkWijsVj) /U;okn osQ ik=k gSaA

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Hkwfedk

laLÑr fo'o dh izkphure Hkk"kk gS] ,slk ik'pkR; ,oa ikSjLR; lHkhfo}ku~ ekurs gSaA LoxhZ; ckyxaxk/j fryd us ½Xosn dh eS=kk;.kh&lafgrkesa of.kZr olUr&lEikr dh T;ksfr"kh; x.kuk dh vkSj ;g fl¼ fd;kfd bZlk ls yxHkx 6500 o"kZ iwoZ ,slh [kxksyh; fLFkfr jgh gksxhA

teZuh osQ iz[;kr T;ksfrfoZn~ gjeu tSdksch us Hkh 'kriFk czkã.kesa of.kZr ÑfÙkdk u{k=kksa dh fLFkfr dk vè;;u dj] mls bZlk ls 4500o"kZ izkphu fl¼ fd;k FkkA rqfoZQLrku esa fLFkr cksxktdksbZ Vhys dh[kqnkbZ esa izkIr] oSfnd nsoksa (bUnz] fe=k] o#.k rFkk uklR;) osQ dhfyrukek{kj ls ;qÙkQ f'kykiêð dk vè;;u dj psdksLykokfoQ;k osQ izkxfo'ofo|ky; osQ egku~ iqjkrÙofon~ izks- ßkTuh us Hkh viuh fjiksVZ esa;g er O;ÙkQ fd;k Fkk fd bZlk ls izk;% nks gtkj o"kZ iwoZ ,f'k;kekbuj {ks=k esa oSfnd laLÑfr vkSj laLÑr Hkk"kk fo|eku FkhA

bl izdkj fryd] tSdksch rFkk izks- ßkTuh osQ izek.k fl¼ djrs gSafd laLÑr Hkk"kk rFkk mldk okÄ~e; bZ-iw- NBh lglzkCnh dh lhekjs[kkdk Li'kZ djrk gSA

laLÑr okÄ~e; dk fodkl osn] osnkÄõ] vk"kZdkO; (jkek;.k rFkkegkHkkjr) iqjk.k rFkk vfHktkr&lkfgR; osQ Øe ls gqvk gSA blh osQlkFk ikfy rFkk izkÑr Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh fodflr gksrh jgh gSaA bZlk dh izFke'krh ls pkSFkh 'krh osQ eè; laLÑr Hkk"kk lkglh ,oa LoIun'khZ(egÙokdka{kh) Hkkjrh; jktoqQekjksa rFkk muosQ fu"Bkoku~ vekR;ksa ,oaiqjksfgrksa osQ lkFk iz'kkUr egklkxjh; }hi&lewgksa esa Hkh ig¡qph rFkk mu}hiksa dh cksfy;ksa osQ lkFk lefUor gksdj mRÑ"V lkfgR; dh Hkk"kkcuhA lqo.kZ}hi (tkok rFkk ckyh)] pEik (fo;ruke)] dEcqt (dEcksfM;k)]dVkg }hi (osQM~Mkg] eysf'k;k)] ';ke (FkkbZyS.M) rFkk lqo.kZHkwfe

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viii

(E;kekj) vkfn }hiksa esa vkt Hkh laLÑr vFkok laLÑrcgqy mu }hiksadh LFkkuh; Hkk"kkvksa esa vikj ewY;oku~ lkfgR; lqjf{kr feyrk gSA

oSfnd&lkfgR; lokZf/d izkphu ekuk tkrk gS tks eU=kkRed gSA ;seU=k eq[;r% rhu izdkj osQ gSa & ½d~] ;tq"k~ rFkk lkeu~A ftu eU=kksa esansoLrqfr;k¡ ladfyr gSa os ½d~ dgs tkrs gSaA bu ½pkvksa dk osn gh½Xosn dgk tkrk gSA bl osn esa 10 e.My 85 vuqoko~Q rFkk 10580½pk;sa gSaA ;K&;kx dh izfØ;k ftuesa crkbZ xbZ gS os eU=k ;tq"k~ dgstkrs gSa vkSj ;ktq"k~ eU=kksa dk laxzg ;tqosZn osQ uke ls fo[;kr gSA lkedk vFkZ gS & nsorkvksa dks (laxhrkRed ek/qjh ls) izlUu djus okyseU=k&lke;fr izh.k;fr nsoku~ bfr lke A bUgha lkeeU=kksa dk laxzglkeosn gSA

dkykUrj esa egf"kZ vFkokZ ,oa vafxjk us ,sls vof'k"V eU=kksa dkHkh ,d i`Fko~Q ladyu rS;kj fd;k ftuesa vusd yksdksi;ksxh fo"k;ksa dkizfriknu Fkk tSls&HkS"kT;] fo"kkigkj] iz'kklu] vkfHkpkfjd deZ vkfnA;g osn vius ladyf;rk osQ gh uke ij vFkoZosn] vkFkoZ.k&lafgrkvFkok vFkokZfÄõjl lafgrk osQ uke ls fo[;kr gqvkA

bl izdkj osn dks ^=k;h* vFkok osnprq"V;h osQ :i esa izflf¼izkIr gSA osnksa dh Hkk"kk vR;Ur jgL;e; gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fofHkUulEiznk;ksa rFkk n`f"V;ksa okys vkpk;ks± us osneU=kksa dk LokHkh"V vFkZ fd;kgSA ;fn vkpk;Z lk;.k dh n`f"V bfrgklijd gS rks Lokeh n;kuUn dhbfrgklkHkkokRedA blh izdkj oqQN vkpk;Z uS#ÙkQ n`f"V osQ iks"kd gSa rksoqQN izrhdkRed n`f"V osQA

tks Hkh gks] ijUrq blesa dksbZ la'k; ugha fd osn leLr fo|kvksa dkewyÏksr gSA izR;{k ,oa vuqeku izek.kksa ls Hkh dFkefi fl¼ u gksus okysrF;ksa dh Hkh flf¼ osn ls gh laHko gS&

izR;{ks.kk¿uqfeR;k ok ;Lrwik;ks u cqè;rsA,ua fonfUr osnsu rLekn~ osnL; osnrkAA

oSfnd dfork dk Loj fo'oeaxykRed gSA lkaeuL;lwDr esavR;Ur ljl yksdrkaf=kd Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gSA ½f"k ;g

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ix

ladYi O;ÙkQ djrk gS fd ge ,d lkFk pysa] ,d tSlh ok.kh cksyas],d tSlk fpUru djsa!

lÄõPNèoa laonèoa la oks eukafl tkurke~Ansok Hkkxa ;Fkk iwosZ latkukuk miklrsAA

oSfnd ½f"k leLr bfUnz;ksa dh v{kr lkeF;Z osQ lkFk lkS o"kZthus dh vkdka{kk O;Dr djrk gS rFkk nsorkvksa ls izkFkZuk djrk gS fdos mlosQ vk;q"; dks eè;ekxZ esa gh [kf.Mr u djsaA

'krfeUuq 'kjnks vfUr nsok;=kk u'pØk tjla ruwuke~Aiq=kklks ;=k firjks HkofUrek uks eè;k jhfj"kr vk;qxZUrks%AA

blh izdkj vHk;lwÙkQ essa gesa lEiw.kZ lalkj ls fuHkZ; jgus dklans'k fn;k x;k gSA lkjs lalkj dks Lo;a ls Hkh fuHkZ; jgus dhvk'ofLr] osneU=kksa esa ckj&ckj nqgjkbZ x;h gSA ;g dgk x;k gS fd gefe=k dh n`f"V ls lEiw.kZ fo'o dks ns[ksa&

^^fe=kL; p{kq"kk leh{kkegsA**

osneU=kksa esa fo'ocU/qRo dh Hkkouk ij cy fn;k x;k gS rFkkvusdrk esa Hkh ,drk LFkkfir dh x;h gSA lEiw.kZ fo'o dks gh vk;Zcukus (laLdkjlEiUu cukus) dk n`<+ ladYi O;ÙkQ fd;k x;k gSAoLrqr% oSfnd dfork dk iQyd vR;Ur foLr`r gSA mlesa izÑfr osQu;ukfHkjke n';] ltho fcEc;kstuk;sa] dkSVqfEcd lq[kksYykl] lkekftdmRlo rFkk jk"Vªh; ;ksx&{kse lc oqQN ;Fkkolj] ;Fkkizlax of.kZr fd;kx;k gSA

ijorhZ ;qx esa LorU=k :i ls fodflr gksus okys leLr n'kZu ,oa'kkL=k osneU=kksa osQ gh xHkZ ls vaoqQfjr nh[krs gSaA ,d vksj nsoklqj&laxzkeosQ egkuk;d bUnz osQ vlqj&fojks/h j.kkfHk;kuksa esa izfrj{kkfoKku dklw{e fp=k.k feyrk gS rks nwljh vksj lw;kZ&lkse osQ fookg&izlax esafookg&laLdkj dk euksje fp=k.kA |wrdjlwÙkQ esa ;fn oSfnd;qx dh

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x

tuoknh psruk dk lkiQ&lqFkjk o.kZu gS rks okd~lwÙkQ ,oa f'koladYilwÙkQesa vkè;kfRed psrukvksa dk fp=k.kA

vFkoZosn dk i`FohlwÙkQ] bl lUnHkZ esa fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gS ftlesajk"Vªnsork dh vo/kj.kk osQ n'kZu gksrs gSaA laHkor% lEiw.kZ fo'ookÄ~e;esa ;g izkphure lUnHkZ gS ftlesa Hkwfe dks okRlY;e;h tuuh osQ :iesa izLrqr fd;k x;k gS&

^ekrk Hkwfe% iq=kks¿ga i`fFkO;k%A*

osnksa dk okÄ~e; fo'kky gSA egkHkk";dkj iratfy (bZ- iw- nwljh'krh) us vius egkHkk"; esa ½Xosn dh 21] ;tqosZn dh 101] lkeosndh 1000 rFkk vFkoZosn dh 9 'kk[kkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k] tkslEHkor% ml ;qx esa miyC/ FkhaA muosQ thoudky esa rks xk¡o&xk¡o esadkBd ,oa dkykid 'kk[kk;saa i<+kbZ tkrh Fkha (xzkes&xzkes dkBoaQdkykida izksP;rs) ijUrq dky osQ Øwj izokg rFkk fons'kh vkØe.kksa usKku&foKku dh ml foiqy jkf'k dks fou"V dj fn;kA ifj.kkeLo:ivkt ek=k 21 osn 'kk[kk;sa gh miyC/ gksrh gSaA

osnksa osQ vuUrj vk"kZdkO;ksa& jkek;.k ,oa egkHkkjr dk Øe vkrkgSA jkek;.k osQ vkfn iz.ksrk egf"kZ okYehfd gSa ftUgsa Hkkjrh; ijEijkdFkkuk;d jke dk lelkef;d Lohdkj djrh gSA ikSjkf.kd lk{;ksa osQvuqlkj dFkkuk;d jke orZeku eUoUrj osQ 24osa =ksrk ,oa }kij ;qxksa dhlfU/osyk esa mRiUu gq, FksA os v;ksè;k ujs'k n'kjFk osQ iq=k] jktf"kZfonsg tud osQ tkekrk rFkk Hkwfeiq=kh lhrk osQ ifr FksA mUgas e;kZnkiq#"kksÙke dgk x;k gS D;ksafd muosQ pfj=k esa leLr lkekftd lEcUèkksadh vfUofr ,oa pfjrkFkZrk ifjiw.kZ e;kZnk osQ lkFk nh[krh gSA

jkek;.k esa oqQy N% dk.M rFkk 24000 'yksd gSaA lkrok¡mÙkjdk.M] dFkk dh ,drk dh n`f"V ls fo Üak`[kfyr&lk gS] vr,oizf{kIr Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA jkek;.k esa incU/ dh e×tqyrk osQ lkFkvfHktkr laLÑr dfork dk vusdfo/ lkfgfR;d lkSUn;Z fn[kk;h iM+rkgSA bl dkO; esa iz;qÙkQ Hkk"kk lkyadkj rks gS ijUrq vyadkjksa osQ nqoZg Hkkjls cksf>y ugha gSA Hkk"kk esa Hkkolaosnuk dh xgjkbZ ns[krs gh curh gSA

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xi

ykfyek ls vksrizksr lUè;k rFkk izdk'keku fnol ijLij vkeus&lkeusgSa (uk;d&ukf;dk dh rjg) ijUrq fo/krk dh xfr dk D;k dguk\nksuksa fiQj Hkh fey ugha ikrs! fnu osQ tkus osQ ckn gh lUè;k mrj ikrhgS! bl izkÑfrd n`'; osQ lgkjs uk;d&ukf;dk osQ iw.kZlEHko feyu dksHkh fof?ur fn[kk dj dfo HkforO;rk dk izkcY; vR;Ur vkyadkfjd<ax ls fl¼ djrk gSA

vuqjkxorh lUè;k fnolLrRiqjLlj%Avgks nSoxfr% dhn`o~Q rFkkfi u lekxe%AA

izkph fn'kk esa mfnr gksrs pUnz dk o.kZu rks vius ltho fcEcksa osQdkj.k vR;Ur deuh; izrhr gksrk gS &

galks ;Fkk jktri×tjLFk%flagks ;Fkk eUnjdUnjLFk%Aohjks ;Fkk xfoZroqQ×tjLFk&'pUnzks¿fi cHkzkt rFkk¿EcjLFk%AA

jkedFkk&uk;d jke dk pfj=k vius vuqdj.kh; vkn'kks± osQdkj.k lEiw.kZ fo'o esa O;kIr gks x;kA jke ekr`fir`HkDr] cU/qfu"B]'kj.kkxroRly] lR;oko~Q] egkohj] vkrZj{kd] /eZikyd] ½rlR; osQj{kd] nq"Vlagkjd rFkk lokZuqxzgh egkekuo gSaA muosQ bl yksdoU| :idks lSdM+ksa Hkkjrh; ,oa fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa osQ dfo;ksa us iwjh fu"Bk osQ lkFkof.kZr fd;kA Jhyadk esa jkeosQfÙk] FkkbZyS.M esa jkefd;su] ykvksl esaiQkW ykWd&iQkW ykWe~ (fiz; y{e.k fiz; jke)] eysf'k;k esa fgdk;regkjktk jke rFkk tkok&ckyh esa jkek;.kddfou~ osQ uke ls jkedFkkdh jpuk gqbZ tks vkt Hkh mu }hiksa dh /kfeZd] lkekftd ,oavkè;kfRed psruk dk ewyk/kj gSA

egkHkkjr Hkxoku~ Ñ".k}Sik;u O;kl dh Ñfr gS tks osnlafgrk osQf=k/k O;oLFkkid ,oa iqjk.kksa osQ Hkh jpukdkj ekus tkrs gSaA lkS y?kqioks±rFkk 18 cM+s ioks± esa foHkÙkQ izk;% y{k 'yksdkRed ;g fo'kkyxzUFkHkkjrh; bfrgkl dk izkekf.kd Ïksr rks gS gh] /eZ] n'kZu] vè;kRe]

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xii

Hkwxksy] [kxksy] T;kSfr"k] rU=k] xf.kr] 'kkfygks=k] xtfo|k] vkys[;]jRufoKku] 'koqQufoKku rFkk leLr yksdijEijkvksa dh O;k[;k djusokyk izkekf.kd nLrkost Hkh gSA blhfy;s egkHkkjr dh iz'kalk esa dgkx;k gS&

^;fngkfLr rnU;=k ;UusgkfLr u rRDofpr~A*

vFkkZr~ tks fo"k; bl xzUFk esa of.kZr gS ogh vU;=k Hkh gSA ijUrqtks ;gk¡ of.kZr ugha gS og vU;=k dgha Hkh ugha gSA

egkHkkjr esa dkSjoksa rFkk ik.Moksa] tks ewyr% ,d gh firk dhlUrku Fks] osQ /eZ;q¼ dk o.kZu gS ftlesa ek=k 18 fnuksa osQ egklaxzkeesa 18 v{kkSfg.kh lsuk u"V gks xbZA bl Hkh"k.k ;q¼ osQ ckn lEiw.kZèkfj=kh ohjksa ls fjDr&lh gks xbZA ijUrq Hkxoku~ JhÑ".k dh fu"i{keè;LFkrk osQ ckotwn] dkSjoizeq[k nq;ksZ/u osQ gB rFkk jktk èk`rjk"Vª osQfoosdghu iq=keksg osQ dkj.k] ;g egkfouk'k Vy ugha ldkA

egkHkkjr osQoy ;q¼ dh gh dFkk ugha gS izR;qr vusd fo|k'kk[kkvksadk ewy mn~xe Hkh gSA Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk] Hkh"eLrojkt rFkk fo".kqlgÏuketSls ijyksdflf¼&izo.k xzUFkjRu Hkh egkHkkjr osQ gh va'k gSaA /eZ osQ'kk'or ,oa fpjUru :i osQ lkFk gh lkFk ;qx/eZ ,oa vkin~/eZ dk Hkhvn~Hkqr fp=k.k egkHkkjr esa gqvk gSA ;qx/eZ vFkok vkin~/eZ dk ,dlUnHkZ gS&

;fLeu~ ;Fkk orZrs ;ks euq"; &LrfLeaLrFkk ofrZrO;a l /eZ%Aek;kpkjh ek;;k ofrZrO;%lkèokpkjLlk/quk izR;qis;%AA

iqu'pu ueZ;qDra opua fgufLru L=kh"kqq jktu~ u fookgdkysAizk.kkR;;s loZ/ukigkjsi×pke`rkU;kgqjikrdkfuAA

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lPps if.Mr dh izKk ij egkHkkjr esa bl izdkj izdk'k Mkykx;k gS&

'kksdLFkku lgÏkf.k Hk;LFkku'krkfu pAfnols fnols ew<ekfo'kfUr u if.Mre~AA

vk"kZdkO;ksa osQ lkFk gh lkFk ikSjkf.kd okÄ~e; dh Hkh izfr"Bk gqbZAHkkjrh; ijEijk esa jkek;.k vkfndkO; gS rks egkHkkjr bfrgkl rFkkiqjk.k /eZxzUFkA iqjk.kksa osQ ikB ls /eZflf¼ ekuh tkrh gS D;ksafd buesa,sfrg~;&rÙo xkS.k rFkk /eZrÙo iz/ku gSA oLrqr% iqjk.kksa dh jpuk dkewy mís'; Fkk osneU=kksa osQ xw<kfrxw< vfHkizk;ksa dh mik[;kukfn osQekè;e ls mins'kijd O;k[;k djuk&

bfrgkliqjk.kkH;ka osna leqicag;sr~AfcHksR;YiJqrkn~osnks eke;a izgfj";frAA

iqjk.kksa dh la[;k 18 gS&eRL;] ekoZQ.Ms;] Hkkxor Hkfo";] czãk.M]czã] czãoSorZ] okeu] okjkg] ok;q] fo".kq] vfXu] ukjn] iÁ] fyÄõ]x#M] owQeZ rFkk LdUniqjk.kA fuEu'yksd ls bu egkiqjk.kksa dk lkaosQfrdifjp; fey tkrk gS &

e};a Hk};a pSo cz=k;a oprq"V;e~AvukifYyÄõowQLdkfu iqjk.kkfu izp{krsAA

iqjk.kksa esa Hkkjr jk"Vª dh v[k.Mrk vkSj ,drk dk fu:i.k cgqrizHkko'kkyh :i esa ckj&ckj fd;k x;k gS rFkk Hkkjr dh lUrfr;ksa esa,drk dk lUns'k fn;k x;k gSA oqQN mnkgj.k ns[ksa&

mÙkja ;RleqnzL; fgeknzs'pSo nf{k.ke~Ao"k± rn~ Hkkjra uke Hkkjrh ;=k lUrfr%AA (fo".kqiqjk.k 2@3@1)

leqnz ls tks mÙkjfn'kk esa gS vkSj fgeky; ls nf{k.kfn'kk esa gS] mlns'k dk uke Hkkjr gS_ vkSj ogk¡ osQ yksxksa dks Hkkjrh (Hkkjrh;) dgrs gSaA

vËkfi Hkkjra Js"Ba tEcw}his egkequsA;rksfg deZHkwjs"kk rrks¿U;k HkksxHkwe;%AA (fo".kqiqjk.k 2@3@22)

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gs egkequs! bl (loZJs"B) tEcw}hi esa Hkh Hkkjro"kZ loZJs"B gSAD;ksafd ;g deZHkwfe gSA blosQ vfrfjDr lHkh (ns'k) Hkksx&Hkwfe;k¡ gSaA

xk;fUr nsok% fdy xhrdkfu/U;kLrq rs HkkjrHkwfeHkkxsALoxkZioxkZLinekxZHkwrsHkofUr Hkw;% iq#"kk% lqjRokr~AA (fo".kqiqjk.k 2@3@24)

;g lp gS fd nsork (bl vk'k; osQ) xhr xk;k djrs gSa fd osHkkX;'kkyh gSa tks LoxZ vkSj eks{k dk ekxZ cus gq, Hkkjrns'k esa] viusnsoRo dh lekfIr ij iqu% euq"; cudj tUe ysrs gSaA

ikSjkf.kd dfork dk lkfgfR;d lkSUn;Z foy{k.k gSA Hkkxor iqjk.kdk os.kqxhr] xksihxhr] Hkzejxhr] ,syxhr] #nzxhr vkfn lUnHkZ rksmRÑ"V dkO; osQ mnkgj.k gSaA Ñ".k osQ fojg esa lUrIr mudhjktefgf"k;ksa dh oqQjjh i{kh osQ izfr vfHkO;Dr] ;g vU;kins'kijdmfDr yfyr vfHktkr dfork dk :i izLrqr djrh gS&

oqQjfj foyifl] Roa ohrfunzk u 'ks"ksLofifr txfr jk=;ke'ojks xqIrcks/%Ao;feo lf[k! fdf×pn~xk<fufHkZUupsrkufyuu;ugklksnkjyhysf{krsuAA (Hkkxor- 20-90-15)

Jhen~Hkkxor Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh yfyr dkO;kRed vfHkO;fDr dhn`f"V ls Hkh vuqie gSA gekjs ½f"k;ksa dh ok.kh esa lkekftd lerk vkSjleku forj.k dh O;oLFkk dk fl¼kUr Hkh ;gk¡ bl izdkj O;Dr gqvk gS&

;kon~ fHkz;sr tBja rkor~ LoRoa fg nsfguke~Avf/oaQ ;ks¿fHkeU;sr lLrsuks n.MegZfrAA

oLrqr% jkek;.k&egkHkkjr (vk"kZdkO;) rFkk iqjk.kksa dh Hkk"kkoSfndHkk"kk ,oa yksdHkk"kk (ikf.kuh; laLÑr) osQ eè;orhZ lfU/&dky dh lwpd gSA osnHkk"kk dh jgL;e;rk] cg~oFkZdrk rFkk :ikRedf'kfFkyrkvksa us r|qxhu oS;kdj.kksa dks Hkk"kk:i fLFkj djus dh izsj.kk

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nhA vkfi'kfy] dk'kÑRLu] Hkkxqfj] LiQksVk;u rFkk 'kkdY;kfn vusdegf"kZ bl dk;Z esa yxs Fks ijUrq Hkk"kkifjektZu dk ;g y{; iw.kZ gqvkegf"kZ ikf.fu (bZ- iw- lkroha 'krh) dh v"Vkè;k;h dh jpuk osQ lkFkAek=k pkj gtkj lw=kksa esa ikf.kfu us fo'o dh fo'kkyre Hkk"kk dk Lo:ilnk osQ fy, fLFkj dj fn;kA bl ubZ Hkk"kk dks fo}kuksa us laLÑr dgkAvkpk;Z n.Mh us Hkh blh uke dh iqf"V dh&

laLÑra uke nSoh okxUok[;krk egf"kZfHk%A

egf"kZ ikf.kfu Lo;eso mn~HkV oS;kdj.k gksus osQ lkFk gh lkFkjlfl¼ dfo Hkh FksA mUgksaus tkEcorhfot; uked yfyr egkdkO;dk iz.k;u fd;k ftlls vusd m¼`r i| xzUFkksa es ;=k&r=k feyrs gSaAo"kkZ dk rks foy{k.k o.kZu djrs gSa ikf.kfu! dkyh jkr Ñ".kk xk; gSvkSj pUnzek mldk cNM+k] tks cknyksa osQ ou esa dgha [kks x;k gSA cPpsdks u ns[k ikus osQ dkj.k oRlyk xk; ?kuxtZu osQ cgkus j¡Hkk&j¡Hkk djmls cqyk jgh gSA

xrs¿/Zjk=kss ifjeUneUnaxtZfUr ;Rizko`f"k dkyes?kk%Avi';rh oRlfeosUnqfcEcarPNcZjh xkSfjo gqÄïjksfrAA

oj#fp (dkR;k;u) v"Vkè;k;h osQ okfrZddkj gSa ftudk le;bZ- iw- pkSFkh 'krh gSSA rRiz.khr LoxkZZjksg.k rFkk O;kfM&iz.khr y{k'yksdkRedlaxzgxzUFk dk mYys[k Hkh ikr×ty egkHkk"; esa gSA oklonÙkk] HkSejFkhrFkk lqeuksÙkjk uked o`Qfr;ksa dk Hkh mYys[k egf"kZ ir×tfy djrs gSaAbl izdkj ykSfdd laLÑr dfork dh ,d vfofPNUu ijEijk gesaekS;Z;qx rd fodflr nh[krh gSA

blosQ vuUrj gh vfHktkr&laLÑr okÄ~e; (Classical SanskritLiterature) dk vH;qn;&dky vkrk gS ftlosQ izorZd uk;d eq[;r%dfooqQyxq# dkfynkl gSaA oLrqr% dkfynkl iz.khr okÄ~e; gh ijorhZlaLÑr dkO;'kkL=k (Sanskrit Rhetorics) dh ltZuk dk ewyk/kj

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cukA dkO;'kkfL=k;ksa us cU/ vFkok jpuk dh n`f"V ls lkfgR; dks f=kèkkO;ofLFkr fd;k – i|] x| rFkk feJ vFkok pEiwdkO;!

dkO;kuUn dh xzkárk osQ vk/kj ij Hkh lkfgR; dks nks :iksa esaO;ofLFkr fd;k x;k&JO;dkO; ,oa n`';dkO;A i|] x| rFkk pEiwvkfn JO;dkO; osQ vUrxZr vkrs gSa D;kasfd mudk vkuUn eq[;r%Jo.ksfUnz;&xzká gksrk gSA nl izdkj osQ :id rFkk 18 izdkj osQmi:id] ftls vfHkus;] :i vFkok :id Hkh dgrs gSa&n`'; osQvUrxZr vkrs gSa D;kasfd budk vkuUn eq[;r% n'kZusfUnz; (us=k) xzkágksrk gSA :id nl izdkj osQ gksrs gSa &

ukVdeFk izdj.ka Hkk.kO;k;ksxleodkjfMek%AbZgkexkÄïohF;% izglufefr :idkf.k n'kAA

lefUor :i ls fopkj djus ij dkfynklksÙkj laLÑr&lkfgR;pkj izeq[k :iksa esa foHkDr nh[krk gS &

1- i| dkO; (egkdkO;] [k.MdkO; vkfn)2- x| dkO; (dFkk ,oa vk[;kf;dk vkfn)3- pEiw dkO; (x|&i|fefJr Ñfr;k¡)4- n'k:id (lEiw.kZ ukV~;okÄ~e;)dkfynkl;qx (bZ- iw- izFke 'krh) ls ysdj if.Mrjkt txUukFk

(17 oha 'krh bZ-) rd] vFkok ;g dgk tk; fd rc ls vkt rd laLÑrlkfgR; dh pkjksa /kjk;sa vfofPNÂ xfr ls fodflr gksrh jgh gSaA

i|okÄ~e; esa eq[;r%] eqÙkQd&;qXed&lUnkfurd&dykid ,oaoqQyd osQ vuUrj] egkdkO;&[k.MdkO; vkrs gSaA dkfynkl dkslqoqQekjekxhZ dfo ekuk x;k gSA bl 'kSyh dh dfork esa Hkko&laosnukdh iz/kurk rFkk Hkk"kk&lTtk dh xkS.krk jgrh gSA dkfynkl bl dykesa fu".kkr dfo gSaA mUgkasus O;×tuko`fÙk osQ lgkjs vYikYi 'kCnksa lsfoiqy vFkZ dk izdk'ku fd;k gSA bl izdkj dh dfork vR;UreeZLi'khZ gksrh gSA ,d mnkgj.k nz"VO; gS&

jE;kf.k oh{; e/qjka'p fu'kE; 'kCnku~i;ZqRlqdhHkofr ;Rlqf[krks¿fi tUrq%A

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rPpsrlk Lejfr uwuecks/iwo±HkkofLFkjkf.k tuukUrjlkSânkfuAA

bl dfork esa dfo us euq"; osQ eu dh vR;Ur lw{e euksoSKkfudO;k[;k dh gSA oSHko&mYykl osQ okrkoj.k esa vkneh dk cq>k&cq>k&lkjguk] nq%[koknh cuk jguk fu'p; gh mlosQ iwoZtUe osQ fulxZ dks?kksf"kr djrk gSA

dkfynkl us nks egkdkO; oqQekjlEHkoe~ rFkk j?kqoa'ke~] rhuukVd&ekyfodkfXufe=ke~] foØeksoZ'kh;e~] vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~ rFkk nks[k.MdkO;&½rqlagkje~ ,oa es?knwre~ dk iz.k;u fd;kA dkfynkl;qxhuvU; dfo;ksa esa izeq[k gSa& v'o?kks"k] vfHkuUn] oqQekjnkl] HkrZes.B]ekr`nÙk vkfnA

NBh 'krh bZ- esa fo|eku egkdfo Hkkjfo osQ lkFk vyadkjekxhZlaLÑrdfork dk izkjaHk gqvk ftldk míss'; Fkk vyadkjksa ,oa fp=kcUèkksa}kjkA dkO; osQ Hkk"kki{k dk ;FkklaHko iks"k.k jkek;.k] egkHkkjr rFkkiqjk.kksa osQ vR;Ur laf{kIr dFkklw=kksa dks ysdj] dykRed foLrkj osQlkFk fo'kky egkdkO;ksa dh ltZuk dk nkSj izkjaHk gqvkA Hkkjfo&iz.khrfdjkrtqZuh;e~] ek?k&iz.khr f'k'kqikyo/e~] jRukdjÑr gjfot;e~] Jhg"kZÑruS"k/h;pfjre~] dfojktÑr jk?koik.Moh;e~ vkfn Ñfr;k¡ vyadkjekxhZdkO;'kSyh ls gh tqM+h gSaA

x|jpuk esa dFkk ,oa vk[;kf;dk dks fo'ks"k dhfrZ feyhA dFkkdYiukfJr gksrh gS rFkk vk[;kf;dk bfrgklkfJrA n.MhÑrn'koqQekjpfjre~ rFkk vofUrlqUnjhdFkk] lqcU/qiz.khr oklonÙkk]ck.kHkêðiz.khr dknEcjh] /uikyiz.khr frydeatjh] lksM~<yÑrmn;lqUnjhdFkk laLÑr dh x|kRed dFkkÑfr;k¡ gSaA blh izdkj ck.kHkêðÑrg"kZpfjre~] okeuHkêðck.kÑr oseHkwikypfjre~ rFkk vfEcdknÙkO;klÑrf'kojktfot;e~ izeq[k vk[;kf;dk;sa gSaA dFkkÑfr;ksa esa dfo;ksa us vius;qx osQ lekt dks cM+h bZekunkjh osQ lkFk izfrfcfEcr fd;k gSA

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ck.kHkêð bu x|dkjksa esa f'kjksjRu gSaA mUgksaus vfHkizk;ksa dh uwrurk]mRÑ"V i|cU/ dk vknku] dksey'ys"k] LiqQV jlizrhfr rFkk funksZ"kincU/ (Hkk"kk) dks ghs viuh x|'kSyh dk vkn'kZ fuf'pr fd;k&

uoks¿FkksZ tkfrjxzkE;k 'ys"kks¿fDy"V% LiqQVks jl%AfodVk{kjcU/'p ÑRLuesd=k nq"dje~AA

bu vkn'kks± osQ ikyu ls ck.k us vizfre x| dh jpuk dh ftlosQdkj.k mUgsa v{k; dhfrZ feyh & ck.kksfPN"Va txRloZe~A

i| ,oa x| osQ vuUrj ukV~;okÄ~e; dk Øe vkrk gSA oLrqr%lewph dkO;ijEijk esa ukV~; dks fof'k"V ekuk x;k &

dkO;s"kq ukVda jE;e~A

ukV~; vFkok ukVd dh jE;rk dk dkj.k gS mlosQ }kjk nks&nksbfUnz;ksa (Jo.ksfUnz; ,oa n'kZusfUnz;) dk ;qxir~ vklspuA ukVd esa ;gdk;Z laHko gksrk gS vfHku; osQ ekè;e lsA dkfynkl dh ukV~;Ñfr;k¡laLÑr ukV~;okÄ~e; dk loZLo gSaA fo'ks"kr% mudh vej ukV~;o`QfrvfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~! ik=kksa osQ pfj=kfp=k.k] e;kZnk fuoZg.k (PoeticJustice) ukVdh;&eksM+ks dh lf"V] (Poetic Situations) esa dkfynklvizfre gSaA mudh ukV~;Hkk"kk Hkh ek/q;Z] izlkn rFkk ykfyR; xq.kksa lslEiUu gSA

dkfynkl osQ ckn v'o?kks"k] fo'kk[knÙk] fnÄ~ukx] Hkêðukjk;.k]HkoHkwfr] g"kZ vkfn dk uke laLo`Qr ukV~;lkfgR; esa mYys[kuh; gSAbuesa HkoHkwfr dk uke lokZf/d izfl¼ gSA mUgksaus rhu ukVdksa dh jpukdh gS& ekyrhek/o] egkohjpfjr vkSj mÙkjjkepfjrA buesa mÙkjjkepfjrloZJs"B gSA ;g okYehfd jkek;.k osQ mÙkjdk.M dh dFkk ij vk/kfjrgSA blesa d#.k jl dh vR;Ur lqanj ,oa ekfeZd fu"ifÙk ns[kus ;ksX;gSA HkoHkwfr esa ;|fi dkfynkl dh&lh ljyrk vkSj lgtrk ugha gSfiQj Hkh ukV~;lkfgR; esa mUgsa dkfynkl osQ leku gh lEeku feyrk gSAvkn'kZ oSokfgd thou osQ fp=k.k esa HkoHkwfr ikjaxr gSaA jke vkSj lhrkosQ dksey ,oa ifo=k izse dk fp=k.k Hkh mÙkjjkepfjr dh fof'k"Vrk gSA

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laLÑr ukVdksa dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk mudk lq[kkar gksuk gSA lEiw.kZukVd esa ;|fi lq[k vkSj nq%[k dk lfEeJ.k n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gS] rks Hkhmldk var lq[kkar gh gksrk gSA lq[k osQ miiknu osQ fy, gh ukVd esanq%[k dk fu"iknu gksrk gSA blosQ ihNs Hkkjrh; fparu gh eq[; gSAizkphu Hkkjr osQ fuoklh vk'kkoknh FksA muosQ vuqlkj thou esa nq%[kdh ifj.kfr lnSo lq[k vkSj ijekuan esa gksrh gSA

laLo`Qr ukVdksa esa laokn osQ fy, izk;% x| dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSijarq jkspdrk] izÑfro.kZu] uhfrf'k{kk vkfn osQ fy, i| osQ iz;ksx dksegRo fn;k tkrk gSA laLo`Qr osQ lkFk&lkFk izkÑr Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx HkhlaLÑr ukVdksa esa feyrk gSA lHkh izdkj osQ ik=k laLo`Qr le>rs rks gSa¯drq vius&vius lkekftd Lrj osQ vuq:i laLo`Qr ;k izko`Qr cksyrsgSaA uk;d osQ fe=k osQ :i esa fonw"kd dh dYiuk laLo`Qr ukVdksa dh,d mYys[kuh; fo'ks"krk gSA bu ukVdksa esa vfHku; lacaèkh laosQr];Fkk&izdk'ke~] Loxre~] tukfUrde~] ljks"ke~] fogL; bR;kfn lw{erkosQ lkFk fn, tkrs gSaA euksjatu osQ lkFk&lkFk uSfrdrk vkSj mPpvkn'kks± dk tuekul esa lapkj djuk Hkh laLo`Qr&ukVdksa dk ,d y{;gSA ykSfdd vkSj vykSfdd lHkh izdkj osQ ik=k buesa gksrs gSaA izoQfr&o.kZulaLo`Qr&ukVdksa dh ,d cM+h fo'ks"krk gSA

izLrqr ladyu dh i`"BHkwfelaLo`Qr osQ vf[ky Hkkjrh; egÙo dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kdvuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ osQ rÙoko/ku esa ofj"B ekè;fed Lrjij osQfUnzd ikBÔozQe osQ vUrxZr oSdfYid fo"k; osQ :i esa laLo`Qri<+us okys Nk=kksa osQ fy, izLrqr ladyu dk laiknu fd;k x;k gSA

fo|ky;h; f'k{kk osQ fy, fnYyh fLFkr jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlUèkkuvkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~* (,u- lh- bZ- vkj- Vh) }kjk vk;ksftr laxks"Bh esamifLFkr vè;kidksa ,oa fo'ks"kK fo}kuksa }kjk leosr :i ls jk"Vªh;ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk&2005 ij xgu fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k x;kA bu

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y{;ksa esa lokZf/d egÙoiw.kZ gS&HkkjeqDr f'k{kkA fo}kuksa dk vuqHko gSfd ikB~;xzUFkksa osQ nq:g Hkkj ls cksf>y Nk=k] ,d fcUnq ij igq¡p djikB~;Øe dks Hkkj vuqHko djus yxrk gSA ikB~;Øeksa dh fofo/rk]cgqyrk rFkk ek=kkf/D;&rhuksa feydj Nk=k dh vè;;u& vfHk#fp dksizk;% lekIr gh dj nsrs gSaA vr% vko';d gS fd Nk=kksa dhvè;;u&vfHk#fp dks fuR; uohu cukus osQ fy, f'k{kk osQ ikB~;Øedks HkkjeqDr fd;k tk;sA

tc f'k{kk HkkjeqDr gksxh rks fu'p; gh og Lo;eso ,d^vkuUnizn vuqHkwfr* fl¼ gksxhA ;g ikB~;p;kZ&2005 dk nwljk y{;gSA vkuUn rHkh izkIr gksrk gS tc fdlh dk;Z esa m}ssx u gks] v#fp ugks] Fkdku u gksA f'k{kk osQ HkkjeqDr gksus ij ;s xq.k Lor% mn~Hkwr gksaxsvkSj rc Nk=k Lo;a vius ikB~;Øeksa esa vkÑ"V ,oa vuqjDr gksxkA blvkuUno`f¼ osQ fy, ikB~;Øe esa ,sls Kku&lUnHkks± dk lekos'k fd;ktkuk pkfg, ftuesa mnkÙk thou ewY; gksa] ?kVuk&oSfPk=; osQ lkFk ghlkFk vk/qfud tuthou dk izfrfcEc Hkh gksA

oLrqr% f'k{kk ,oa ikB~;Øe dk ;g i{k vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gSAlaLÑr dk okÄ~e; osnksa ls izkjEHk gksdj vk/qfud ;qx rd O;kIr gSAoLrqr% ;g okÄ~e; Hkkjro"kZ osQ fiNys ik¡p gtkj o"kks± dk ,d thoUrnLrkos”k gS ftlesa jk"Vª dk bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] n'kZu] laLo`Qfr] lkekftdmFky&iqFky] fuR; ifjorZu'khy tuthou&lc oqQN fo|eku gSA

,slh fLFkfr esa vko';d gS fd izkphu xzUFkksa ls ge ,sls gh va'kikB~;Øe esa lekfo"V djsa ftuesa vkt dk Hkh jk"Vªh; ,oa lkekftdifjos'k lejl gksA Jo.k oqQekj dh ekr`fir`HkfDr] gfj'pUnz dhlR;fu"Bk] okYehfd&of.kZr Írqvksa dk 'kk'or lkSUn;Z rFkk dFkklfjRlkxj]i×pra=k] fgrksins'k ,oa iq#"kijh{kk vkfn izkphu xzUFkksa dh f'k{kkizndgkfu;k¡ blh izdkj dh gSaA budk lUnHkZ lkoZdkfyd gS vr% budhlEizs"k.kh;rk Hkh tSlh dh rSlh gSA

ikB~;p;kZ dk rhljk y{; Hkh ;gh fuf'pr fd;k x;k & thouosQ ifjos'k ls f'k{kk dk ?kfUk"B laca/A bl y{; dh iwfrZ rHkh gks

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losQxh tc ladfyr ikBka'kksa ,oa vk/qfud thouifjos'k osQ chp lsrqgks] vUr%laca/ gksaA

ikB~;p;kZ dk pkSFkk y{; fuf'pr fd;k x;k & f'k{kk dhxq.koÙkk esa lq/kjA bl y{; dh iwfrZ osQ fy, gesa ;g è;ku j[kuk gksxkfd gekjh ikB~;iqLrosQa loZFkk fujo| gksa] fookneqDr gksaA ladfyr ikBjk"Vªh; vkn'kks± rFkk laoS/kfud ekU;rkvksa osQ loZFkk vuqowQy gksaA iqjkuhikB~;iqLrdksa esa izk;% ewyikB dh j{kk* osQ yksHko'k mi;qZDr rF;ksa dhmis{kk dh xbZ gSA ijUrq vkt dk Hkkjrh; lekt vR;Ur laosnu'khy gSAvr% ;g è;ku j[kk gh tkuk pkfg, fd fdlh Hkh ladfyr va'k lslekt osQ fdlh Hkh oxZ dh Hkkouk vkgr u gksA ikBksa ls loZèkeZ&leHkko]loksZn; rFkk lkekftd lekurk vkfn dk leFkZu gksuk pkfg;sA fdlhHkh oxZ] tkfr] leqnk; vFkok izo`fÙk dh voekuuk ugha gksuh pkfg;svkSj u gh fdlh osQ izfr izR;{k vFkok ijks{kjhfr ls dksbZ vk{ksi gksukpkfg,A ikB~;p;kZ dk vfUre y{; vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gS] fo'ks"kdjlaLo`Qr ikB~;Øe osQ lUnHkZ esa! ;g y{; gS& Nk=kksa dks fpUru osQ fy,izsfjr djukA ikB~;Øe ,slk cuk;k tkuk pkfg, tks Nk=kksa dks Lo;aLiwQrZ cuk losQA izk;% f'k{kd Nk=kksa dks fu#ik;* cukrk gS ;g dgdjfd ^d.BLFk djus osQ vfrfjDr vkSj dksbZ mik; ugha*A

'kCn:i ,oa /krq:i d.BLFk djrs&djrs vf/dka'k Nk=k fujk'k]oqQf.Br ,oa grizHk gksdj laLo`Qrkè;;u ls fojr gks tkrs gSaA Nk=kksa esa,d Hkze lk O;kIr gks tkrk gS fd laLo`Qr esa lc oqQN jVus ls gh fl¼gksxkA tcfd ,slk drbZ ugha gSA dkSu ,slh Hkk"kk gS ftlesa Nk=kegÙoiw.kZ va'kksa dks d.BLFk ugha djrk\ fo|k dk d.BLFk gksuk rksiz'kaluh; ckr gS] bldh fuUnk oSQlh\

ijUrq laLÑr Hkk"kk esa izoh.k gksus osQ fy, lc oqQN jV Mkyus dhdksbZ vko';drk ughaA vko';drk gS rks osQoy bl ckr dh fd Nk=kloZ=k ^vè;kidkfJr* gh u gksA og Lo;a Hkh oqQN lkspuk fopkjukvFkok djuk lh[ksA fdlh ikB dks i<+dj og bruk leFkZ gks tk; fd

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ikBkfJr y?kqiz'uksa dk mÙkj ns losQ] fdlh va'k dk vk'k; crk losQ]fjDr LFkkuksa dh ikB~;ka'k osQ vk/kj ij iwfrZ dj losQ] izo`Qfr&izR;;dk leqfpr esyu dj losQ rFkk ;ksX;rk&foLrkj osQ vU;kU; ekudksadks Hkh vkRelkr~ dj losQA

fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd laLo`Qrkè;k;h Nk=k dk laLo`Qr osQ lkFkuhj&{khj lEcU/ gksuk pkfg, u fd fry&r.Mqyor~ lal`f"V! ;fn Nk=k^laLo`Qre;* ugha gqvk] mldh laLo`Qr le>us] fy[kus] cksyus dh{kerk fodflr ugha gks ikbZ rks fiQj laLo`Qr i<+us dk ykHk D;k gqvk\;g lc laHko gS ikB~;p;kZ osQ mi;qZDr y{;ksa dks viukus lsA

mi;qZDr y{;ksa dks pfjrkFkZ ,oa vuqiz;qDr djus dh n`f"V ls gh^uohu ikB~;Øe* dh ladYiuk dh xbZ rFkk u;s ekun.Mksa osQ vkèkkjij NBh] uoha] rFkk X;kjgoha d{kk osQ Nk=kksa osQ fy, ubZ ikB~;iqLrdksadk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA bu iqLrdksa dk izeq[k oSf'k"V~; gS&

d & izkphu xzUFkka'kksa osQ lkFk gh lkFk vk/qfud laLo`Qr jpukvksadk Hkh lekos'kA

[k & vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ lkfgR; dh fofo/ vuwfnr(laLo`Qr) jpukvksa dk Hkh ikB~;Øe esa lekos'kA

x & ikB~;p;kZ osQ fofo/ y{;ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq u;s vH;kliz'uksa]fVIif.k;ksa ,oa ;ksX;rk foLrkj&mik;ksa dk lekos'kA

?k & f'k{k.k&laosQrksa dk funZs'kA

ikB~;p;kZ osQ y{;ksa dks n`f"V esa j[kdj lq/h izkè;kidksa ,oafo"k;&fo'ks"kKksa osQ leosr iz;kl ls fufeZr izLrqr ikB~;iqLrd fu'p;gh laLo`Qrkè;;u osQ {ks=k esa ,d 'kqHkkjaHk gSA ;g ikB~;ØelaLo`Qrk/hrh Nk=kksa esa mu xq.kksa dks fodflr djsxk tks ikB~;p;kZ osQy{;:i esa foU;Lr fd;s x;s gSaA

izLrqr ladyu esa eÄõykpj.k osQ vfrfjÙkQ oqQy nl ikB ladfyrgSA eÄõykpj.k osQ izFke eU=k esa lewph l`f"V dh bZ'oje;rk dkizfriknu djrs gq,] R;kx osQ ekè;e ls gh Hkksx dk mins'k fn;k x;k

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gSA nwljk eÄõykRed eU=k ÍXosn osQ n'ke e.My esa fo|eku lkSeuL;lwDr ls vkg`r gS ftlesa yksdrU=kkRed psruk dh O;k[;k djrs gq,crk;k x;k gS fd gekjk eU=k (fopkj)] eu (ladYi) rFkk lfefr(fu.kZ;) leku gksuk pkfg,] D;ksafd fopkjksa dh ,drk] Hkksxksa dhlekurk rFkk lejlrk esa gh okLrfod lq[k gSA eÄõy&ijEijk osQ vUresa 'kkfUrikB izLrqr gS tks ;tqosZn osQ 36osa vè;k; ls x`ghr gSA blesa|qyksd] vUrfj{k] i`Foh] vks"kf/] ouLifr] fo'osnso rFkk loZO;kidczã dh 'kkfUr (vkuqowQY;) dh dkeuk dh xbZ gSA

izFke ikB oqQ'kyiz'kklue~ okYehfdjkek;.k osQ v;ksè;kdk.MosQ lkSosa lxZZ ls ladfyr gSA bl ikB esa LiQfVdfueZy Hkzkr`Lusg osQlkFk iz'kklfud fl¼karksa dk Hkh lqUnj fun'kZu gSA jkeouxeu lslUrIr Hkjr tc] i'pkÙkki&fo/qj Hkko ls mUgsa eukus osQ fy, iqj&ifjtulfgr fp=kowQV ig¡qprs gSa rks mnkjg`n; jk?ko mUgsa nkSM+dj Nkrh ls yxkysrs gSaA jke lR;osÙkk gSa] cU/qiz.k;h gSa rFkk ijfpÙkK gSaA os tkurs gSa fdmuosQ oukxeu izdj.k esa fu'Ny Hkjr dh dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha gSAiQyr% os HkkbZ Hkjr dks lUrIr ns[k Lo;a Hkh VwV&fc[kj tkrs gSa fiQjHkh foo.kZonu èkwfyèkwlfjr] o`Q'kdk; cU/qjRu Hkjr dks lkURouk nssrs gSaaAos Hkjr osQ oqQ'ky&iz'u osQ ekè;e ls vkn'kZ iz'kklu dh uhfr;ksa dksmiLFkkfir djrs gSaaA

oqQ'kyiz'u esa e;kZnkiq#"kksÙke jke dk fojkV~ O;fÙkQRo vfHkO;ÙkQgksrk gSA og ftrsfUnz;] oqQyhu] 'kwj] Jqroku rFkk o'kaon vkekR;ksa osQfo"k; esa] rFkk Lo;a Hkjr dh nSufUnu o`fÙk;ksa osQ fo"k; esa iwNrs gSaAoLrqr% jke }kjk iwNs x, oqQ'ky&{kse lekpkjksa esa gh vkn'kZekuothou&p;kZ izfrfcfEcr gSA

f}rh; ikB lkSo.kksZ uoqQy% egf"kZ O;kl&iz.khr 'krlkgÏh lafgrkegkHkkjr osQ vk'oesf/d ioZ (vè;k; 92&93) ls ladfyr fd;kx;k gSA bl ikB esa ,s'o;Z&oSHko dh rqqyuk esa fujgadkj&fujfHkekunSU;o`fÙk osQ egRo dks js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA

egkHkkjr&;q¼ esa fot;Jh izkIr djus osQ ckn egkjkt ;qfèkf"Bj

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v'oes/ & ;K lEiUu djrs gSaA ;K dh lekfIr gksus ij ,d uoqQy]ftldk vk/k 'kjhj lqo.kZe; Fkk] ;KHkwfe esa vkdj yksVus yxrk gSrFkk ekuook.kh esa ÍfRotksa ls dgus yxrk gS fd ;g ;K ml czkã.kosQ lÙkqQizLFk ;K osQ rqY; ugha gS ftlesa lÙkqQLi'kZ ek=k ls esjk vkèkk'kjhj dk×puo.kZ gks x;k FkkA

vk'p;Zpfdr ;kfKdksa osQ lksRd.B iwNus ij uoqQy ,d czkã.kosQ ;K dk o.kZu djrk gS ftlus iw.kZ lkfÙodrk fujgadkjrk rFkkonkU;rk&'kj.kkxroRlyrk dk ikyu djrs gq, R;kxiwoZd ;K lEiUUkfd;k FkkA

lwfÙkQlq/k uked r`rh; ikB esa lnqins'kijd lqHkkf"krksa dk laxzgfd;k x;k gS tks pk.kD;uhfr rFkk fgrksins'k ls leq¼`r gSaA lqHkkf"kr,sls i| dks dgrs gSa ftlesa thoup;kZ osQ fdlh i{k fo'ks"k dks]mins'keq[ksu mn~Hkkflr fd;k tkrk gSA bu lqHkkf"kr i|ksa esa 'kk'or lR;vFkok thouke`r&jlk;urÙo] vR;Ur ekfeZd inkoyh esa vfHkO;ÙkQgksrk gS] euq"; dks oSQls ns'k esa jguk pkfg,] dkSu euq"; dk lPpsvFkks± esa cU/q gksrk gS] lRlaxfr dk egÙo D;k gS] euLoh O;fÙkQ dhthoup;kZ oSQlh gksrh gS] ekuothou osQ R;kT; nks"k dkSu gSa rFkkthoyksd osQ Ng lq[k dkSu&dkSu gSa & bu fo"k;ksa dk ladfyrlqHkkf"krksa esa #fpdj izfriknu fd;k x;k gSA

Írqp;kZ 'kh"kZd prqFkZ ikB vk;qosZn osQ iz[;kr vkdjxzUFkpjdlafgrk osQ NBs vè;k; ls fy;k x;k gSA ;|fi Írqo.kZu osQlUnHkZ jkek;.k egkHkkjr rFkk ijorhZ dkO;ksa esa Hkh iw.kZ lkfgR;&lkSUn;Z]dksey dYiuk ,oa thou fcEc osQ lkFk of.kZr gSaA ijUrq pjd&of.kZrÍrqp;kZ dk oqQN vkSj gh foy{k.k egÙo gS D;ksafd vkpk;ZJh usÍrqvksa dk o.kZu LokLF; ,oa vkjksX; dh n`f"V ls fd;k gSA

fdl Írq esa oSQlh fnup;kZ gksuh pkfg,] oSQlk v'ku&iku rFkkiF; gksuk pkfg,] bldk vR;Ur lVhd o.kZu ladfyr i|ka'kksa esa fd;kx;k gS tks vkt Hkh izklafxd izrhr gksrk gSA gseUr] f'kf'kj] olUr]xzh"e] o"kkZ rFkk 'kjn~ osQ o.kZuek=k esa vkpk;Z pjd mu Írqvksa osQ

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lEHkkO; jksxksa ls ikBdksa dks lko/ku djrs gq,] xzkáp;kZ dk mins'k nsrs gSaAohj% loZneu% 'kh"kZd i×pe ikB dfooqQyxq# dkfynkl iz.khr

fo'oizfl¼ vej ukV~;Ñfr vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~ osQ lIrekÄï lsladfyr fd;k x;k gSA blesa nq";Ur ,oa 'koqQUryk osQ iq=k loZneudk vR;Ur ijkØeiw.kZ fuHkZ; 'kS'ko jkspd 'kSyh esa of.kZr fd;k x;kgSA

nqokZlk 'kki&O;kew< nq";Ur }kjk Hkjs njckj esa viekfur ,oafrjLÑr mudh iRuh 'koqQUryk] viuh tUenk=kh esudk vIljk osQiz;Ru ls gseowQV ioZr fLFkr ekjhpkJe esa jgus yxrh gS tgk¡ loZneudk tUe gksrk gSA

nsoklqjlaxzke esa nsojkt bUnz osQ lgk;rkFkZ LoxZyksd igq¡ps nq";Urfot;ksijkUr ykSVrs gq, egf"kZ ekjhp ,oa nsoekrk vfnfr dks iz.kkevfiZr djus muosQ vkJe esa vkrs gSa rFkk ohj loZneu dks ns[krs gSa tksflag'kkodksa osQ nk¡r fxUkus dk ;Ru dj jgk gSA mls flagh osQ Øks/ dkHkh Hk; ughaA nq";Ur cPps dk 'kkS;Z&ijkØe rFkk fuHkZ;rk ns[k fofLergks mBrs gSaA

vUrr% tc mUgsa Kkr gksrk gS fd ohj loZneu mUgha dk iq=k gSrks og vkuUnfoày gks mBrs gSa rFkk iq=k ,oa iRuh ls lefUor gksegf"kZ&nEirh dks iz.kke djrs gSaA

'kqd'kkodksnUr% 'kh"kZd "k"B ikB o';ok.khpØorhZ egkdfock.kHkêð iz.khr dknEcjh&dFkk osQ dFkkeq[k Hkkx ls ladfyr gSA fofn'kkujs'k'kwnzd osQ njckj esa ,d fnu pk.MkydU;k }kjk] migkj& :i esa jktk dksvfiZr djus osQ fy,] ,d tkfrLej 'kqd'kkod yk;k tkrk gS tks viuhiz'kfLr osQ gh vuqowQy] nkfguk iatk (vk'kh% eqnzk esa) mQij mBk dj]jktk dh iz'kalk esa ,d vR;Ur yfyr ,oa lkfHkizk; ^vk;kZ* i<+rk gSftls lqurs gh fofn'kkujs'k fofLer gks mBrs gSaA

mRdf.Br ,oa foLe;foeqX/ jktk osQ }kjk ifjp; iwNus ij'kqd'kkod oS'kEik;u] egf"kZ tkckfy }kjk lqukbZ xbZ viuh vkRedFkkdks ;Fkkor~ izLrqr djrk gSA d#.kk ,oa vuqdEik] o`QrKrk ,oa

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o'kaonrk ls vksrizksr] dkSVqfEcd Lusg&okRlY; esa vuqL;wr 'kqd'kkoddh ;g vkRedFkk gesa vJqfoXkfyr cuk nsrh gSA thou dh mPpkoplaosnukvksa dk vR;Ur ekfeZd fp=k.k bl x|ka'k esa dfo us fd;k gS tksvizfre gSA

HkO;% lR;kxzgkJe% 'kh"kZd lIre ikB] foxr 'krkCnh dhfonq"kh ysf[kdk rFkk xk¡/hfopkj/kjk dh leFkZ dof;=kh Jherh if.Mrk{kekjko&iz.khr lR;kxzgxhrk osQ prqFkZ vè;k; ls fy;k x;k gSA 1926bZ- esa nf{k.k vizQhdk ls Hkkjr ykSVs] eksgunkl deZpUn xk¡èkh osQHkkjrh; Lok/hurk&laxzke dk usr`Ro laHkkyrs gh Lora=krk dk la?k"kZ rhozgks mBk FkkA xk¡/h th us vgenkckn osQ lehi lkcjerh unh osQ rVij lR;kxzg&vkJe dh LFkkiuk dh tks muosQ fopkjksa rFkk ÑR;ksa dkosQUnz cu x;kA ;gha ls mUgksaus lR;&vfgalk] lR;kxzg] rFkk lfou;voKk vkfn osQ egkeU=kksa dk mn~?kks"k rFkk dk;kZUo;u fd;k ftlls gesavUrr% Lora=krk izkIr gks ldhA

if.Mrk {kekjko us mlh lR;kxzg&vkJe rFkk viuh vk¡[kksa ns[khxfrfof/;ksa dk jkspd o.kZu izLrqr i|ka'k esa fd;k gSA bl ikB esaegkRek xk¡/h dh fopkj/kjk dk izkaty :i i<+us dks feyrk gSA

if.Mrk {kekjko vokZphu laLÑr dkO;/kjk osQ lkfgR;dkjksa esavR;Ur lEekfur dof;=kh gSa ftudk ys[ku ikjEifjd gksus osQ lkFk ghlkFk] ijEijkeqÙkQ Hkh jgk gSA mUgksaus viuh Ñfr;ksa esa fo/okfookg];kSrdfojks/ rFkk ckyfookg&fojks/ tSlh ubZ lekftd izo`fÙk;ksa dks HkhfuHkZ;rk osQ lkFk fpf=kr fd;k gSA

lÄõhrkuqjkxh lqCc..k% 'kh"kZd v"Ve ikB ewyr% dÂM+ osQKkuihBiqjLdkj ef.Mr ;'kLoh lkfgR;dkj ekfLr osÄïVs'k vÕ;Äõk;Zdh dÂM+ Hkk"kk esa iz.khr y?kq miU;kfldk (Novelette) lqCc.k% osQlaLo`Qr :ikUrj ls fy;k x;k gSA

lqCc.k% ekfLr osÄïVs'k vÕ;Äõk;Z&iz.khr dÂM+ Hkk"kk dk ,dy?kq miU;kl gSA osÄïVs'k vÕ;Äõk;Z dÂM+ y?kqdFkk ijEijk osQ tudekus tkrs gSa ftUgkasus chloha 'krh bZ- osQ f}rh; n'kd esa loZizFke viuh

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jpuk izdkf'kr dhA LoHkkor% og tkWu vkWfLVu rFkk pkYlZ fMosQalljh[ks vaxzsth miU;kldkjksa osQ iz'kald jgs rFkk mlh vkSiU;kfldvkn'kZ ij dÂM+ esa jpuk djrs jgsA

lqCc..k% ekfLr osÄïVs'k vÕ;Äõk;Z dk ,d ,slk yksdfiz; rFkkeeZLi'khZ miU;kl gS ftlesa eè;oxhZ; la;qÙkQ ifjokj dh lkekftdcqjkb;ksa rFkk ikfjokfjd mis{kkvksa dk fo'oluh; fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSAdFkkuk;d lqCc..k osQ firk jktkJ; izkIr ,d Js"B fo}ku~ gSa ijUrqckyd lqCc..k dh vfHk#fp firk ls fHkUu gSA og lÄõhrkuqjkxh gSAfirk iq=k dk ;g euks}s"k tc f'k[kjLFk gksrk gS rks vlfg".kq lqCc..kviuh iRuh ,oa cPph osQ lkFk] ,d fnu pqipki ?kj NksM+ nsrk gS vkSjdydÙkk igq¡p tkrk gSA ;|fi mlosQ oqQN o"kZ ogk¡ lq[k ls chrrs gSaijUrq HkkX; dh fu"Bqjrk] iRuh ,oa cPph dks Nhu dj mls fuiV,dkdh cuk nsrh gSA vUrr% dydÙkk egkuxj esa thou ls for`".k ,oaeksgHkXu gksdj lqCc..k] ekrk&firk rFkk lxs&lEcfU/;ksa osQ fpjfo;ksxls lUrIr gqvk iqu% vius xk¡o ykSVrk gS rFkk xk¡o osQ cPpksa dksfu%'kqYd lÄõhr dh f'k{kk nsrk] 'kkfUriwoZd e`R;q dk oj.k djrk gSA

KkuihB iqjLdkj ls Jhef.Mr ekfLr osÄïVs'k dh bl dkyt;ho`Qfr dk laLÑr vuqokn fo}ku~ ,p~- ,u~- osÄïVs'k 'kekZ 'kkL=kh us fd;kgS tks f'keksxk tuin osQ gkslgYyheFkwj uked xk¡o esa iSnk gq, rFkkdukZVd jkT; osQ f'k{kkfoHkkx esa if.Mr osQ :i esa gtkjksa yksxksa dkslaLÑr dh f'k{kk nsrs jgs gSaA vf[ky dukZVd&laLÑr ifj"kn~ caxykSj}kjk ;g y?kq miU;kl izFke ckj 1993 bZ- esa izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gSA

uoe ikB oL=kfoØ;% e- e- ia- eFkqjkizlkn nhf{kro`QrHkkjrfot;ukVde~ osQ izFke vad ls fy;k x;k gSA

chloha lnh osQ izkjfEHkd pj.k esa ftu Js"B lkfgR;dkjksaus viuh Ñfr;ks a ls laLÑr&okÄ~e; dks le`¼ fd;k muesaia- vfEcdknÙk O;kl] gfjnkl fl¼kUrokxh'k] Hkêð eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh] e-e- ia- jkekorkj 'kekZ] if.Mrk {kekjko] okbZ- egkfyÄõ 'kkL=kh rFkkewy'kadj ekf.kD; yky ;kfKd vkfn izeq[k gSaA

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e- e- ia- eFkqjkizlkn nhf{kr lksyu&ujs'k (lEizfr fgekpyizns'kdk tuin&fo'ks"k) osQ lEekfur jktdfo Fks ftUgksaus fczfV'k 'kkludkyesa Hkh iwjh fuHkZ;rk ,oa fujaoqQ'krk osQ lkFk Lok/hurk dks leFkZu djusokys Hkkjrfot; uked ØkfUrdkjh mRiszjd ukVd dk iz.k;u 1937bZ- esa fd;k A bl ukV~;Ñfr dh foy{k.k fo'ks"krk ;gh gS fd blesaØkUrn'khZ dfo us Hkkjr dh Lok/hurk&izkfIr dk fp=k.k 1947 bZ- ls,d n'kd iwoZ gh viuh ØkUr izfrHkk osQ cy ij fd;kA fpjdky rd;g jpuk 'kklu }kjk tCr jgh_ Lora=krk izkfIr osQ ckn gh bldkizdk'ku gks ldkA

eqxy ckn'kkg 'kkgvkye ls caxky vkSj fcgkj dh ekyxqtkjholwyus dk vf/dkj izkIr dj xkSjkÄõ vf/dkjh iztk ij vR;kpkjdjus yxrs gSaA tc Hkkjrh; tqykgs] ijEijkuqlkj viuk oL=k cspuscktkj esa vkrs gSa rks ;s vaxzst viQlj] 'kkgh iQjeku fn[kkdj lkjkoL=k] vR;Ur lLrs nke ij Lo;a [kjhn ysrs gSa rFkk mUgsa lsB&lkgwdkjksard ugha tkus nsrs A bl izdkj Hkkjrh; tqykgksa dh lkjh vFkZ&O;oLFkku"V&Hkz"V gks tkrh gS rFkk os xjhch dh ekj >syus dks foo'k gkstkrs gSaA

izLrqr ikB esa blh lUnHkZ dk eeZLi'khZ o.kZu ukV~;dkj }kjk fd;kx;k gSA oLrqr% ;g ikB gesa Hkkjrh; Lok/hurk&la?k"kZ dh i`"BHkwfe lsifjfpr djkrk gSA

;n~Hkwrfgra rRlR;e~ uked n'ke ikB ewyr% ,d f'k{kkizn y?kqdFkk gSA izLrqr y?kqdFkk MkW- osQ'kopUnz nk'k osQ y?kqdFkklaxzg ,dnk*ls ladfyr dh xbZ gSA Jh txUukFk laLÑr fo'ofo|ky;] iqjh osQU;k;n'kZufoHkkxkè;{k cgqJqr fo}ku~ vkpk;Z osQ'kopUnz nk'k us vokZphulaLÑr okÄ~e; dks viuh tuoknh dforkvksa rFkk dFkksiU;klÑfr;ksals le`¼ cuk;k gSA MkW- nk'k dh izeq[k Ñfr;k¡ gSa& egku jkf'kjs[kk]f'k[kk] folxZ%] irkdk] v×tfy% fn'kk&fofn'kk] 'khryr`".kk] izfrin~vkfnA

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^,dnk* esa MkW- nk'k&iz.khr nl y?kq dFkk;sa ladfyr gSaA ;sdFkk;sa firkegh }kjk vius ukrh ek/o rFkk ukfru iqyksetk dks lqukbZtkrh gSa tks dFkk lqukus dh izkphu Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k&i¼fr gSA ;s dFkk;salaf{kIr gksrh gqbZ Hkh vR;Ur HkkoxfHkZr] eeZLi'khZ ,oa #fpo/Zd gSaA

ewyr% ^lR;e~* 'kh"kZd ls ladfyr izLrqr dFkk esa ;g crk;kx;k gS fd ^ftlls yksdfgr fl¼ gksrk gks ogh lR; gSA* xk¡o osQ Nksjij fLFkr ifÁuh uked iq"dfj.kh osQ fdukjs vkJe esa ,d eqfu jgrkFkkA og xzkeh.kksa rFkk muosQ i'kqvksa }kjk iafdy dh xbZ iq"dfj.kh dhnhu&n'kk ns[k vR;Ur nq[kh jgrk FkkA og fujUrj ;gh lksprk jgrk Fkkfd bl ckoyh dk m¼kj&laLdkj oSQls gks\

vdLekr~ ,d lqo.kZ volj eqfu osQ gkFk yx gh x;kA ,d fnuxk¡o okys ,d cPps dks ^fEkF;kHkk"kh* crk dj ihVus yxsA eqfu uschp&cpko djrs gq, cPps ls iwNk & rqe HkwQB oSQls cksyrs gks\ cPpsus dgk & tSlk ilUn vkrk gS] oSLkk gh cksyrk gw¡A eqfu us iqu%iwNk & vPNk rks bl iq"dfj.kh osQ fo"k; esa oqQN cksyks! cPps us dgkbl iq"dfj.kh osQ ty esa ,d fo'kky eNyh gS! vkvks Hkkb;ks! ns[kks]ns[kks! og oSQlk [ksy jgh gS!

eqfu osQ fl[kkus&i<+kus ls vxys fnu losjs cPpk fpYyk&fpYykdj ogh ckr xk¡o okyksa ls dgus yxk vkSj ns[krs gh ns[krs egkeRL;dks [kkstus dk iz;kl djus okys xzkeh.kksa us rkykc dk lkjk dhpM+ckgj iasQd dj mls fueZy cuk fn;kA

rkykc osQ dhpM+ ls fdlkuksa osQ [ksr vR;Ur mitkmQ cu x;sAdhpM+ fudkyus ls rkykc xgjk Hkh gks x;k vkSj o"kkZ vkrs gh fueZyty ls yckyc Hkj mBkA rVorhZ >qjeqVksa osQ dVus rFkk u;k rVcU/cukus ls rkykc dh 'kksHkk Hkh c<+ xbZA rkykc dh og 'kksHkk ns[k xk¡oosQ cM+s&cw<ksa us fu;e cuk fn;k fd vc vkxs ls tks dksbZ Hkh ty dksnwf"kr djsxk og nf.Mr gksxkA

eqfu us xk¡o okyksa dks le>k;k fd ftl cPps dks vki yksxfeF;kHkk"kh dgrs Fks og lPps vFkks± esa lR;oknh fl¼ gqvkA D;ksafd

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mlosQ feF;kHkk"k.k esa Hkh yksddY;k.k dk cht fo|eku Fkk vkSj lR;ek=k mls gh ugha dgrs tks ;FkkFkZ:i esa cksyk tkrk gS] cfYd tks(vkikrr% vlR; izrhr gksrk gks ijUrq) yksddY;k.kdkjh gks mls HkhlR; gh dgrs gSaA

HkkLorh (izFke Hkkx) uked izLrqr ikB~;xzUFk dk fuekZ.k d{kkX;kjg (osQfUnzd) osQ Nk=kksa dks n`f"V esa j[k dj fd;k x;k gSALoHkkor% bl ikB~;xzUFk dks d{kk X;kjg (,sfPNd) osQ ikB~;xzUFk dhrqyuk esa ljy] #fpdj] laf{kIr ,oa vkd"kZd gksuk pkfg, D;ksafd ;gikB~;xzUFk fo'ks"k :i ls mu Nk=kksa osQ fy, gS tks laLÑr dks fo"k;osQ :i esa u i<+ dj Hkk"kk osQ :i esa i<+rs gSaA vr% bl vUrj dksgh n`f"V esa j[krs gq, izLrqr ikB~;xzUFk dks Hkk"kk&lkSUn;Z] Hkk"kkizokg]Hkk"kkfodkl ,oa Hkk"kk&lkjY; dh n`f"V ls lqlfTtr djus dk ;koPND;iz;Ru fo}kuksa }kjk fd;k x;k gSA

oSfnd eÄõy i|ksa osQ vuUrj jkek;.k&egkHkkjr ls] blh n`f"V lsNk=kksa dks ifjfpr djk;k x;k gS rkfd os ijorhZ lewps laLÑr&okÄ~e;osQ fu";anHkwr vk"kZdkO;}; dk egÙo tku losaQA 'ks"k ikBksa dks Hkh blhn`f"V ls p;fur fd;k x;k gS rkfd Nk=k Hkk"kkxr ,oa 'kSyhxr Hksnksa lsifjfpr gks losaQ A pk.kD;] pjd] dkfynkl rFkk ck.kHkêð laLÑr Hkk"kkosQ pkj ekud gSaA ,d uhfrdkO; gS rks nwljk oS|d dk xzUFkA ,dlaokncgqy ukV~;xzUFk gS rks nwljk yfyr x| dkA bl izdkj pkjksa izdkjosQ xzUFk laLÑr Hkk"kk osQ pkj fHkUu :i izLrqr djrs gSa ftlesa dkyxr]fo"k;xr rFkk 'kSyhxr Hksn gSA fu'p; gh bu ikBksa osQ vè;;u ls Nk=klaLÑr dh fofo/ Hkkf"kd lajpuk ,oa le`f¼ ls ifjfpr gks losaQxsA

ikB~;xzUFk osQ vfUre pkj ikBksaa esa laLÑr Hkk"kk dk vokZphuLo:i miU;Lr fd;k x;k gSA oLrqr% ;g laLÑr chloha&bDdhloha'krh bZ- dh gSA blesa ins&ins uwru 'kCnkoyh vFkok LofufeZr (selfcoined) 'kCnkoyh dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA lqCc..k 'kh"kZd ikBesa gh ok;fyu (ok|&fo'ks"k)] fpfVdk (fVdV)] i=kd (Note)]izf.kf/&lUns'k (Draft) tSls u;s 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx jpukdkj us fd;k gSA

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xxxi

iqLrd osQ vkjaHk esa nh xbZ Hkwfedk }kjk Nk=kksa dks laLÑr&lkfgR;dh fofHkUu fo/kvksa osQ fodkl osQ laf{kIr bfrgkl dk ifjp;djok;k x;k gSA blosQ lkFk&lkFk fu/kZfjr ikBksa osQ ewyxzUFk ,oa mulslEcfU/r lkfgR;dkjksa dk ifjp;kRed Kku Hkh blesa lekfo"V gSA ikBosQ vkjaHk esa ikB&lUnHkZ fn;k x;k gS ftlesa ladfyr va'k dk izlaxljyrk ls Nk=kksa dks cks/xE; gks losQA d{kk esa Nk=kksa dks lh[kus osQvf/d volj iznku djus osQ fy, ikBksa osQ var esa fofo/ vH;kl&iz'uHkh fn;s x;s gSaA

izLrqr ladyu dh ik.Mqfyfi dks rS;kj djus osQ fy, le;≤ij vk;ksftr dk;Zxksf"B;ksa esa Hkkx ysus okys ftu fo"k;&fo'ks"kKksa ,oalaLÑr vè;kidksa dk ekxZn'kZu rFkk lg;ksx lqyHk gqvk gS lEikndmu lHkh fo}kuksa osQ izfr gkfnZd vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gSA ;|fi blladyu dks ;FkklaHko Nk=kksi;ksxh ,oa Lrj osQ vuq:i cukus dk iz;klfd;k x;k gS rFkkfi bls Nk=kksa osQ fy, vkSj vf/d mi;ksxh cukus osQfy, vuqHkoh laLÑr vè;kidksa osQ cgqewY; lq>koksa dk ge lnSoLokxr djsaxsA

f'k{kdksa ls fuosnu

ikB~;lkexzh tgk¡ iqLrd dks yksdfiz; cukrh gS] ogha nwljh vksj f'k{kddh Hkwfedk dk Hkh viuk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA ikB~;lkexzh vkSjf'k{kd nksuksa gh os vk/kj&LrEHk gSa tks vè;kiu dyk dks lqpk# :ils fodflr djrs gSaA osQoy f'k{kd dh ;ksX;rk Nk=kksa dk lghfn'kk&funsZ'k ugha dj ldrh vxj ikB~;lkexzh Nk=kksa osQ LrjkuqowQy ugksA f'k{kdksa ls vuqjks/ gS fd os ikB~;lkexzh osQ vè;kiu osQ le;fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa ij è;ku nsaA1- lelkef;d fo"k; ij vk/kfjr izFke ikB esa efU=k;ksa dh fu;qfDr

vkfn fo"k;ksa ls Nk=kksa dks 'kklu O;oLFkk ls ifjfpr djok;saAvuq"Vqqi~ NUn dk y{k.k crkdj Nk=kksa dks ikB~;Øe esa fuèkkZfjrNUnksa dk ifjp; djk;k tk;sA vkfn dfo okYehfd osQ thouo`Ùkdk ifjp; nsdj jkek;.k dh fo"k;oLrq ls ifjfpr djk;saA

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2- egkHkkjr osQ lkaLÑfrd&ewY;ksa osQ fo"k; esa Nk=kksa dks tkudkjh nsaA3- thouksi;ksxh lwfDr;ksa ls ;qDr r`rh; ikB esa pk.kD; vkSj ukjk;.k

if.Mr }kjk fy[ks x;s i|ksa osQ fufgr egÙo dks Nk=kksa dks crk;saAfuokl dgk¡ djuk pkfg,\ cU/q dkSu gS\ ;g Nk=kksa dks Li"VdjsaA lRlÄõfr dk egRo crkdj vU; mnkgj.kksa osQ }kjk Nk=kksa dksHkko Li"V djsaA iq"ixqPN osQ mnkgj.k ls euLoh O;fDr;ksa osQthoun'kZu dks le>k;saA ijksidkj dh Hkkouk dks 'yksdksa }kjklqn`<+ djk;saA vkyL; dks NksM+us dk lans'k nsdj thoyksd osQ N%lq[kksa ls ifjfpr djk;saA;ksX;rk foLrkj esa fn;s x;s 'yksdksa dk vFkZ le>kdj ikB esaiznÙk 'yksdksa dk Hkko lkE; Li"V djsaA

4- ½rqp;kZ ikB esa Nk=kksa dks ½rqvksa dk Kku nsrs gq, f'k{kd Nk=kksadks voxr djok;sa fd izR;sd ½rq esa gekjs }kjk D;k Hk{; vkSjD;k vHk{; gS rFkk mldh mi;ksfxrk ls Nk=kksa dks ifjfpr djk,¡AizÑfriznÙk bu oLrqvksa osQ iz;ksx osQ izfr è;ku nsaA

5- dkfynkl }kjk jfpr vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~ ukVd ls ladfyr blikB dk Nk=kksa ls vfHku; djk;saA

6- izkphu Hkkjr osQ riksou dh laLÑfr ls Nk=kksa dks ifjfpr djk;saAoU; thou rFkk i;kZoj.k dk uk'k djus okyh vk[ksV o`fÙk osQizfrjks/ esa riksou fdl izdkj d#.kk o laosnuk osQ }kjk i;kZoj.kdh lgt Hkko ls j{kk djrs jgs gSa&bl rF; dks js[kkafdr djsaA

7- xk¡/hoknh thou n'kZu ls Nk=kksa dk ifjp; djk;saA xk¡/h dhvkRedFkk mUgsa i<+us dks izsfjr djsaA

8- nf{k.k osQ dfo }kjk vuwfnr bl ikB esa lÄõhr osQ egÙo dksizfrikfnr fd;k x;k gSA Nk=kksa dh vfHk#fp ftl fo"k;fo'ks"k esagks mudks mlh vksj Kku izkIr djus osQ fy, izsj.kk nsaAvfHkHkkodksa dks Hkh cPpksa osQ #fp&fo'ks"k dh vksj è;ku&vkdf"kZrdjkus dk iz;kl djsaA bfPNr fo"k; esa vè;;u ls Nk=k thou esamPp LFkku izkIr djsaxsA

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9- ia- eFkqjk izlkn nhf{kr vk/qfud ;qx osQ izfl¼ dfo ,oaukVddkj gSaA muosQ O;fÙkQRo ,oa ÑfrRo dk ifjp; Nk=kksa dks nsaAoL=kfoØ;% ukVd osQ ekè;e ls vaxzstksa dh neuuhfr ls Nk=kksadks voxr djk;saA izLrqr ukVd osQ vfHku; dk vH;kl d{kk esadjk;saA

10- izkphudky ls pyh vk jgh nknk&nknh] ukuk&ukuh osQ eq[k lslquk;h tkus okyh dFkk&ifjikVh ls Nk=kksa dks ifjfpr djk;saAthou esa lR; dk egÙo crkdj ikB dk 'kh"kZd Li"V djsaA;ksX;rk foLrkj esa nh x;h lwfDr;ksa }kjk Hkkoksa dks lqLi"V djsaA

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fo"k;kuqozQef.kdk

i`"BkÄïk%

iqjksoko~Q iiiHkwfedk vii

eÄõye~ 1

izFke% ikB% oqQ'kyiz'kklue~ 3

f}rh;% ikB% lkSo.kksZ uoqQy% 9

r`rh;% ikB% lwfDrlq/k 15

prqFkZ% ikB% Írqp;kZ 20

i×pe% ikB% ohj% loZneu% 26

"k"B% ikB% 'kqd'kkodksnUr% 32

lIre% ikB% HkO;% lR;kxzgkJe% 39

v"Ve% ikB% lÄõhrkuqjkxh lqCc..k% 45

uoe% ikB% oL=kfoozQ;% 51

n'ke% ikB% ;n~Hkwrfgra rRlR;e~ 57

ifjf'k"V 64

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eÄõye~

bZ'kkokL;fena lo± ;fRd×p txR;ka txr~Arsu R;ÙksQu Hkq×thFkk ek x`/% dL;fLo¼ue~AA1AA

(;tqosZn% & 40@1) bZ'kksifu"kn~

HkkokFkZ% l`f"V esa ;s lc tks oqQN Hkh tM+&psru inkFkZ gSa os bZ'oj lsvkokflr ;k vkPNkfnr gSa vFkkZr~ lHkh esa bZ'oj dk fuokl gSA vr%lHkh yksx ml ijes'oj osQ }kjk fn, x, inkFkks± dk gh ijLij R;kx dhHkkouk ls Hkksx djsaA fdlh vU; O;fDr osQ /u dk yksHk u djsaAA1AA

lekuks eU=k% lfefr% lekuh lekua eu% lg fpÙkes"kke~Alekua eU=kefHkeU=k;s o% lekusu oks gfo"kk tqgksfeAA2AA

(ÍXosn% & 10@192@3)

HkkokFkZ% bl ea=k esa ekuoek=k osQ fy, izsj.kk nh x;h gS fd lHkh osQfopkj leku gksaA lfefr vFkkZr~ lHkk,¡ vkSj muesa cSBdj fy, x, fu.kZ;leku gksaA lHkh osQ eu vFkkZr~ ladYi rFkk fpRr vFkkZr~ fparu ,d tSlsgksaA eSa rqe lc dks ,d gh fopkj ls ;qDr djrk gw¡ rFkk lHkh osQ fy,,d gh tSls (leku Hkko ls) gfo vFkkZr~ vÂ vkfn HkksX; inkFkZ iznkudjrk gw¡A

vfHkizk; ;g gS fd ijekRek ,oa izÑfr dh vksj ls lHkh dksmiHkksx osQ lk/u leku Hkko ls fn, x, gSaA vr% fopkjksa dh ,drk]Hkksxksa dh lekurk rFkk lejlrk esa gh lq[k gSAA2AA

|kS% 'kkfUrjUrfj{k ¤ 'kkfUr% i`fFkoh 'kkfUrjki%'kkfUrjks"k/;% 'kkfUroZuLir;% 'kkfUr£oÜos nsok% 'kkfUrczZã'kkfUr% loZ ¤ 'kkfUr%'kkfUrjso 'kkfUr% lkek 'kkfUrjsf/AA3AA

(;tqosZn% 36@17)

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2 HkkLorh

HkkokFkZ % |qyksd 'kkafrnk;d gks] vUrfj{kyksd rFkk iFohyksd 'kkafrnk;dgksa] ty ,oa vks"kf/;k¡ rFkk ouLifr;k¡ 'kkafr nsus okyh gksa] lHkh nsorkvFkok l`f"V dh fnO; 'kfDr;k¡ 'kkafr nsus okyh gksa] czã vFkkZr~ egku~ijes'oj ;k mldk fn;k gqvk Kku osn] 'kkafrnk;d gks] lEiw.kZ pjkpjtxr~ 'kkafrizn gksa] lc txg 'kkafr gh 'kkafr gks] ,slh 'kkafr eq>s izkIr gksvkSj og lnk c<+rh gh jgsA

vfHkizk; ;g gS fd l`f"V osQ d.k&d.k esa 'kkafr gksA lHkh inkFkZlHkh osQ fy, lq[k&'kkafrnk;d gksaA leLr i;kZoj.k gh gekjs fy, lq[kn,oa 'kkafrizn gksA lq[k&'kkafr dh ;g /kjk dHkh de u gks] lnk c<+rh

gh jgsAA3AA

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izFke% ikB%

oqQ'kyiz'kklue~

izLrqr va'k okYehfdjkek;.k osQ v;ksè;kdk.M osQ lkSosa lxZ ls ladfyrgSA Hkxoku~ Jhjke fp=kowQV esa ouokl dj jgs gSaA Hkzkr`fojg ls ihfM+rHkjr Jhjke ls feyus vk, gSaA Jhjke Hkjr ls feyus osQ ckn mulsoqQ'ky&iz'u djrs gSaA bl izdj.k esa Hkjr jke ls jkT;O;oLFkk lapkyulacaèkh ,sls vusd iz'u djrs gSa ftuls jktuhfr foKku ij egRoiw.kZizdk'k iM+rk gSA

Jhjke us Hkjr ls iz'u fd;k gS fd D;k mUgksaus efU=k;ksa dhfu;qfDr 'kkL=kksDr vis{kkvksa osQ vuq:i dh gS\ D;k os eU=k.kk 'kkL=kfof/ls djrs gSa\ D;k mudk osru Hkqxrku le; ls fd;k tkrk gS\ ;gikB~;ka'k iz'kklfud O;oLFkk dh n`f"V ls vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA bUghafcanqvksa ij izLrqr ikB~;ka'k esa fo'kn foospu fd;k x;k gSA

tfVya phjolua izk×tfya ifrra HkqfoAnn'kZ jkeks nqnZ'k± ;qxkUrs HkkLdja ;FkkAA1AA

dFkf×pnfHkfoKk; foo.kZonua Ñ'ke~AHkzkrja Hkjra jke% ifjtxzkg ikf.kukAA2AA

vk?kzk; jkeLra ew£èu ifj"oT; p jk?koe~AvÄ~osQ HkjrekjksI; i;Zi`PNr lknje~AA3AA

dfPpnkRelek% 'kwjk% JqroUrks ftrsfUnz;k%AoqQyhuk'psfÄ~xrKk'p ÑrkLrs rkr efU=k.k%AA4AA

eU=kks fot;ewya fg jkKka Hkofr jk?ko!Alqlao`rks efU=k/qjSjekR;S% 'kkL=kdksfonS%AA5AA

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4 HkkLorh

dfPpfÂnzko'ka uSf"k dfPpRdkys¿ocqè;lsAdfPpPpkijjk=ks"kq fpUr;L;FkZuSiq.ke~AA6AA

dfPpUeU=k;ls uSd% dfPpUu cgqfHk% lgAdfPpÙks efU=krks eU=kks jk"Vªa u ifj/kofrAA7AA

dfPpnFk± fofuf'pR; y?kqewya egksn;e~Af{kizekjHkls deZ u nh?kZ;fl jk?ko!AA8AA

dfPpRlgÏkUew[kkZ.kkesdfePNfl if.Mre~Aif.Mrks áFkZÑPNsª"kq oqQ;kZfUu%Js;la egr~AA9AA

,dks¿I;ekR;ks es/koh 'kwjks n{kks fop{k.k%Ajktkua jktiq=ka ok izki;sUegrha fJ;e~AA10AA

dfPpUeq[;k egRLoso eè;es"kq p eè;ek%At?kU;k'p t?kU;s"kq Hk`R;kLrs rkr ;ksftrk%AA11AA

vekR;kuqi/krhrkfUir`iSrkegk×Nqphu~AJs"Bk×Nªs"Bs"kq dfPpÙoa fu;kst;fl deZlqAA12AA

dfPp¼`"V'p 'kwj'p /`frekUefrek×Nqfp%AoqQyhu'pkuqjÙkQ'p n{k% lsukifr% Ñr%AA13AA

dfPpn~cyL; HkÙkaQ p osrua p ;Fkksfpre~AlEizkIrdkya nkrO;a nnkfl u foyEclsAA14AA

dkykfrØe.kkPpSo HkÙkQosru;ksHkZZrk%AHkrqZjI;froqQI;fUr lks¿uFkZ% lqegkULe`r%AA15AA

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p

tfVye~ & tVk% lfUr ;L; l% re~] tVk $ byp~] tVk /kj.k fd;s gq,Aphjolue~ & phja olua ;L; l% re~] isM+ osQ Nky osQ cus oL=k igus gq,Aizk×tfye~ & ueLdkj djus okysAnn'kZ & n`'k~ $ fyV~ ydkj] izú iqú ,ú oú] ns[kkA

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oqQ'kyiz'kklue~ 5

nqnZ'kZe~ & nz"Vqe~ v'kD;e~] nq%[kiwoZd ns[kk tkus ;ksX;AvfHkfoKk; & vfHk $ fo milxZ Kk /krq $ DRok > Y;i~] igpkudjAfoo.kZonue~ & foo.k± onua ;L; l% re~] iQhosQeq[k okykAifjtxzkg & ifj $ xzg~ $ fyV~] izú iqú ,ú oú] xzg.k fd;kAifj"oT; & ifj $ "oLt~ $ DRok > Y;i~] vkfyÄõu djosQAvk?kzk; & vk $ ?kzk $ DRok > Y;i~] lw¡?kdjAvkjksI; & vk $ #g~ $ f.kp~ $ DRok > Y;i~] cSBkdjAi;Zi`PNr & ifj $ i`PN~ $ yÄ~ (vkReusin] vk"kZiz;ksx)] iwNkAvkRelek% & vkReuk lek%] vius lekuAJqroUr% & Jqr $ erqi~ iqaú izú iqú cú oú] 'kkL=k i<+s gq,AftrsfUnz;k% & ftrkfu bfUnz;kf.k ;S% rs] bfUnz;ksa dks o'k esa dju s okysAeU=k% & eU=k.kkAfot;ewye~ & fot;% ewys ;L; rr~] fot; iznku djus okykA'kkL=kdksfonS% & 'kkL=kL; dksfonS%] "k"Bh&rRiq#"k] 'kkL=k osQ Kkrkvksa osQ }kjkAvocqè;ls & tkxrs gksAeU=k;ls & eU=k.kk djrs gksAfofuf'pR; & fo $ ful~ $ fp $ DRok > Y;i~] fu'p; djosQAnh?kZ;fl & foyEc djrs gksAvFkZÑPNsª"kq & vFkZL; ÑPNsª"kq] "k"Bh&rRiq#"k] /u dh dfBukb;ksa esaAfu%Js;le~ & fu%'ks"ks.k Js;kafl ;fLeu~ rr~] dY;k.kAvekR;% & eU=khAfop{k.k% & fuiq.kAizki;sr~ & iz $ vki~ $ f.kp~] fof/fyÄ~] izú iqú ,ú oú] izkIr djk,At?kU;% & fuanuh;A,f"k & izkIr gksrs gksAfu;kst;fl & fu;qDr djrs gksAn{k% & prqj] fuiq.kAHkDrosru;ks% & Hkkstu vkSj osru osQAmi/krhrku~ & mièkk;k% vrhrku~] jktkvksa osQ }kjk fd;s x;s eaf=k;ksa osQ

ijh{k.k ls 'kq¼ gksdj fudys gq,A/`"V% & fdlh osQ ncko esa u vkus okykA

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6 HkkLorh

lfU/foPNsn%

jkeks nqnZ'kZe~ ¾ jke% $ nqnZ'kZe~A;qxkUrs ¾ ;qx $ vUrsAdFkf×pnfHkfoKk; ¾ dFke~ $ fpr~ $ vfHkfoKk;AjkeLre~ ¾ jke% $ re~Ai;Zi`PNr ¾ ifj $ vi`PNr (vk"kZiz;ksx)Adf'pnkRelek% ¾ d% $ fpr~ $ vkRelek%AoqQyhuk'psfÄõrKk'p ¾ oqQyhuk% $ p $ bfÄõrKk% $ pefU=k/qjSjekR;S% ¾ efU=kèkqqjS% $ vekR;S%AdfPpfUunzko'ke~ ¾ dr~ $ fpr~ $ funzko'ke~AuSf"k ¾ u $ ,f"kAuSd% ¾ u $ ,d%AáFkZÑZPNªs"kq ¾ fg $ vFkZÑPNªs"kqAoqQ;kZfUu%Js;le~ ¾ oqQ;kZr~ $ fu%Js;le~AdfPpn~/`"V'p ¾ dfPpr~ $ /`"V% $ pAefrek×Nqfp% ¾ efreku~ $ 'kqfp%AoqQyhuk'p ¾ oqQyhuk% $ pAHk`R;k'p ¾ Hk`R;k% $ pAdkykfrozQe.kkPpSo ¾ dky $ vfrozQe.kkr~ $ p $ ,oAHkrqZjI;froqQI;fUr ¾ HkrqZ% $ vfi $ vfroqQI;fUrlks¿uFkZ% ¾ l% $ vuFkZ%

vH;kl%

1- laLÑrsu mÙkja ns;e~(d) v;e~ ikB% dLekn~ xzUFkkr~ lÄ~dfyr%\([k) tfVy% phjolu% Hkqfo ifrr% d% vklhr~\(x) jke% de~ ikf.kuk ifjtxzkg\(?k) Hkjre~ d% vi`PNr~\(Ä) jkKka fot;ewya ¯d Hkofr\(p) jkK% Ñrs dhn`'k% vekR;% {ksedj% Hkosr~\(N) lsukifr% dhn`x~ xq.k;qÙkQ% Hkosr~\

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oqQ'kyiz'kklue~ 7

(t) cysH;% ;Fkkdkye~ ¯d nkrO;e~\(>) eU=k% dhn`'k% Hkofr\(×k) esèkkoh vekR;% jktkua dke~ izki;sr~\

2- fjÙkQLFkkuiwfrZ% fozQ;rke~

(d) jke% nn'kZ nqnZ'k ± ;qxkUrs ------------------------ ;FkkA([k) vÄ~osQ ------------------------ vkjksI; jke% lknja i;Zi`PNrA(x) dfPpr~ dkys ------------------------ \(?k) if.Mr% fg vFkZÑPNªs"kq ------------------------ oqQ;kZr~A(Ä) Js"Bk×Nªs"Bs"kq dfPpr~ ,oa ------------------------ fu;kst;flA

3- lizlÄaõ ekr`Hkk"k;k O;k[;k;srke~

(d) eU=kks fot;ewya fg jkKka Hkofr jk?ko!([k) dfPpÙks efU=krks eU=kks jk"Vªa u ifj/kofr!

4- izFkeuoe'yksd;ks% Loekr`Hkk"k;k vuqokn% fozQ;rke~

5- v/ksfyf[krinkuka mfpreFk± dks"Bdkr~ fpRok fy[kr

(d) nqnZ'kZe~ ¾ ------------------------

([k) ifj"oT; ¾ ------------------------

(x) vk?kzk; ¾ ------------------------

(?k) ew£èu ¾ ------------------------

(Ä) fu%Js;le~ ¾ ------------------------

(p) fop{k.k% ¾ ------------------------

(N) cyL; ¾ ------------------------

(vk¯yxu djosQ)] (lw¡?kdj)] (dfBukbZ ls ns[kus ;ksX;)] (fuiq.k)](lsuk dk)] (f'kj esa)] (dY;k.k dks)

6- foijhrkFkZesyua fozQ;rke~

,d% 'kuS%f{kize~ ew[kZ%if.Mr% y?kqegr~ cgq

7- lfU/foPNsn% fozQ;rke~

;Fkk& oqQyhu'p ¾ oqQyhu% $ pHk`R;k'p ¾ ------------------------

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8 HkkLorh

/`"V'p ¾ ------------------------

vuqjDr'p ¾ ------------------------

'kwj'p ¾ ------------------------

8- v/ksfyf[krs"kq 'kCns"kq izÑ¯r izR;;a p i`Fko~Q oqQ#r

ifrre~] vk?kzk;] efU=k.k%] if.Mrk%] esèkkoh] nkrO;e~] Le`r%A

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%

(d) jkek;.k&ifjp;%

egf"kZokYehfdfojfprs jkek;.kk[;s egkdkO;s v;ksè;ku`irs% n'kjFkL; iq=kL;jkeL; pfj=ka foLrjs.k of.kZre~A egkdkO;fena lIrdk.Ms"kq foHkÙkQe~A ;Fkk &

ckydk.Me~] v;ksè;kdk.Me~] vj.;dk.Me~] fdf"dU/kdk.Me~] lqUnjdk.Me~];q¼dk.Me~ mÙkjdk.M×psfrA

([k) HkkofoLrkj%

jktkdk;± lks¿os{; 'kfDra p ns'kdkykS p rÙor%AoqQ#rs /eZfl¼~;Fk± fo'o:ia iqu% iqu%AA;L; izlkns iÁk Jhfot;'p ijkØesAe`R;q'p olfr Øks/s loZrstkse;ks fg l%AA (euqLe`fr% 7@10] 11)

eU=khekSyk×NkL=kfon% 'kwjkaYyC/y{kkUoqQyksn~Hkoku~Alfpoku~ lIr pk"VkS ok izoqQohZr ijhf{krku~AA (euqLe`fr% 7@54)

vekR;%vekR;eq[;a /eZKa izkKa nkUra oqQyksn~xre~ALFkki;snklus rfLefU[kUu% dk;sZ {k.ks u`.kke~AA (euqLe`fr% 7@141)

osrue~dfr nÙka fg Hk`R;sH;ks osrus ikfjrksf"kde~ArRizkfIri=ka x`Êh;kr~ n|k}srui=kde~AAlSfudk% f'kf{krk ;s ;s rs"kq iw.kkZ Hk`fr% Le`rk%AO;wgkH;kls fu;qÙkQk ;s rs"oèkkZEHk`frekogsr~AA ('kqØuhfr%)

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f}rh;% ikB%

lkSo.kksZ uoqQy%

izLrqr ikB egf"kZ O;kl fojfpr egkHkkjr osQ vk'oesf/d ioZ(vè;k; 91&93) ls lÄ~dfyr gSA egkHkkjr osQ ;q¼ osQ vuUrjegkjkt ;qfèkf"Bj v'oes/ ;K dk vk;kstu djrs gaSA ;K osQ lEiUUkgksus ij ,d uoqQy (usoyk) ;KHkwfe esa vkrk gS] ftldk vk/k 'kjhjlksus dk gSA og ;KHkwfe esa mifLFkr ;kfKdksa ls dgrk gS fd ;gv'oes/ ;K Hkh ml czkã.k osQ lÙkqQizLFk ;K osQ rqY; ugha gS] ftlesaesjk vk/k 'kjhj Lo.kZe; gks x;k FkkA ml uoqQy dh ,slh vk'p;ZtudokrkZ dks lqudj ;kfKdksa }kjk lÙkqQizLFk ;K osQ fo"k; esa ftKklk djusij uoqQy ;kfKdksa osQ le{k izLrqr dFkk dks lqukrk gSA

Jw;rka jkt'kknZwy egnk'p;ZeqÙkee~Av'oes/s egk;Ks fuo`Ùks ;nHkwf}Hkks!AA1AA

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10 HkkLorh

fcykfUu"ozQE; uoqQyks #Deik'oZLrnku?k!Aekuq"ka opua izkg èk``"Vks fcy'k;ks egku~AA2AA

lDrqizLFksu oks uk;a ;KLrqY;ks ujkf/ik%!Am×No`ÙksoZnkU;L; oqQ#{ks=kfuokflu%AA3AA

/eZ{ks=ks oqQ#{ks=kss /eZKScZgqfHkoZrsAm×No`fÙkf}Zt% df'pRdkiksfrjHkoRiqjkAA4AA

lHkk;Z% lg iq=ks.k lLuq"kLrifl fLFkr%Ao/wprqFkksZ o```¼% l /ekZRek fu;rsfUnz;%AA5AA

"k"Bs dkys dnkfpPp rL;kgkjks u fo|rsAAHkqÄ~Drs¿U;fLeUdnkfpRl "k"Bs dkys f}tksÙke%AA6AA

diksr/feZ.kLrL; nqfHkZ{ks lfr nk#.ksA{kh.kkS"kf/leok;ks nzO;ghuks¿HkoÙknkAA7AA

vFk "k"Bs xrs dkys ;oizLFkeqiktZ;r~A;oizLFka p rs lDrwuoqQoZUr rifLou%AA8AA

ÑrtI;kfÉdkLrs rq gqRok ofÉa ;Fkkfof/AoqQMoa oqQMoa losZ O;HktUr rifLou%AA9AA

vFkkxPNfn~}t% df'pnfrfFkHkqZ×trka rnkArs ra n`"V~okfrfFka r=k izg`"Veulks¿Hkou~AA10AA

oqQVha izos'k;keklq% {kq/krZefrfFka rnkAbne?;± p ik|a p c`lh ps;a roku?kA

'kqp;% lDro'pses fu;eksikftZrk% izHkks!Aizfrx`Êh"o Hknza rs e;k nÙkk f}tksÙke!AA11AA

bR;qDRok rkuqiknk; lÙkwQUizknkfn~}tkr;sArrLrq"Vks¿Hkof}izLrL; lk/ksseZgkReu%AA12AA

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lkSo.kksZ uoqQy% 11

izhrkRek l rq ra okD;fenekg f}t"kZHke~AokXeh rnk f}tJs"Bks /eZ% iq#"kfoxzg%AA13AA

'kq¼su ro nkusu U;k;ksikÙksu ;Rur%A;Fkk'kfDr foeqÙksQu izhrks¿fLe f}tlÙke!AA14AA

czãp;sZ.k ;Ksu nkusu rilk rFkkAvxàjs.k /esZ.k rLekn~xPN fnoa f}tAA15AA

rfLefUoizs xrs Lox± llqrs lLuq"ks rnkAHkk;kZprqFksZ /eZKs rrks¿ga fu%l`rks fcykr~AA16AA

rrLrq lDrqxU/su Dysnsu lfyyL; pAfnO;iq"ikoenkZPp lk/ksnkZuyoS'p rS%AfoizL; rilk rL; f'kjks es dk×puhÑre~AA17AA

rrks e;ksDra r}kD;a izgL; f}tlÙkek%!AlDrqizLFksu ;Kks¿;a lfEerks usfr loZFkkAA18AA

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p

jkt'kknwZy! & gs u`iJs"B!v'oes/s & v'oes/ ;K esaAfuo`Ùks & lEiUu gksus ijA#Deik'oZ% & lqo.kZe; cxy okyk@ik'oZHkkx okykAvu?k! & gs ikijfgr!fcy'k;% & fcys 'ksrs ;% l%] fcy esa jgus okykAm×No`Ùks% & m×Nsu o`fÙk;ZL; l%] rL;A

fdlku }kjk vius [ksrksa ls vUu lax`ghr dj ysus ijogk¡ ls NwVs gq, vukt osQ nkuksa dks pqu dj ykuk vkSjmUgha ls vkthfodk djuk m×No`fÙk dgykrh gS] blho`fÙk ls vkthfodk djus okys osQA

onkU;L; & nkuh osQA

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12 HkkLorh

dkiksfr% & diksro`fÙk okyk] ftl izdkj dcwrj b/j&m/j ls tksoqQN fey tk;s mlls thou;kiu djrk gS] oSlho`fÙkokykA

lLuq"k% & iq=ko/w lfgrAnqfHkZ{ks lfr & vdky iM+us ijAnk#.ks & Hk;kud esaA;oizLFke~ & ,d izLFk tkS (lsj Hkj)AlDrwu~ & lÙkqvksas dksAÑrtI;kfÉdk% & Ñra tI;e~ vkfÉda p ;SLrs] os ftUgksaus ti ,oe~

fuR;deZ dj fy;k gksAgqRok & gou djosQA;Fkkfof/ & fof/e~ vufrozQE;] fof/iwoZdAoqQMoe~ & izLFk dk prqFkZ Hkkx (iko Hkj)Aizâ"Veul% & izg`"Va euks ;s"kka rs] izlUu eu okysAoqQVhe~ & oqQfV;k (osQ vUnj)A{kq/krZe~ & Hkw[k ls ihfM+rAv?;Ze~ & iwtukFkZ tyAik|e~ & iwtu osQ le; ikniz{kkyukFkZ tyAc`lh & vkluAfu;eksikftZrk% & fu;eiwoZd izkIrAizhrkRek & izlUufpÙk okykAf}t"kZHke~ & f}t% ½"kHk% bo re~] Js"B czkã.k dksAokXeh & Js"B oDrkAiq#"kfoxzg% & iq#"kL; foxzg bo foxzgks ;L; l% iq#"k 'kjhj okykAU;k;ksikÙksu & U;k;su mikÙka rsu] èkeZiwoZd izkIr lsA;Fkk'kfDr & 'kfDre~ vufrozQE;] lkeF;kZuqlkjAvxàjs.k & mÙkeAfnoe~ & LoxZ (dks)Afu%l`r% & fudykAlDrqxU/su & lÙkqvksa dh xU/ lsAnkuyoS% & nku fn;s gq, (lÙkqvksa osQ d.kksa ls)AizgL; & g¡l djAlfEer% & rqY;A

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lkSo.kksZ uoqQy% 13

vH;kl%

1- v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukukeqÙkjkf.k laLÑrHkk"k;k ns;kfu

(d) uoqQy% dhn`'k% vklhr~\([k) fcykfUu"ozQE; uoqQy% ¯d dFk;fr\(x) m×No`fÙkf}Zt% oqQ=k U;olr~\(?k) diksr/ehZ f}t% nzO;ghu% dFke~ vHkor~\(Ä) ;nk rL; f}tL; ifjokj% lDrwu~ HkksDrqa izo`Ùk% vHkor~ rnk r=k d%

vkxr%\(p) f}t% lDrwu~ dLeS izknkr~\

2- v/ks¿fÄïrs"kq lfU/foPNsna n'kZ;r

egnk'p;Ze~] fcykfUu"ozQE;] m×No`ÙksoZnkU;L;] HkqÄ~Drs¿U;fLeu~] nkuyoS'p]{kh.kkS"kf/leok;%A

3- v/ks U;Lrs"kq lfU/a oqQ#r

rL; $ vkgkj%] ;r~ $ vHkwr~ $ foHkkss] m×No`fÙk% $ f}t%] fu;r $ bfUnz;%]rr% $ vge~] U;k; $ mikÙksuA

4- vèkks¿fÄïr;ks% 'yksd;ks% Loekr`Hkk"k;k vuqokn% dk;Z%

(d) lDrqizLFksu oks uk;a ;KLrqY;ks ujkf/ik%Am×No`ÙksoZnkU;L; oqQ#{ks=kfuokflu%A

([k) fnO;iq"ikoenkZPp lk/ksnkZuyoS'p rS%AfoizL; rilk rL; f'kjks es dk×puhÑre~A

5- ^lkSo.kksZ uoqQy%* bR;L; ikBL; lkjka'k% ekr`Hkk"k;k ys[kuh;%

6- fjÙkQLFkkukfu iwj;r

(d) jkt'kknZwy! ------------------------ Jw;rke~A([k) v;a o% ;K% ------------------------ rqY;% ukfLrA(x) iqjk m×No`fÙkf}Zt% ------------------------ vHkor~A(?k) rnk {kq/krZe~ ------------------------ oqQVha izos'k;keklq%A(Ä) rL; foizL; rilk es ------------------------ dk×puhÑre~A(p) lDrqizLFksuk;a ------------------------ lfEerks ukfLrA

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14 HkkLorh

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%

(d) egkHkkjre~ %& egf"kZO;kliz.khrs egkHkkjrukeosQ egkdkO;s y{kkf/dk% 'yksdk%lfUrA vfLeu~ egkdkO;s v"Vkn'kiokZf.k lfUr & vkfnioZ] lHkkioZ] ouioZ]fojkV~ioZ] m|ksxioZ] Hkh"eioZ] nzks.kioZ] d.kZioZ] 'kY;ioZ] lkSfIrdioZ] L=khioZ]'kkfUrioZ] vuq'kkluioZ] vk'oesfèkdioZ] vkJeokfldioZ] ekSlyioZ] egk&izLFkkuioZ LoxkZjksg.kioZ pA

egkHkkjre~ osnksÙkjdkfydk[;kukuka erkuka p fo'kkya Hkk.Mkja fo|rsA fo"k;L;kL;O;kidrk vL;kfUreioZ.k% opusukusu Li"Vk Hkofr&

^^;fngkfLr rnU;=k ;UusgkfLr u rr~ Dofpr~A**

([k) v'oes/;K %& v'oes/;K% izkphudkys jkT;foLrkjk; jk"Vªle`¼;s pdj.kh;% ;K% vklhr~A vfLeu~ jkKka cyL; ijkØeL; p ijh{kk Hkofr LeA;KdrkZ uì% Lojkf"Vª;izrhde'oa lSU;cyS% lg Hkwe.MyHkze.kk; izs"k;frLeA ;ks uì% LojkT;s lekxre'oa fuckZ/a xUrqa izkfn'kr~ l% ;Kd=ksZ jkKsdjns;rka LohdjksfrLeA ;% re'oe#.kr~ l% vk'oesf/duìL;k/hurkaukÄõhdjksfr LeA rnk mHk;kscZy;kseZè;s ;q¼a Hkofr Le r=kSo p uìk.kkaijkØe% ijh{;rs LeA

'kriFkczkã.ks v'oina jk"VªkFksZ iz;qÙkQe~ & ^jk"Vaª oS v'o%* bfrA

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r`rh;% ikB%

lwfÙkQlq/k

izLrqr ikB pk.kD; }kjk jfpr pk.kD;uhfr rFkk ukjk;.k if.Mr iz.khrfgrksins'k ls ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA eg£"k pk.kD; }kjk dgs x,eqÙkQd i| thou dks ewY;oku cukus osQ fy, ije mi;ksxh gSaA i|la[;k ,d ls rhu esa & fdl LFkku ij fuokl djuk pkfg,] dkSueuq"; dk lPpk fe=k gS rFkk xq.kksa dh mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu gSA i|la[;k pkj ls vkB fgrdkjh mins'kksa dks lwfpr djrs gSa ;Fkk ew[kZO;fDr dk izoh.k gksuk] euLoh O;fÙkQ dk O;ogkj] iq#"k osQ Ng nks"kksadk o.kZu rFkk lkalkfjd thoulq[kksa osQ o.kZuA thou dks e/qj rFkkmís';iw.kZ cukus osQ fy, dfri; ewY;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj;s uhfrijd i| rFkk fgrdkjh mins'k thou dks lqlaLÑr ,oa lkFkZdcukus esa mi;ksxh rFkk lgk;d fl¼ gksaxsA

;fLeu~ ns'ks u lEekuks u o`fÙkuZ p ckU/ok%Au p fo|kxe% df'pn~ okla r=k u dkj;sr~AA1AA

vkrqjs O;lus izkIrs nq£Hk{ks 'k=kqladVsAjkt}kjs 'e'kkus p ;fLr"Bfr l ckU/o%AA2AA

dks¿frHkkj% leFkkZuka ¯d nwja O;olkf;uke~Adks fons'k% lfo|kuka dks¿fiz;% fiz;okfnuke~AA3AA

dkp% dk×pulalxkZn~ /Ùks ekjdrha |qfre~ArFkk lRlfÂ/kusu ew[kksZ ;kfr izoh.krke~AA4AA

oqQlqeLrcdL;so };h o`fÙkeZufLou%AlosZ"kka ew£èu ok fr"Bsn~ fo'kh;sZr ous¿FkokAA5AA

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16 HkkLorh

/ukfu thfora pSo ijkFksZ izkK mRl`tsr~AlfÂfeÙka oja R;kxks fouk'ks fu;rs lfrAA6AA

"kM~nks"kk% iq#"ks.ksg gkrO;k HkwfrfePNrkAfunzk rUnzk Hk;a Øks/ vkyL;a nh?kZlw=krkAA7AA

vFkkZxeks fuR;ejksfxrk p fiz;k p Hkk;kZ fiz;okfnuh pAo';'p iq=kks¿FkZdjh p fo|k "kM~ thoyksdL; lq[kkfu jktu~!AA8AA

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p

fo|kxe% & fo|k;k% vkxe%] "k"Bh rRiq#"k lekl] fo|k dh izkfIrAo`fÙk% & o`r~ $ fÙkQu~] vkthfodkA'k=kqladVs & 'k=kks% ladV% rfLeu~] "k"Bh rRiq#"k] 'k=kq dk ladV gksus ijAO;olkf;uke~ & O;olk; $ f.kfu] "kú cú o] m|e'khyksa osQ fy,A/Ùks & /kj.k djrk gSAlRlfÂ/kusu & lrka lfÂ/kue~] rsu] "k"Bh rRiq#"k] lTtuksa dh laxfr lsAoqQlqeLrcd% & oqQlqekuka Lrcd%] "k"Bh rRiq#"k] iwQyksa dk xqPNkAfo'kh;Zsr & fo $ Ük`` $ deZokP; foú fyÄ~ú izú iqú ,ú oú] u"V gksosAmRl`tsr~ & R;kx nsAlfÂfeÙka & Js"B y{; osQ fy,Anh?kZlw=krk & nh?kZlw=k $ ry~] L=khú izú ,ú oú] dk;Z osQ fo"k; esa

vf/d le; rd lksprs jguk] le; ij dk;Z u djukAvFkkZxe% & vFkZL; vkxe%] "k"Bh rRiq#"k] /u dh izkfIrAvFkZdjh & /u mRiÂ djus okyhAfiz;okfnuh & fiz; cksyus okyhAvjksfxrk & fdlh izdkj osQ jksx dk u gksuk (uhjksx gksuk)A

vH;kl%

1- laLÑrsu mÙkja ns;e~

(d) v;a ikB% dkH;ka xzUFkkH;ka ladfyr%\([k) oqQ=k okl% u dÙkZO;%\

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lwfÙkQlq/k 17

(x) ckUèko% oqQ=k oqQ=k fr"Bfr\(?k) dkp% dL; lalxkZr~ ekjdrhe~ |q¯r /ÙksA(Ä) izkK% ijkFksZ ¯de~ fda mRl`tsr~\(p) ew[kZ% dFke~ izoh.krke~ ;kfr\(N) i#"ks.k osQ "kM~ nks"kk% gkrO;k%\(t) thoyksdL; "kV~ lq[kkfu dkfu lfUr\

2- fjÙkQLFkkuiw£r% fØ;rke~

(d) ;% ------------------------ fr"Bfr l% ckU/o%A([k) thoyksdL; ------------------------ "kV~ lq[kkfu HkofUrA(x) eufLou% ------------------------ bo };h o`fÙk% HkofrA(?k) "kM~nks"kk% ------------------------ gkrO;k%A(Ä) lfUufeÙka oja R;kxks ------------------------ lfrA

3- v/ksfyf[kr;ks% i|ka'k;ks% ekr`Hkk"k;k HkkokFkZe~ fy[kr

(d) dks¿fiz;% fiz;okfnuke~A([k) lfÂfeÙka oja R;kxks fouk'ks fu;rs lfrA(x) losZ"kka ew£èu ok fr"Bsn~ fo'kh;sZr ous¿FkokA

4- d&HkkxLFkinS% lg [k&HkkxL;kFkkZuka esyua fozQ;rke~

d [kfo|kxe% fonq"kke~O;lus 'kksHkke~lfo|kuke~ fo|kizkfIr%|qfre~ iq"ixqPNL;oqQlqeLrcdL; foiÙkkSew£èu dY;k.ke~Hkwfre~ f'kjfl

5- mnkgj.kkuqlkja foxzginkfu vk/`R; leLrinkfu jp;r

foxzginkfu leLrinkfu;Fkk& fo|k;k% vkxe% ¾ fo|kxe%

jkK% }kjs ¾ ------------------------

lrka lfUu/kusu ¾ ------------------------

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18 HkkLorh

dk×puL; lalxkZr~ ¾ ------------------------

vFkZL; vkxe% ¾ ------------------------

thfork; bne~ ¾ ------------------------

u jksfxrk ¾ ------------------------

vFkZe~ djksfr ;k lk ¾ ------------------------

6- v/kssfyf[krs"kq 'kCns"kq izÑfrizR;;ks% foPNsna oqQ#r

izkIrs] izoh.krke~] o`fÙk%] fu;rs] gkrO;kA

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%

lekukUrj'yksdk%

(1) ikikfUuokj;fr ;kst;rs fgrk;xqg~;a fuxwg;fr xq.kkUizdVhdjksfrAvkin~xra p u tgkfr nnkfr dkyslfUe=ky{k.kfena izonfUr lUr%AA

(uhfr'krde~&73)(2) eufl opfl dk;s iq.;ih;w"kiw.kkZ%

f=kHkqoueqidkjJsf.kfHk% izh.k;Ur%Aijxq.kijek.kwu~ ioZrhÑR; fuR;afutâfn fodlUr% lfUr lUr% fd;Ur%AA

(uhfr'krde~&79)(3) egktuL; lalxZ% dL; uksUufrdkjd%A

iÁi=kfLFkra okfj /Ùks eqÙkQkiQyfJ;e~AA(lqHkkf"krjRuHkk.Mkxkje~&90@2)

(4) lalkjdVqo`{kL; }s iQys áe`rksiesAlqHkkf"kra p lqLoknq laxfr% lqtus tusAA

(pk.kD;uhfrniZ.k%)(5) larIrk;fl lafLFkrL; i;lks ukekfi u Jw;rs

eqDrkdkjr;k rnso ufyuhi=kfLFkra jktrsALokR;ka lkxj'kqfDreè;ifrra rTtk;rs ekSfDrde~izk;s.kk/eeè;eksÙkexq.k% lalXkZrks tk;rsAA

(HkrZgfjuhfr'krde~)

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lwfÙkQlq/k 19

(6) lR;a czw;kfRiz;a czw;kr~ u czw;kRlR;efiz;e~Afiz;a p uku`ra czw;kr~ ,"k /eZ% lukru%AA

(euqLe`fr% 4@138)(7) Dofpn~HkwekS 'kÕ;k Dofpnfi p i;ZÄï'k;ue~A

DofpPNkdkgkjh Dofpnfi p 'kkY;ksnu#fp%ADofpRdUFkk/kjh Dofpnfi p fnO;kEcj/jkseuLoh dk;kZFkhZ x.k;fr u nq%[ka u p lq[ke~AA

(8) vkRekFk± thoyksosQ¿fLeu~ dks u thofr ekuo%Aija ijksidkjkFk± ;ks thofr l thofrA

(lqHkkf"krjRuHkk.Mkxkje~)(9) jfo'pUnzks ?kuk% o`{kk% u|ks xko'p lTtuk%A

,rs ijksidkjk; ;qxs nSosu fufeZrk%AA

(10) vkyL;a fg euq";k.kka 'kjhjLFkks egku~ fjiq%AukLR;q|eleks cU/q% ÑRok ;a ukolhnfrAA

(uhfr'krde~)

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prqFkZ% ikB%

Írqp;kZ

;g ikB eg£"k vfXuos'k }kjk ewy :i esa fyf[kr rFkk eg£"k pjd }kjkizfr&laLÑr pjdlafgrk uked vk;qosZn osQ xzUFk ls ladfyr fd;kx;k gSA bl xzUFk osQ NBs vè;k; esa fofHkÂ ½rqvksa esa vkgkj lslacafèkr fu;e crk, x, gSaA viuh fnup;kZ esa ¯dfpr~ ifjorZu djosQO;fDr nh?kZ vk;q rFkk LoLFk thou dks izkIr djrk gSA ladfyr i|ksaesa gseUr] f'kf'kj] olUr] xzh"e] o"kkZ vkSj 'kjn~ bu N% Írqvksa esa euq";dks viuh Hkkstup;kZ fdl izdkj dh j[kuh pkfg,] bldk foospufd;k x;k gSA

gseUr%

xksjlkfu{kqfoÑrhoZlka rSya uokSnue~AgseUrs¿H;L;rLrks;eq".ka pk;quZ gh;rsAA1AA

otZ;snÂikukfu okrykfu y?kwfu pAizokra izferkgkjeqneUFka fgekxesAA2AA

f'kf'kj%

gseUrf'kf'kjkS rqY;kS f'kf'kjs¿Yia fo'ks"k.ke~AjkS{;eknkuta 'khra es?kek#ro"kZte~AA3AA

rLek¼SefUrd% loZ% f'kf'kjs fof/fj";rsAfuokreq".ka Rof/da f'kf'kjs x`gekJ;sr~AA4AA

dVqfrÙkQd"kk;kf.k okrykfu y?kwfu pAotZ;snÂikukfu f'kf'kjs 'khrykfu pAA5AA

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Írqp;kZ 21

olUr%

olUrs fufpr% 'ys"ek fnuÑn~HkkfHkjhfjr%Adk;kfXua ck/rs jksxkaLrr% izoqQ#rs cgwu~AA6AA

rLek}lUrs dekZf.k oeuknhfu dkj;sr~AxqoZEyfLuX/e/qja fnokLoIua p otZ;sr~AA7AA

xzh"e%

e;w[kStZxr% Lusga xzh"es isih;rs jfo%ALoknq 'khra nzoa fLuX/eÂikua rnk fgre~AA8AA

?k`ra i;% l'kkY;Âa Hktu~ xzh"es u lhnfrAyo.kkEydVw".kkfu O;k;kea p footZ;sr~AA9AA

o"kkZ

Hkwok"ikUes?kfuL;Unkr~ ikdknEykTtyL; pAo"kkZLofXucys {kh.ks oqQI;fUr ioukn;%AA10AA

O;ÙkQkEyyo.kLusga okro"kkZoqQys¿gfuAfo'ks"k'khrs HkksÙkQO;a o"kkZLofuy'kkUr;sAA11AA

'kjn~

o"kkZ'khrksfprkÄ~xkuka lglSokoZQjf'efHk%ArIrkukekfpra fiÙka izk;% 'kjfn oqQI;frAA12AA

rFkkÂikua e/qja y?kq 'khra lfrÙkQde~AfiÙkiz'keua lsO;a ek=k;k lqizdkfÄ~{krS%1113AA

'kkjnkfu p ekY;kfu oklkafl foeykfu pA'kjRdkys iz'kL;Urs iznks"ks psUnqj'e;%AA14AA

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22 HkkLorh

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p

xkssjlku~ & xk; dk nw/] ngh ,oa NkNAuokSnue~ & u;s pkoyAolka & dksbZ rsy vFkok ?khAokrykfu & okrdkjd okra ykfUr ;kfu rkfu miin rRiq#"kAizokra & rktk gok] goknkjAjkS{;a & #{kL; Hkko%] :{k $ ";×k~] :[kkAfufpr% & fu $ fp $ Dr] Ck<+k gqvkA'ys"ek & diQAmneUFke~ & tkS osQ ikuh ls fufeZr inkFkZAoeuknhfu & oeue~ vkfn% ;s"kka rkfu (cú lú) mYVh vkfnAfnokLoIue~ & fnu esa lksukAe;w[kS% & fdj.kksa osQ }kjkAfuokre~ & ok;qjfgrAisih;rs & ik $ ;Ä~] yV~] izú iqú ,ú oú] ckj&ckj vFkok

vR;f/d ihrk gSAek=k;k & ek=kk osQ vuqlkjAl'kkY;Âe~ & 'kkfyfHk% lfgra] l'kkfy p rr~ vUue~] /ku lfgr vÂAvfuy'kkUr;s & vfuyL; 'kkUr;s] ok;q dh 'kkafr osQ fy,AvdZjf'efHk% & voZQL; jf'efHk%] lw;Z dh fdj.kksa osQ }kjkAiznks"ks & jkf=k esaAvknkuta & vknkukr~ tk;rs] ysus ([kkus&ihus) ls gksus okykAlqizdkfÄ~{krS% & lq $ iz $ dka{k~ $ Dr] r`ú cú oú] pkgs gq,A

lfU/foPNsn%

uokSnue~ ¾ uo $ vksnue~pk;quZ ¾ p $ vk;q% $ uf'kf'kjs¿Yie~ ¾ f'kf'kjs $ vYie~fof/fj";rs ¾ fof/% $ b";rsHkkfHkjhfjr% ¾ HkkfHk% $ bZfjr%l'kkY;Âe~ ¾ l'kkfy $ vÂe~rLek¼SefUrosQ ¾ rLekr~ $ gSefUrosQ

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Írqp;kZ 23

jksxkaLrr% ¾ jksxku~ $ rr%o"kkZLofXucys ¾ o"kkZlq $ vfXucyslglSokoZQjf'efHk% ¾ lglk $ ,o $ voZQjf'efHk%psUnqj'e;% ¾ p $ bUnqj'e;%

vH;kl%

1- laLÑrsu mÙkjkf.k ns;kfu

(d) v;a ikB% dLekn~ xzUFkkr~ lÄ~dfyr% d'p rL; iz.ksrk\([k) dfr Íro% HkofUr\ dkfu p rs"kka ukekfu\(x) f'kf'kjs ¯d ¯d otZuh;e~\(?k) olUrs dk;kfXua d% ck/rs\(Ä) xzh"es dhn`'ke~ vÂikua fgra Hkofr\(p) dfLeu~ ÍrkS ioukn;% oqQI;fUr\(N) 'kjn`rkS fiÙkiz'keuk; ¯d ¯d lsO;e~ vfLr\(t) fgekxes dhn`'kkfu vUUkikukfu otZ;sr~\(>) f'kf'kjs dhn`'ke~ x`gekJ;sr~\(×k) olUrs dkfu dekZf.k dkj;sr~\(V) O;k;kea dnk otZ;sr~\(B) bUnqj'e;% dnk iz'kL;Urs\

2- fjÙkQLFkkuiw£r% fØ;rke~

(d) fgekxes ------------------------- y?kwfu p vÂikukfu otZ;sr~A([k) f'kf'kjs fuokre~ ------------------------- p x`ge~ vkJ;sr~A(x) ------------------------- fnokLoIua otZ;sr~A(?k) xzh"es ?k`ra i;% ------------------------- Hktu~ uj% u lhnfrA(Ä) ------------------------- foeykfu oklkafl iz'kL;UrsA

3- ekr`Hkk"k;k O;k[;k;Urke~

(d) gseUrf'kf'kjkS rqY;kS f'kf'kjs¿Yia fo'ks"k.ke~A([k) e;w[kStZxr% Lusga xzh"es isih;rs jfo%A(x) 'kjRdkys iz'kL;Urs iznks"ks psUnqj'e;%A

4- Írqp;kZikBe~ vf/ÑR; izR;sde~ ÍrkS ¯d ¯d dj.kh;e~ ¯d ¯d p udj.kh;e~ bfr ekr`Hkk"k;k lqLi"V;r

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24 HkkLorh

5- v/ksfyf[krkfu foxzginkfu vk/`R; leLrinkfu jp;r

;Fkk & uoe~ vksnue~ uokSnue~ deZ/kj; lekl%

foxzginkfu leLrinkfu lekl uke(d) vUukfu p ikukfu p ------------------------- }U}%([k) gseUr% p f'kf'kj% p ------------------------- }U}%(x) fgeL; vkxes ------------------------- "kú rRiq#"k%(?k) dk;L; vfXue~ ------------------------- "kú rRiq#"k%(Ä) voZQL; jf'efHk% ------------------------- "kú rRiq#"k%

6- v/ksfyf[krinkukeFkZesyua fØ;rke~

inkfu vFkkZ%

(d) 'ys"ek gokjfgr([k) jkS{;e~ c<+k gqvk (tek gqvk)(x) fuokre~ okr(?k) fufpr% Hkkjh(Ä) iou% gYdk(p) xq#% oL=k(N) y?kq :[kkiu(t) oklkafl diQ

7- v/ksfyf[krinkuke~ foijhrkFkZdinS% lg esyua fØ;rke~

inkfu foijhrkFkZdinkfu

m".ke~ vf/de~lhnfr 'khrkuke~rIrkuke~ izlhnfrxq# 'khre~vYie~ y?kq

8- izÑfra izR;;a p ;kstf;Rok infuekZ.ka oqQ#r

gseUr $ Bd~] fLug~ $ Dr] Hkqt~ $ rO;r~] lso~ $ ;r~] 'kjn~ $ v.k~A

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Írqp;kZ 25

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%

(d) pjdlafgrk

pjdlafgrk vk;qosZn'kkL=kL; izfl¼% xzUFkks fo|rsA xzUFks¿fLeu~ v"VLFkkukfulfUr & lw=kLFkkue~] funkuLFkkue~] foekuLFkkue~] 'kjhjLFkkue~] bfUnz;LFkkue~]fpfdRlkLFkkue~] dYiLFkkue~] flf¼LFkkua psfrA

([k) HkkofoLrkj%

(1) ;qDrkgkjfogkjL; ;qDrps"VL; deZlqA;qDrLoIukocks/L; ;ksxks Hkofr nq%[kgkAAvk;q% lÙocykjksX;lq[kizhfrfoo/Zuk%AjL;k% fLuX/k fLFkjk â|k vkgkjk% lkfÙodfiz;k%AA

(Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk 17&15]8)

(2) vkgkj'kq¼kS lÙo'kqf¼%] lÙo'kq¼kS /zqok Le`fr%A(NkUnksX;ksifu"kn~ 7@26@2)

(3) vukjksX;euk;q";eLoX;± pkfrHkkstue~Aviq.;a yksdfof}"Va rLEkkRrRifjotZ;sr~AA

(euqLe`fr% 2@57)(4) Hkkstua izk.kj{kkFk± fo|rs uk=kla'k;%A

vf/da gku;s rLekr~ ;qÙkQkgkjijks Hkosr~AA(pjdlafgrk O;k[;k)

(5) ferkgkjks uj% lks<aq 'kÙkQ% d"V'kra lq[ke~AvuH;Lrks fg d"Vkukeè;'kuks foi|rsAA

(lqeuks okfVdk)(6) rL;kf'krk|knkgkjkr~ cyo.kZ×p o/ZrsA

rL;rqZlkRE;a fofnra ps"VkgkjO;ikJ;e~AA(lw=kLFkku 6@3)

(7) izkr% dkys O;k;ke% fuR;a nUrfo'kks/ue~ALoPNtysu lqLukua cqHkq{kk;k×p Hkkstue~AA

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i×pe% ikB%

ohj% loZneu%

izLrqr ikB dfooqQyxq# egkdfo dkfynkl dh vej Ñfr txr~ izfl¼¶vfHkKku'kkoqQUrye~ ukVd osQ lIre vÄï ls fy;k x;k gSA blukVd dh ewy dFkk egkHkkjr osQ 'kkoqQUryksik[;kue~ ls yh xbZ gSA blukVd esa jktk nq";Ur 'koqQUryk ls xkU/oZ fookg djrk gS ij nqokZlkÍf"k osQ 'kki osQ dkj.k mls Hkwy tkrk gSA mlosQ }kjk BqdjkbZ xbZ'koqQUryk vius iq=k loZneu osQ lkFk eg£"k ejhfp osQ vkJe esa jg jghgSA nsoklqj laxzke esa fot; izkIr dj ykSVrs gq, nq";Ur ekxZ esa ekjhpÍf"k osQ vkJe esa foJke gsrq vkrs gSa ogha ij mUgsa iq=k ,oa 'koqQUrykdh izkfIr gksrh gSA jDr dk lEcU/ nq";Ur ,oa loZneu dks feykrk gSAckyd loZneu dk 'kkS;Ziw.kZ 'kS'ko ;gk¡ fpf=kr fd;k x;k gSA

nq";Ur% & (fufeÙka lwpf;Rok)

euksjFkk; uk'kals ¯d ckgks LiUnls o`FkkAiwokZo/hfjra Jss;ks nq%[kk; ifjorZrs AA1AA

(usiF;s)ek [kyq pkiya oqQ#A dFka xr ,okReu% izÑfre~\

nq";Ur% & (d.k± nÙok)vHkwfefj;efou;L;A dks uq [kYos"k fuf"kè;rsA('kCnkuqlkjs.kkoyksD; lfoLe;e ~) v;s] dks uq[kYo;e~ vuqcè;ekuLrifLouhH;ke~ vckylÙokscky%AvèkZihrLrua ekrqjkenZfDy"VosQlje~AizozQhfMrqa ¯lgf'k'kqa cykRdkjs.k d"kZfrAA2AA

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ohj% loZneu% 27

cky% & t`EHkLo flag! nUrkLrs x.kf;";sA

izFkek & vfouhr! ¯d uks¿iR;fu£o'k s"kkf.k "kÙokfufoizdjksf"k\ gUrA o/Zrs rs lajEHk% A LFkkus [kyqÍf"ktusu loZneu bfr Ñruke/s;ks¿flA

nq";Ur% & ¯d u [kyq ckys¿fLeu~ vkSjl bo iq=ks fLuáfr eseu%\ uwueuiR;rk eka oRly;frA

f}rh;k & ,"kk [kyq osQlfj.kh Roka yÄ~?kf;";fr ;|L;k% iq=koaQu eq×pflA

cky% & (lfLere~) vgks cyh;% [kyq Hkhrks¿fLeA (bR;èkjan'kZ;fr)A

izFkek & oRl! ,ua ckye`xsUnza eq×p] vija rs ØhMudankL;kfeA

cky% & oqQ=k] nsfg rr~ (bfr gLra izlkj;fr)

f}rh;k & lqozrs! u 'kD; ,"k okpkek=ks.k fojef;rqe~A xPNRoe~A enh;s mVts e`fÙkdke;wjfLr"BfrA reL;ksigjA

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28 HkkLorh

cky% & vusuSo rkor~ ØhfM";kfeA (bfr rkilha foyksD;glfr)A

rkilh & HkorqA u eke;a x.k;fr (jktkueoyksD;) Hknzeq[k!eksp;kusu ckè;ekua ckye`xsUnze~A

nq";Ur% & vkdkjln`'ka psf"VresokL; dFk;frA (vkRexre~)vusu dL;kfi oqQykÄ~oqQjs.kLi`"VL; xk=kss"kq lq[ka eeSoe~Adka fuoZ¯Ùk psrfl rL; oqQ;kZn~;L;k;eÄïkr~ Ñfru% iz:<%AA3AA

(ckyeqiyky;u~) izdk'ke~nq";Ur% & vFk dks¿L; O;ins'k%\rkilh & iq#oa'k%Anq";Ur% & (vkRexre~) dFkesdkUo;ks ee\ (izfo';)rkilh & oRl loZneu! 'koqQUryko.;a izs{kLoAcky% & oqQ=k ok eekEck\nq";Ur% & (vkRexre~) ¯d ok 'koqQUrysR;L; ekrqjk[;k\cky% & jksprs es ,"k e;wj%A (bfr ØhMudeknÙks)

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p

uk'kals & u $ vk'kals] laHkkouk ugha djrk gw¡ALiUnls & iQM+drh gksAo`Fkk & csdkjAiwokZo/hfjra & iwoZe~ vo/hfjre~ (deZ/kú lú) igys ls R;kxk gqvkAvkReu% & Lo;a dhAizÑfre~ & iz $ Ñ $ fDru~ f}ú ,ú oú] LoHkko dks Afuf"kè;rs & fu $ flèk~ $ deZokP; yV~ izú iqú ,ú oú] jksdk tkrk gSAvuqcè;eku% & jksdk tkrk gqvkAvckylÙoks cky% & ckyL; lÙoe~ bo lÙoa ;L; l ckylÙo%] u ckylÙo

bfr vckylÙo%] ftldk izrki cPpksa tSlk u gks cM+stSlk gks (egku~ 'kwj)A

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ohj% loZneu% 29

tEHkLo & tEHkkbZ yksAviR;fu£o'ks"kkf.k & viR;S% fufoZ'ks"kkf.k] larku tSlsAlÙokfu & izkf.k;ksa dksAfoizdjksf"k & d"V ns jgs gksAlajEHk% & gB@Øks/AÑruke/s;ks¿fl & ukedj.k fd;k x;k gSAvkSjl & vkReh;AfLug~;fr & Lusg djrk gSAvuiR;rk & u viR;rk] u×k~ rRiq#"k] fu%lUrkurkAoRly;fr & oRlya djksfr (uke/krq) yV~ iqú izú ,ú oú] Lusg ls

;qDr cukrk gSAØhMude~ & f[kykSukAokpkek=ks.k & dgus ek=k lsAfojef;rqe~ & jksdus osQ fy,Amigj & ns nksAvkdkjln`'ke~ & vkdkjs.k ln`'ke~ (r`ú rRiqú)] vkdkj osQ lekuApsf"VresokL; & bldh ps"Vk ghAvkRexre~ & eu gh euAfuo`Zfre~ & vkuUnAÑfru% & Ñr $ f.kfu] "k"Bh ,ú oú] cukus okysAiz:<% & iz $ #g~ $ Dr] izú iqú ,ú oú] mRiUUk gqvk gSAO;ins'k% & oa'kA,dkUo;% & ,d ,o vUo;% ;L; l%] cgqú lú] ,d gh oa'k dkA'koqQUryko.;e~ & 'koqQUrL; yko.;e~ "kú rRiqú] i{kh dh lqUnjrkA

vH;kl%

1- laLÑrHkk"k;k mÙkja ns;e~

(d) dL; dos% dLekr~ iqLrdkn~ x`ghrks¿;a ikB%\([k) cky% dhn`'ka flagf'k'kqa d"kZfrLe\(x) rkilh ckyk; ØhMkFk± ¯d nÙkorh\(?k) ØhMkijL; ckyL; ekrq% ¯d uke/s;e~\(Ä) ckyk; ¯d jksprs\

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30 HkkLorh

2- fjDrLFkkukuka iwfrZ% dj.kh;k

(d) viR;fu£o'ks"kkf.k ------------------------ foizdjksf"kA([k) iq=ks fLug~;fr es ------------------------ A(x) ;|L;k% ------------------------ u eq×pflA(?k) vija ØhMuda rs ------------------------ A(Ä) ------------------------ psf"VresokL; dFk;frA

3- fuEukfÄïrs"kq lfU/PNsnks fo/s;%

xr ,okReu%] vkSjl bo] nUrkLrs] ;|L;k%] 'koqQUrysR;L;] [kYo;e~] ckys¿fLeu~]Hkhrks¿fLe] dL;kfi] ,dkUo;%] ,okL;] reL;ksigj] eSoe~] bR;/je~] eekEck]vusuSoA

4- v/ksfyf[krs"kq foxzga ÑRok lekluke fy[kr

iwokZo/hfjre~] vHkwfe%] vfou;L;] 'kCnkuqlkjs.k] lfoLe;e~] vckylÙo%]flagf'k'kqe~] vuiR;rk] lfLere~] e`fÙkdke;wj%] ckye`xsUnze~] ,dkUo;%]vkdkjln`'ke~] ckyLi'kZe~A

5- v/ksfyf[krkuka inkuka laLÑrokD;s"kq iz;ksx% dj.kh;%

lfoLe;e~] d"kZfr] fLug~;fr] osQlfj.kh] mVts] O;ins'k%] izs{kLo] eekEckA

6- izÑfrizR;;ifjp;ks ns;%

lwpf;Rok] izØhfMrqe~] voyksD;] vuqcè;eku%] fu"ØkUrk] miyH;] miyky;u~A

7- Loekr`Hkk"k;k lizlÄõa O;k[;k;rke~

(d) euksjFkk; uk'kals ------------------------ nq%[kk; ifjorZrsA([k) v/ZihrLrua ------------------------ cykRdkjs.k d"kZfrA(x) ¯d u [kyq ckys¿fLeu~ ------------------------ eka oRly;frA

8- Loekr`Hkk"k;k vk'k;a Li"VhoqQ#r

vusu dL;kfi oqQykÄïqjs.k ------------------------ ;L;k;eÄïkr~ Ñfru% iz:<%AA

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%

ukVosQ lekxrkuka ikfjHkkf"kd'kCnkuka foospue~&1- vÄï%

vÄï bfr :f<'kCnks HkkoS% jlS'p jksg;R;FkkZu~ukukfo/ku;qÙkQks ;Lekr~ rLekn~ HkosnÄï%AA

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ohj% loZneu% 31

;=kkFkZL; lekfIr;Z=k p chtL; Hkofr lagkj%Afdf×pnoyXufCkUnq% lks¿Äï bfr lnk¿oxUrO;%AA (ukV~;'kkL=ke~ 20@14&16)laLÑrukVosQ"kq i×p izHk`fr n'k i;ZUre~ vÄïk% HkofUrA ,dfLeUuÄïs izk;'k%dFkk;k% Hkkx% iw.kZrkesfr vÄïL; lekIrkS jÄõe×pr% lokZf.k ik=kkf.k fuXkZPNfUrA

2- usiF;e~oqQ'khyooqQVqEcL; x`ga usiF;eqP;rsA;=kkfHkusrkj% ukVdkuq:ia os'ka /kj;fUr rRLFkkua usiF;fefr dF;rsA

3- vkRexre~vJkO;a [kyq ;n~oLrq rfngkRexra ere~A;nk df'pnfHkusrk Loa izfr (eufl) okrk± djksfrvijku~ tuku~ Lookrk± Jkof;rqa u ok×Nfr rnklaoknks¿;a Loxre~] vkRexrfe* fr oksP;rsA

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"k"B% ikB%

'kqd'kkodksnUr%

izLrqr ikB dfooqQyf'kjksef.k egkdfo ck.kHkV~V dh vf}rh; dFkkRedjpuk dknEcjh* osQ dFkkeq[k Hkkx dk ,d va'k gSA egkjkt 'kwnzd osQnjckj esa ,d pk.Mky&dU;k Lo.kZ&fi×tj esa cUn rksrs dks migkjLo:i izLrqr djrh gSA foJke osQ {k.kksa esa ogh rksrk egkjkt dksvkichrh lqukrk gS fd og fdl izdkj ?ku?kkssj foUè;kVoh esa fLFkriEik ljksoj osQ rV ij th.kZ lsey osQ o`{k osQ dksVj ls o`````¼ 'kcj osQ}kjk fudky dj isaQosQ tkus ij Hk;adj nqigjh esa tkckfy eqfu osQiq=k gkjhr osQ }kjk vkJe esa yk;k x;kA lEiw.kZ dFkk oqQrwgyiw.kZ ,oajkspd gSA

vfLr eè;ns'kkyÄïkjHkwrk es[kyso Hkqoks foUè;kVoh ukeA rL;ka piEikfHk/kua iÁlj%A rL; if'pes rhjs egkth.kZ% 'kkYeyho`{k%ArL;SoSdfLeu~ dksVjs fuolr% dFkefi firqjgeso lwuqjHkoe~A eeSotk;ekuL; izloosnu;k tuuh es yksdkUrjexer~A rkrLrqlqrLusgknUrfuZx`á 'kksda eRlao/Zuij ,okHkor~A ijuhMfuifrrkH;%'kkfyoYyjhH;Lr.Mqyd.kku~ 'kqdoqQykonfyrkfu p iQy'kdykfulekâR; eáenkr~A enqiHkqDr'ks"kesokdjksn'kue~A

,dnk rq izR;w"kfl lglSo rfLeu~ ous e`x;kdksykg&yèofu#npjr~A vkd.;Z p regeqitkrosiFkqjHkZdr;k Hk;foày%firq% i{kiqVkUrjefo'ke~A vfpjkPp iz'kkUrs rfLeu~ {kksfHkrdkuuse`x;kdydys firq#RlÄõknh"kfno fu"ØE; dksVjLFk ,o f'kjksèkjkaizlk;Z fdfenfefr fnn`{kqjfHkeq[kekirPNcjlSU;enzk{ke~A eè;s prL; izFkes o;fl orZekua 'kcjlsukifrei';e~A

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'kqd'kkodksnUr% 33

vklhPp es eufl&^vgks eksgizk;esrs"kka thfore~A vkgkjkseèkqekalkfn%] Jeks e`x;k] 'kkL=ka f'kok#ra] izKk 'koqQfuKkue~A;fLeUuso dkuus fuolfUr rnsoksR[kkrewye'ks"kr% oqQoZfUrA bfrfpUr;R;so ef; 'kcjlsukifr% l vkxR; rL;So rjksj/'Nk;k;kaifjtuksiuhriYyoklus leqikfo'kr~A vkihrlfyyks HkqDre.kkfyd&'pksRFkk;kixrJe% ldysu lSU;su lgkfHkera fn'ke;klhr~A

,dreLrq tjPNcjLrfLeUuso r#rys eqgwrZfeo O;yEcrAvUrfjrs p lsukirkS l lqfpjek##{kqLra ouLifrekewykni';r~AmR=kQkUrfeo rfLeu~ {k.ks rnkyksduHkhrkuka 'kqdoqQykukelqfHk%Afdfeo fg nq"djed#.kkuke~A ;r% l re;RusuSo ikniek#áiQykuho rL; ouLirs% dksVjsH;% 'kqd'kkodkuxzghr~A vixrklwa'pÑRok f{krkoikr;r~A

rkrLrq rnoyksD; fo"kkn'kwU;keJqtyIyqrka n`'kferLrrksfof{kiu~ i{klaiqVsukPNk| eka Lusgijo'kks enz{k.kkoqQyks¿Hkor~Avlkofi iki% =kQes.k 'kk[kkUrjS% l×pjek.kks eRdksVj}kjekxR;HkqtÄõHkh"k.ka izlk;Z ckgqa eqgqeqZgqnZÙkp×pqizgkjeqRowQtUrekÑ"; rkr&eixrklqedjksr~ eka rq LoYiRokr~ dFkefi uky{k;r~A mijra preofurys¿eq×pr~A vgefi rPpj.kkUrjkys izosf'krf'kjks/jksfuHk`reÄïfuyhuLrsuSo lg iouo'klEiqf×trL; 'kq"diËjk'ks#ifjifrrekRekuei';e~A ;koPpklkS r#f'k[kjkUukorjfr rkongafirjeqijreqRl`T; u`'kal bo LusgjlkufHkKks Hk;suSo osQoy&efHkHkw;ekuks yqBfUurLrrks ukfrnwjo£ruLrekyikniL; ewyns'kefo'ke~A

vtkri{kr;k p eqgqeqZgqeZq[ksu irr% LFkwyLFkwya 'olrks èkwfy&èkwlfjrL; laliZrks ee leHkwUeufl&ukfLr thforknU;nfHkerrjfegtxfr loZtUrwuke~A ,oeqijrs¿fi rkrs ;nga ftthfo"kkfeAf/Ä~eked#.kefrfu"BqjeÑrKe~A [kya fg [kyq es ân;e~A rkrsu;RÑra lo± rnsdins e;k foLe`re~A loZFkk u df×pUu [kyhdjksfrthouk'kk ;nhn`xoLFkefi ekek;kl;fr tykfHkyk"k%A fnolL;ps;efrd"Vk n'kk orZrsA vkrilUrIrikalqyk Hkwfe%A fiiklkolUukfu

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34 HkkLorh

xUrqeuYiefi es ukyeÄõdkfuA vizHkqjLE;kReu%A lhnfr es ân;e~AvU/dkjrkeqi;kfr es p{kq%A vfi uke [kyks fof/jfuPNrks¿fi esej.ke|Soksiikn;sr~A

bR;soa fpUr;R;so ef; gkjhrukek tkckyeqfuru;%lo;ksfHkjijSeqZfuoqQekjoSQ% lg rsuSo iFkk rnso deylj% flLuk&lq#ikxer~A izk;s.kkdkj.kferzk.;frd#.kknzkZf.k p HkofUr lrkapsrkaflA ;r% l rnoLFkeoyksD; eka ljLrhjekuk;;r~] Lo;apknk; lfyyfcUnwuik;;r~A leqitkrizk.k a ek a Nk;k;k afu/k;kdjksr~ Lukufof/e~A vfHk"ksdkolkus ldysu eqfuoqQekj&dnEcosQukuqxE;ekuks eka x`ghRok riksouexPNr~A

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'kqd'kkodksnUr% 35

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p

eè;ns'kkyÄ~dkjHkwrk & eè;'pklkS ns'k'p eè;ns'k% (deZ/kj; lekl)rL;kyÄ~dkjHkwrk] (rRiq#"k) eè;ns'k dh 'kksHkk c<+kusokyhA

foUè;kVoh & foUè;L; vVoh] foUè; ioZr ij yxk ?kuk taxyAegkth.kZ% & egku~ p vlkS th.kZ% p (deZ/kj;) cM+k iqjkukfuolr% & fu $ ol~ $ 'kr` "k"Bh ,úoú] jgus okystk;ekuL; & tu~ $ deZokP; $ 'kkup~ "k"Bhs ,ú oú] iSnk gksrs

gq,Avxer~ & xe~ èkkrq yqÄ~ ydkj izú iqú ,ú oú] xbZAfux`g~; & fu $ xzg~ $ DRok > Y;i~] jksddjAijuhMfuifrrkH;% & ijs"kka uhMsH;% ifrrkH;% nwljksa osQ ?kksaslyksa ls fxjh

gqbZA'kqdoqQykonfyrkfu & 'kqdkuka oqQyS% vonfyrkfu] rRiq#"k] rksrksa osQ >q.M

}kjk drjs gq,AiQy'kdykfu & iQykuka 'kdykfu&[k.Mkfu] rRiq#"k] iQyksa osQ VqdM+sAlekâR; & le~ $ vk $ â $ DRok > Y;i~] ykdjAmiHkqDr'ks"ke~ & mi $ Hkqt~ $ Dr] miHkqDrkr~ 'ks"ke~] [kkus ls cpk gqvkAv'kue~ & v'k~ $ Y;qV~ > vu] HkkstuAizR;w"kfl & mQ"kle~ izfr] v#.kksn; ls iwoZAe`x;k & vk[ksV%] f'kdkjAmitkrosiFkq% & mitkr% osiFkq% ;L; l% cgqozhfg] d¡kirk gqvkAvHkZdr;k & 'kkod gksus ls] 'kqd'kkod dk fo'ks"k.kAi{kiqVkUrje~ & i{k;ks% iqVL;kUrje~] rRiq#"k] ia[kksa osQ iqVd osQ HkhrjA{kksfHkrdkuus & {kksfHkra dkuua ;su l% rfLeu~] taxy dks O;koqQy

djus okysizlk;Z & i $ l` $ f.kp~ $ DRok > Y;i~] iSQykdjAfnn`{kq% & n`'k~ $ lu~ $ m] nz"Vqe~ bPNq%] ns[kus dk bPNqdAf'kok#re~ & f'kok;k% & Ük`xkY;k% #re~ 'kCne~] rRiqjQ"k] fl;kfjuksa

dk jksukA'koqQfuKkue~ & 'koqQuhuka Kkue~] rRiqjQ"k] if{kfo"k;d KkuA

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36 HkkLorh

mR[kkrewye~ & mR[kkra ewya ;L; re~ cgqozhfg] ftldh tMs+a m[kM+ xbZgSaA

ifjtuksiuhre~ & ifjtuS% & Hk`R;S% miuhre~] rRiqjQ"k] lsodksa }kjk yk,x;sA

vkihrlfyy% & vkihra lfyya ;su l%] ikuh ihus ijAvixrJe% & vixr% Je% ;L; l%] Je lekIr gksus ijAvfHkere~ & vfHk $ eu~ $ Dr] LohÑre~] fiz;] bfPNrAvUrfjrs & pys tkus ijAvk##{kqq% & vk $ jQg~ $ lu~ $ m izR;;] p<+us dh bPNk lsAmR=kQkUre~ & mr~ $ =kQe~ $ Dr] fudy x;sAvlqfHk% & izk.kS%] izk.kksa lsAtjPNcj% & tjr~ pklkS 'kcj% p fHkYy%] deZ/kj;] cw<+k HkhyAvixrklqe~ & vixrk% vlo% ;L; l% re~ cgqozhfg] izk.kghu] erAvJqtyIyqrke~ & vJw.kka tyS% Iyqrke~] rRiqjQ"k] vk¡lw osQ ty ls

Hkhxh gqbZAlapjek.k% & le~ $ pj~ $ 'kkup~] lapkj djrk gqvk] pyrk gqvkAizosf'krf'kjks/j% & izosf'krk LFkkfirk f'kjks/jk xzhok ;su l%] cgqozhfg]

xnZu dks fNikus okykAfuHk`re~ & fu $ Hk` $ Dr] fu'pyAu`'kal% & uja 'kalfr fgufLr bfr] =kQwjAvfHkHkw;eku% & vfHk $ Hkw $ 'kkup~] izHkkfor gksrk gqvk] vkØkUr

gksrk gqvkAvtkri{kr;k & ia[k mRiUu u gksus lsAvfHkerrje~ & vfHk] eu~ $ Dr $ rji~] fiz;rj] vHkh"VrjAftthfo"kkfe & tho~ $ lu~ yV~] mú iqú] ,úoú] thuk pkgrk gw¡AvkrilUrIrikalqyk & vkrisu ?kesZ.k lUrIrk ikalqyk p /wfy%] rRiq#"k $

deZ/kj; lekl] /wi ls rih /wy okyhAflLuklq% & Luk $ lu~ $ m] LukrqfePNq%] ugkus dh bPNk j[kus

okykAeqfuoqQekjdnEcosQu & equhuka oqQekjk.kka dnEcosQu oxsZ.k] rRiqjQ"k lekl]

eqfuoqQekjksa osQ lewg lsAvUkqxE;eku% & vuq $ xe~ $ deZokP; $ 'kkup~ iqú izú ,ú oú]

ihNk fd;k tkrk gqvkA

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'kqd'kkodksnUr% 37

vH;kl%

1- fuEufyf[kriz'ukuka mÙkje~ laLÑrssu fy[kr

(d) iEikfHk/kua in~elj% oqQ=kklhr~\([k) 'kqd% Do fuolfr Le\(x) 'kcjk.kka dhn`'ka thoua orZrs\(?k) gkjhr% dL; lqr% vklhr~\(Ä) thouk'kk foaQ djksfr\(p) 'kqdL; firk dhn`'kkfu iQy'kdykfu rLeS vnkr~\(N) e`x;kèofuekd.;Z 'kqd% oqQ=k vfo'kr~\(t) 'kcjlsukifr% dfLeu~ o;fl oÙkZeku% vklhr~\(>) osQ"kka fde~ nq"dje~\(×k) d% 'kqdL; rkre~ vixrklqedjksr~\

2- ikBekèk`R; ck.kHk^L; x|'kSY;k% fo'ks"krk% fy[kr

3- ekr`Hkk"k;k 'kcjlsukirs% pfj=ke~ fy[kr

4- v/ksfyf[krkuka HkkokFk± fy[kr

(d) fdfeo fg nq"djed#.kkuke~A([k) ukfLr thforknU;nfHkerrjfeg txfr loZtUrwuke~A(x) loZFkk u df×pUu [kyhdjksfr thouk'kkA(?k) izk;s.k vdkj.kfe=kk.;frd#.kknzkZf.k p HkofUr lrka psrkaflA

5- 'kqd'kkodL; vkRedFkka la{ksis.k fy[kr

6- v/ksfyf[krs"kq 'kCns"kq izÑfrizR;;foHkkxa oqQ#r

lekâR;] vkd.;Z] fu"=kQE;] fof{kiu~] mijre~] x`ghRok] vfHkyk"k%] lapjek.k%A

7- fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r

(d) vfLr Hkqoks es[kyso ------------------------ ukeA([k) eeSo tk;ekuL; ------------------------ es tuuh e`rkA(x) vgks eksgizk;e~ ------------------------ thfore~A(?k) rkr% ------------------------ en~j{k.ks vkoqQy% vHkor~A(Ä) loZFkk u ------------------------ u [kyhdjksfr thouk'kA

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38 HkkLorh

8- lfU/foPNsna oqQ#r

rL;SoSdfLeu~] rkrLrq] izR;w"kfl] vfpjkPPk] fpUr;R;so] iQykuho] rkonge~]rsuSo] pknk;A

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%

iEik %& iEikfHk/kua izfl¼a lj% ;n~ v|Ros isUuflj bfr ukEukfHk/h;rsA ljl%lehi ,o Í`";ewdioZrks orZrs iEik bfr unh vLekn~ ,o ljl% fuxZrkA

foUè;kVoh %& ,dk ioZrJs.kh ;k mÙkjHkkjra nf{k.kHkkjrkr~ foHktfrA lIroqQyioZrs"kqb;a ifjx.;rsA b;a ioZrekyk eè;ns'kL; nf{k.klhfEu orZrsA

fgeof}Uè;;kseZè;s ;RizkfXou'kuknfiAizR;xso iz;kxkPp eè;ns'k% izdhfrZr%AA (euqLe`fr% 2@21)

,rklq ioZrekyklq xgukfu oukfu lfUr ;kfu ^foUè;kVoh* bfr insukfHk/h;UrsA

fdfeo fg nq"djed#.kkuke~&bfr vfLeu~ ikBs lwfrQ%A ,rkn`';% vU;k%lwrQ;ks¿Uos"VO;k%A

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lIre% ikB%

HkO;% lR;kxzgkJe%

izLrqr ikB Jherh {kekjkoÑr&lR;kxzgxhrk osQ prqFkZ vè;k; lsmn~èk`r fd;k x;k gSA vk/qfud dof;=kh us lkcjerh osQ vkJe vkSjegkRek xk¡/h osQ vkn'kZ vkpj.k dk o.kZu blesa fd;k gSA laLÑrdfork dk orZeku izlaxksa esa izLrqrhdj.k ysf[kdk dk mís'; gSA oLrqr%vk/qfud ;qx esa ns'k osQ dksus&dksus esa ftl vkradokn dh tM+ terhtk jgh gS vkSj vius y{; (LokFkZ) dh flf¼ esa ftl rjg osQ u`'kalvkSj funZ; ekxZ viuk;s tk jgs gSa] os jk"Vª osQ fy, ?kkrd gSaA vktmuosQ izfrjks/ esa izR;sd O;fDr dks xk¡/h cuuk gS] vU;k; osQ fojks/esa [kM+k gksuk gS vkSj lR;] vfgalk rFkk lnkpkj dk ekxZ viukuk gSArHkh laiw.kZ ekuo dk dY;k.k gksxkA

rrLrhjs lceZR;k ukEuk lR;kxzgkJe%AegkRek LFkki;kekl lnua lkuq;kf=kd%AA1AA

lR;eso izek.ka ;UeuksokDdk;deZfHk%ArfLeu~ iq.;fuokls rn~ ;FkkFkksZ fg l vkJe%AA2AA

vfgalk lR;eLrs;a czg~ep;kZifjxzgkSALons'koLrqfu"Bk p fuHkhZr#fpla;e%AA3AA

vUR;tkuka leq¼kjks uoSrkfu ozrkfu fgAHkkjrksRd"kZfln~è;FkZekJeL; egkReu%AA4AA

fueZeks fuR;lÙoLFkks ferk'kh lqfLerkuu%Alqdy=k% f'k'kqizseh firsokJeokfluke~AA5AA

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40 HkkLorh

è;k;u~ Dys'kku~ LocU/wuka rf¼rSdijk;.k%Afojktrs eqfucqZ¼ks cksf/nzqerys ;FkkAA6AA

lk{kkRlR;iznhiks¿;a nhI;rs¿f[kyHkkjrsALocU/wukeikoqQoZu~ g`n;kUeksgta re%AA7AA

cya loZcysH;ks¿fi lR;esokfrfjP;rsAlR;okucy% Js;ku~ lcykr~ lR;oftZrkr~AA8AA

rn~ ;s pjfUr /esZ.k iztk ok jkT;'kkldk%Ale`f¼tkZ;rs rs"kkeU;s"kka rq {k;ks /zqo%AA9AA

bfr r=kHkoku~ xkU/hjk[;kfr lgokflu%Avuq;kf;tuka'pkU;ku~ oplk ys[krks¿fi okAA10AA

egkRek izkg&

v/eZefi n`"V~ok ;% izfrc¼aq u ok×NfrAlR;s lR;fi ;ks HkhR;k u p rr~ izfri|rsAA11AA

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HkO;% lR;kxzgkJe% 41

Dyhc;ks#Hk;ks'pkfi fu"iQya thoua r;ks%ALokFkZuk'kHk;kn~ ;r~ rkS j{krks¿u`rthoue~AA12AA

fgalkefi lekfJR; oja e`R;qeq[ks xre~Au iqu% LokRej{kkFk± Ñra fuU|a iyk;ue~AA13AA

djksfr eulk fgalk l fg Hkh#% iykf;rkAvkReuks e`R;qdkr;kZnkRefgalk djksfr pAA14AA

vr ,o e;k nÙka uke lR;kxzgkJe%AlR;kuq;kf;;qDrk;k fouhrolrseZeAA15AA

bfr lR;kfn/ekZ.kkeeks?ka cyen~Hkqre~Ao.kZ;u~ xzkg;kekl ozrkfu lqcgwu~ xq#%AA16AA

vijk/s Ñrs¿I;U;S% lR;lkjs rnkJesALohd`R; nks"kloZLoeqioklSLriL;frAA17AA

vkJekn~ cfgjU;=k yksdkuka dygs¿fi l%ALoeso dkj.ka eRok rr~ dyÄïsu nw;rsAA18AA

vkReoRloZHkwrkfu i';rks¿L; inkuqxk%Axq.kS% ijo'khHkwrk O;o/ZUr lgÏ'k%AA19AA

loZnkI;kpfj";ke% lR;kfnuoda ozre~Abfr tkrleqRlkgS% l/S;± fuf'pra tuS%AA20AA

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p

lceZR;k & lkcjerhukeu|k%] lkcjerh unh osQAlkuq;kf=kd% & vuq;kf;fHk% lfgr% cgqú lú] vius vuq;kf;;ksa osQ

lkFkAvLrs;e~ & vpkS;Ze~] pksjh ugha djukAvifjxzg% & /ul×p;kHkkoo`fÙk%] /ul×p; u djus dk LoHkkoA#fpla;e% & #fp&Lokn ij fu;U=k.k j[kukAvUR;tkuka leq¼kj% & gfjtuks¼kj%] gfjtuksa dk m¼kjA

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42 HkkLorh

fuR;lÙoLFk% & fuR;a lÙos fLFkr% loZnk lÙoxq.k ls ;qDrAferk'kh & ifjferHkkstuoku~] fere~ v'ukfr rPNhy%] de Hkkstu

djus okykAe`R;qdkr;kZn~ & e`R;ks% dkr;kZr~ (nq%[k) Hk;kr~] e`R;q osQ Mj lsAlqfLerkuu% & lqfLera vkuua ;L; l%] izlUu eq[k okykAlqdy=k% & 'kksHkua dy=ka ;L; l%] cgqú lú] lqUnj L=kh okykAè;k;u~ & è;S /krq 'kr`ú izú iqú] izú ,ú oú] è;ku djrs gq,AJs;ku~ & iz'kL; 'kCn~ bZ;l~ izR;;] iqaú izú ,ú oú] vf/d

dY;k.kdkjhAfouhrolrs% & fouhrk ¾ olfr%] fouhr olfr% rL;k%] lTtuksa dh

oLrhAinkuqxk% & inkfu vuqxPNfUr ;s rs] miin rRiq#"k] ihNs pyus

okysAlèkS;Ze~ & /SS;sZ.k lg] vO;;hHkko] /S;ZlfgrA

vH;kl%

1- v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukukeqÙkjkf.k laLÑrHkk"k;k ns;kfu

(d) v;a ikB% dLekn~ xzUFkkr~ ladfyr%A([k) egkRek (xk¡/h) lR;kxzgkJea dL;k% (u|k%) rhjs LFkki;kekl\(x) vkJeokfluka Ñrs egkRek dhn`'k% vklhr~\(?k) vfLeu~ ikBs egkReu% rqyuk osQu lg Ñrk\(Ä) le`f¼% osQ"kka tk;rs\(p) lR;kxzgkJe% bfr uke osQu dFka p nÙke~\(N) vL; ikBL; jpf;=kh dk\(Tk) egkReu% ozrkfu dkfu vklu~\(>) egkRek osQ"kka nks"kS% miokledjksr~A(×k) fde~ i';r% xkfU/u% xq.kS% tuk% rL; inkuqxk% tkrk%\

2- v/ksfyf[kr'yksdkuka lkUo;a ekr`Hkk"k;k vFkZe~ fy[kr

(d) vfgalk lR;eLrs;a ------------------------ fuHkhZr#fpla;e%AA([k) lk{kkr~ lR;iznhiks¿;a ------------------------ ân;kUeksgta re%AA(x) v/eZefi n`"V~ok ------------------------ rr~ izfri|rsAA

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HkO;% lR;kxzgkJe% 43

3- v/ksfyf[krinkuka ifjp;a nÙk

leq¼kj%] izfrc¼qe~] le`f¼%] è;k;u~] n`"V~ok] lekfJR;] nÙke~] eRok

4- lfoxzge~ lekluke fy[kr

(d) lR;kxzgkJee~([k) egkRek(x) czãp;kZifjxzgkS(?k) lqdy=k%(Ä) fu"iQye~

5- lR;kxzgegÙoef/ÑR; ekr`Hkk"k;k n'k okD;kfu fy[kr

6- v/ksfyf[kr'kCnkuka lfU/PNsna oqQ#r

uoSrkfu] ferk'kh] eqfucZq¼%] nhI;rs¿f[kyHkkjrs] lR;fi] firso] O;oèkZUr]loZnkI;kpfj";ke%A


(d) rrLrhjs ------------------------ lR;kxzgkJe%A([k) vfgalk ------------------------ izfrxzgkSA(x) v/eZefi ------------------------ ok×NfrA(?k) lR;s lR;fi ------------------------ izfri|rsA(Ä) vkJekn~ ------------------------ nw;rsA

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%HkkofoLrkj%

(1) ------------------- bnegeu`rkr~ lR;eqiSfeA (;tqosZn% & 1@5)

(2) lR;esoku`'kala p jkto`Ùka lukrue~ArLekRlR;kReda jkT;a lR;s yksd% izfrf"Br%AA

(3) lR;L; opua lk/q u lR;kn~ fo|rs ije~AlR;su fo/`ra lo± lo± lR;s izfrf"Bre~AA

(4) lR;ktZoa ija /eZekgq/ZeZfonks tuk%AnqtsZ;% 'kk'orks /eZ% l p lR;s izfrf"Br%AA

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44 HkkLorh

(5) uklR;okfnu% l[;a iq.;a u ;'kks HkqfoAn`';rs ukfi dY;k.ka dkyowQVfeok'ur%AA

(6) ^lR;izfr"Bk;ka fØ;kiQykJ;Roe~A* (;ksxn'kZue~ & 2@36)

(7) lR;L; uko% lqÑreihiju~A (ÍXosn%)

(8) ;% leqRifrra Øks/a {ke;So fujL;frA;FkksjxLRopa th.kk± l oS iq#"k mP;rsAA

(okYehfdjkek;.ke~ & 5@53@6)

(9) vfgalkizfr"Bk;ka rRlfUu/kS oSjR;kx%A (;ksxn'kZue~] lk/uikn%)

(10) fujk'kh;ZrfpÙkkRek R;DrloZifjxzg%A'kkjhja osQoya deZ oqQoZUukIuksfr fdfYo"ke~AA

(Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk&4@21)

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lÄõhrkuqjkxh lqCc..k% 45

v"Ve% ikB%

lÄõhrkuqjkxh lqCc..k%

izLrqr ikB dUuM+ Hkk"kk osQ iz[;kr lkfgR;dkj ^ekfLr osÄ~dVs'kvÕ;Ä~xkj fojfpr* lqCc..k 'kh"kZd miU;kl osQ laLÑr vuqokn lsladfyr fd;k x;k gSA

blosQ vuqoknd gksuk- osÄ~dVs'k 'kekZ gSaA bl miU;kl dkuk;d lqCc..k ,d ikSjkf.kd 'kkL=kh dk iq=k gSA cpiu ls gh mldhlaxhr esa #fp gSA vkxs pydj og egku~ laxhrdkj curk gSA izLrqrva'k esa mlosQ cpiu dh ,d ?kVuk of.kZr gSA

lqCc..kL; lÄõhrs ;% lgtkfHkyk"k% vklhr~] l ,dnk jktHkouslao`Ùk;k lÄõR;k iqujf/oaQ n`<hcHkwoA ,dfLeu~ fnus iq=ks.k lkoaQiqjkf.kd'kkL=kh jktHkouesR; r=kkUr%iqjL=khtule{ks iqjk.k&izopuekjHkek.k vknkS Loiq=ks.k 'kqDykEcjèkjfeR;kfnÜyksoaQxki;keklA rPNªqRok r=kR;k% losZ i;ZuUnu~A vFk fdf×pRdkykuUrjar=k lekxrks jktk leqifo'; iqjk.kekd.kZ;fr LeA firq% ik'osZZmifo"V% lqCc..k% iqjk.kizopua oqQrwgysu 'k.oÂso eè;s egkjktefHklfoLe;a i';fr LeA egkjktL; lqUnja eq[ke~] eq[ks c`gfÙk&ydkyÄïkj%] r=kkfi fo'kkyL; x.MLFkyL; 'kksHkkoga 'eJqowQpZe~bR;kfn loZefi rL; foLe;dkj.keklhr~A jktkfi ra ckyoaQf}f=kokjefHkoh{; prqjks¿;a cky bR;eU;rA ,oeoflrs iqjk.ksjktk 'kkfL=k.keqfí'; Hkks%] ,"k cky% HkoRoqQekj% fde~\ bR;i`PNr~Avke~] egkizHkks] bfr 'kkL=kh izR;qokpA iqu% Le;iwoZda jktk ckyalEcksè; v;s oRl] fda Hkokufi fir`or~ iqjk.kizopua dfj";fr!bfr i;Zi`PNr~A rnk l cky%&vga iqjk.kizopua u djksfeA lÄõhraxk;kehfr O;kgjr~A rnk jktk&vkg] rFkk uuqA rfgZ ,da xkua

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46 HkkLorh

'k`.kqeLrkor~ bR;onr~A vuqineso lqCc..k% Jhjk?koa n'kjFkkRet&feR;kfnÜYkksda lÄõhrekxsZ.k vJko;r~ rnUrs iqu% l% dLrwjh&frydfeR;kfnÜyksdks¿fi ee d.BLFkks¿LrhR;xnr~A

egkjktL; cgq lUrk s"kk s¿Hkor~A ,oa ifjrq"Vk s jktkikfjrksf"kdRosu ckyk; lrkEcwyeqÙkjh;oL=ka nRok] gs oRl] RoaesèkkO;fl lq"Bq lÄõhra f'kf{kRok lE;Xxkrqa Hkoku~ vH;L;rqAbrks¿I;f/oaQ ikfjrksf"koaQ Hkors o;a nkL;ke bfr ckydeqDRokiqu'p 'kkfL=k.keqfí'; Hkks% 'kkfL=k.k% oqQekj% prqjks¿fLrA f'k{k.kalE;o~Q fØ;rke~A izk;% egkoqQ'kyks Hkfo";rhR;'kalr~A rnuUrja'kkL=kh p iq=k'p Lox`gk; laU;orsZrke~A

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p

lÄõhrkuqjkxh & lÄõhr $ vuqjkxh lÄõhrs vuqjkx% ;L; l% (cgqozhfglú) lÄõhr esa vuqjkx j[kus okykA

vuqjkxh & vuqjkx $ f.kfu] izsehAlgtkfHkyk"k% & lgt $ vfHkyk"k% lgt% vfHkyk"k% (deZ/kj;

lú) LokHkkfodh bPNkAlao`Ùk;k & la $ o`r~ $ Dr $ L=khfyax r`rh;k ,ú oú] gksus

okyhAlÄõR;k & la $ xe~ $ fDru~ $ L=khú fyú r`rh;k ,dopu]

lÄõfr lsAiqujf/de~ & iquj~ $ vf/de~ (la;ksx)] fiQj vf/dAn`<hcHkwo & vn`<k n`<k cHkwo n`< $ fPo $ Hkw fyV~ ydkj izFke

iq#"k ,dopu] izcy gks x;hAjktHkouesR; & jktHkoue~ $ ,R; (la-)] jktHkou esa vkdjA,R; & vk$ b $ DRok >Y;i~_ vkdjAr=kkUr%iqjL=khtule{ks & r=k $ vUr%iqjL=khtule{ks] vUr%iqj dh fL=k;ksa osQ

lkeusAvUr%iqjL=khtule{ks & vUr%iqjL=kh.kke~ le{ks "k"Bh rRiqú] vUr%iqj dh

fL=k;ksa osQ lEeq[kA

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iqjk.kizopuekjHkek.k & iqjk.kizopue~ $ vkjHkek.k (la)iqjk.kizopue~ & iqjk.kL; izopue~ "k"Bh rRiqú] iqjk.k dh dFkkAvkjHkek.k% & vk $ jHk~ $ 'kkup~] vkjaHk djrs gq,Axki;kekl & xS $ f.kp~ $ fyV~ yú izFke iq#"k ,dopu] xok;kArPNªqRok & rr~ $ JqRok] ;g lqudjAr=kR;k% & r=k $ R;i~ izR;; iqaú izFkek foú cgqú oú] ogk¡

mifLFkrAi;ZuUnu~ & ifj $ uUn~ $ yÄ~ ydkj izFke iq#"k cgqopu]

izlUu gq,Afdf×pRdkykuUrje~ & df'pr~ dky% bfr fdf×pRdky% deZ/kj; lekl

rL; vuUrja "k"Bh rRiq#"k] oqQN le; i'pkr~Alekxr% & le~ $ vk $ xe~ $ Dr iqaú izú foú] ,ú oú] vk;k

gqvkAleqifo'; & le~ $ mi $ fo'k~ $ DRok >Y;i~] ikl cSBdjAvkd.kZ;fr Le & Le osQ dkj.k yV~ydkjkFkZ Hkwrdky] lqu jgk FkkAmifo"V% & mi $ fo'k~ $ Dr iqú izú foú ,ú oú] cSBk gqvkA'k`.oUuso & 'k`.ou~ $ ,o lqurs gq, ghAlfoLe;e~ & foLe;su lg vO;;hHkko lekl] vk'p;Z lfgrAc`gfÙkydkyÄïkj% & c`gr~ fryde~ bfr c`gfÙkyde~ deZ/kj; lekl

c`gfÙkyde~ ,o vyÄïkj% ;L; l%] fo'kky fryd/kj.k fd;s gq,A

x.MLFkyL; & diksy ;k xky dkA'kksHkkoge~ & 'kksHkke~ vkogfr miú rRiqú] 'kksHkk nsus okykA'eJqowQpZe~ & 'eJo% p owQp± p rs"kka lekgkj% lekgkj}U}] nk<+h

vkSj ew¡NAjktkfi & jktk $ vfi] jktk HkhAvfHkoh{; & vfHk $ fo $ bZ{k~ $ DRok >Y;i~] ns[kdjAprqjks¿;e~ & prqj% $ v;e~] prqj ;gAbR;eU;r & bfr $ veU;r] ,slk ekukAvoflrs & vo $ "kks $ Dr] lIreh foú ,ú oú] lekIr gksus

ijAmfn~n'; & mr~ $ fn'k~ $ DRok Y;i~] y{; djosQAHkoRoqQekj% & Hkor% oqQekj% "k"Bh rRiqú_ vkidk iq=kA

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48 HkkLorh

bR;i`PNr~ & bfr $ vi`PNr~] ,slk iwNkAizR;qokp & izfr $ mokp] izfr $ czw fyV~ ydkj izú iqú] ,ú

oú] dgkALe;iwoZde~ & Le;% iwoZa ;fLeu~ rr~ cgqú lú] eqLoqQjkrs gq,AlEcksè; & le~ $ cqèk~ $ f.kp~ $ DRok >Y;i~] lEcksf/r

djosQAi;Zi`PNr~ & ifj $ vi`PNr~] iwNkAxk;kehfr & xk;kfe $ bfr] xkrk gw¡AO;kgjr~ & fo $ vk $ â $ yÄ~ izú iqú ,ú oú] dgkAizxh; & iz $ xS $ DRok > Y;i~] xkdjArnUrs & rL; vUrs] "kú rRiqú] mlosQ vUr esaA'yksdks¿fi & 'yksd% $ vfi] 'yksd HkhAd.BLFk% & d.Bs fr"Bfr] miin rRiq] Lej.kAvxnr~ & xn~ $ yÄ~ yú izú iqú ,ú oú] cksykAlUrks"kks¿Hkor~ & lUrks"k% $ vHkor~] lUrks"k gqvkAifjrq"V% & ifj $ rq"k~ $ Dr_ iqa izú foú] ,ú oú] lUrq"V

gqvkAlrkEcwye~ & rkEcwysu lfgre~] cgqozhfg lú] (rkEcwysu lg

orZekue~)] iku lfgrAes/kO;fl & es/koh $ vfl] cqf¼eku~ gksAlE;Xxkrqe~ & lE;d~ $ xkrqe~] vPNh rjg xkus osQ fy,AvH;L;rq & vfHk $ vl~ (fnokfnx.k) yksV~ yú] izú] iqú] ,ú

oú] vH;kl djksAbrks¿I;f/de~ & br% $ vfi $ vf/de~] blls Hkh vf/dAmDRok & czw $ DRok] cksydjAiqu'p & iqu% $ p] vkSj fiQjAfØ;rke~ & Ñ $ deZú yksV~ ydkj izú iqú] ,ú oúAHkfo";rhR;'kalr~ & Hkfo";fr $ bfr $ v'kalr~] gksxk ,slk dgkAv'kalr~ & 'kal~ $ yÄ~ izú iqú ,ú oú] dgkArnuUrje~ & rLekr~ vuUrje~ i×peh rRiqú] blosQ cknA

laU;orsZrke~ & le~ $ fu $ o`r~ % yÄ~ izú iqú f}ú oú] ykSV x,A

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vH;kl%

1- laLÑrsu mÙkja nh;rke~(d) lqCc..kL; lgtkfHkyk"k% dfLeu~ vklhr~\([k) iqjkf.kd'kkL=kh osQu lg jktHkoue~ vxPNr~\(x) iqjkf.kd'kkL=kh Loiq=ks.k ¯d xki;kekl\(?k) iqjk.kizopua Ük``.ou~ lqCc..k% egkjkta dFka i';fr Le\(Ä) egkjktL; foLe;dkj.ka fde~ vklhr~\(p) jktk ckya dfr okje~ vi';r~\(N) jktk ckya fde~ vi`PNr~\(t) l cky% jktkua ¯d O;kgjr~\(>) ifjrq"V% jktk ckyk; fde~ v;PNr~\(×k) jkK% dFkukuUrja 'kkL=kh rRiqq=k% p oqQ=k vxPNrke~\

2- js[kkfÄïrkfu inkfu vkfJR; iz'ufuekZ.ka oqQ#r(d) lqCc..kL; lÄõhrs¿fHkyk"k% jktHkous lao`Ùk;k lÄõR;k n`<hcHkwoA([k) rPNªqRok r=kR;k% losZ i;ZuUnu~A(x) lekxrks jktk iqjk.ke~ vkd.kZ;fr Le!(?k) lqCc..kL; firq% ik'osZ egkjkta lfoLe;a i';fr LeA(Ä) egkjktL; eq[ks frydkyÄïkj% vklhr~A(p) jktk ckyk; lrkEcwye~ mÙkjh;oL=ke~ v;PNr~A

3- fo'ks";S% lg fo'ks"k.kkfu la;ksT; esy;rfo'ks"k.k fo'ks";lao`Ùk;k 'eJqowQpZe~lekxr% 'yksd%lfoLe;e~ eq[ke~lqUnje~ x.MLFkyL;fo'kkyL; lÄõR;kd.BLFk% egkjkte~'kksHkkoge~ jktkA

4- vk'k;a Li"VhoqQ#r(d) vga iqjk.kizopua u djksfeA lÄõhra xk;kfeA([k) Roa es/koh vfl lq"Bq lÄõhra f'kf{kRok lE;d~ xkraq Hkoku~ vH;L;rA

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50 HkkLorh

5- dks"Bd'kCnS% lg foHkfDra iz;qT; fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r(d) -------------------------- fnus iqjkf.kd'kkL=kh jktHkoue~ vxPNr~ (,d)([k) --------------- ik'osZ mifo"V% lqCc..k% egkjkta lfoLe;a i';fr LeA

(fir`)(x) jktk -------------------------- lEcksè; i;Zi`PNr~A (cky)(?k) Roa -------------------------- vflA (es?kkfou~)(Ä) ikfjrksf"koaQ -------------------------- o;a nkL;ke% (Hkor~)

6- vFk± fyf[kRok laLÑrokD;s"kq iz;ksxa oqQ#rlkde~] ik'osZ] i=k] lq"Bq] lE;d~] iqu%A

7- ikBkr~ foykseinkfu fpRok fy[kr

vkxR;] v=kR;k%] ijkxr%] nwjs] mnrjr~] izkjC/s] dnk] ew[kZ%] vlUrks"k%] vYie~A

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%

1- dLrwjh fryda yykViVys o{k%LFkysdkSLrqHke~Auklkxzs ojekSfDrda djrys os.kq% djs dÄï.ke~AA

lokZÄõs gfjpUnua lqyfyra d.Bs p eqDrkoyhAxksiL=khifjosf"Vrks fot;rs xksikypwMkef.k%AAvfLeu~ ikBs mfYyf[krL; vL; 'YkksdL; lLoja xk;uL; vH;kl% dj.kh;%A

2- vfLeu~ ikBs jkK% pfj=ks rsu o`Qrs lqCc..kL; lRdkjs foaQ oSf'k"V~;e~ bfrvfUoPNrA© N

CERT

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uoe% ikB%

oL=kfoØ;%

izLrqr ikB egkegksikè;k; ia- eFkqjkizlkn nhf{kro`Qr ¶Hkkjr&fot;ukVde~ osQ izFkekÄ~d ls laoQfyr gSA vfXu ls tyh gqbZ'kkgtgk¡ dh oqQekjh dh vks"kf/&fpfdRlk djus osQ i'pkr~ fons'kh(vaxzst) Hkkjr lezkV~ ('kkgtgk¡) ls caxky esa fuokl osQ fy, HkwferFkk oL=kksa osQ Ø; vkSj foØ; osQ fy, jkteqnzkfÄ~dr izek.k&i=k izkIrdj ysrk gSA Hkkjrh; tqykgs LofufeZr oL=kksa dks cspus osQ fy, cktkjesa mifLFkr gksrs gSaA ogk¡ oL=k O;kikfj;ksa osQ lkFk tqykgksa dk oL=k&foØ;gsrq okrkZyki gksrk gSA mlh le; fons'kh xkSjkÄ~x dk izos'k gksrk gSAmlosQ gkFk esa jktdh; eqnzk ls vafdr izek.ki=k gSA og izek.ki=kfn[kkdj cgqr de ewY; nsdj oL=k [kjhn ysrk gSA og tqykgksa dks csarls ihVrk gS vkSj muosQ }kjk fufeZr lHkh oL=k Lo;a dks nsus dk funsZ'knsrk gSA ;gh izlax bl ikB esa of.kZr gSA

(rr% izfo'kfUr iVa foØsrqa Øsrqa p df'pRrUrqok;% Jsf"BukS p)

Js"Bh & rUrqok;! fdeL; iVL; ewY;e~\rUrqok;% & foa'kR;f/da 'kre~AJs"Bh & ufg]ufg] fdf×pnf/desrr~A 'kra ewY;a x`g~.kh"o

(rr% izfo'kfr lkuqpjks oSnsf'kdks xkSjkÄ~x%A ljkteqnzkfÄïrizek.ki=ka n'kZf;Rok Jsf"BukS rUrqok;×pHkRlZ;frA)

oSúxkSjkÄõ% & rUrqok;! i'; jkteqnzkfÄ~dra izek.ki=ke~A u RoafoØsrqa izHkq%A

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52 HkkLorh

rUrqok;% & rfgZ fdegesua iVa oqQ;kZe~\oSúxkSjkÄõ% & bea iVa eáa nsfg] vgesua iVa foØs";s] x`g~.kh"o

bek% i×pk'kUeqnzk%A (bfr i×pk'kUeqnzk nnkfr)ArUrqok;% & (lk'p;Zfeo i';u~) fdfena fo/h;rs\ dFkesrsu

ee oqQVqEcL; Hkj.kiks"k.ks Hkfo";r%A "kfM~HkekZlS%dFkefi jkf=kfUnoa ifjJE; fu"ikfnrks¿;a iV%A

oSúxkSjkÄõ% & bek eqnzk x`Êh"o] ukga fdefi tkukfeA ekSuekLLo]xPNA vij×p iVa fuekZ; eRlehi ,oku;A;q"eRoqQVqEcj{kk;S u izfrKk Ñrk e;kA dFka j{kkHkosnsrr~ Roa tkuhfg oztkèkqukAA(l eqnzk u x`Êkfr vFkkijLrUrqok;% iVfoØ;kFk± izfo';iVØ;kFk± Jsf"Buaa y{k;frA)

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oL=kfoØ;% 53

rUrqok;% & Jsf"Bu~A x`gk.k iVe~AJs"Bh & (HkzwlaK;k) v;a Øs";frA ukga Øsraq 'kDuksfeArUrqok;% & dLekr~\Js"Bh & vL; lehis jkK% izek.ki=ke~ v;eso Øs";fr]

ukij%AoSúxkSjkÄõ% & br vkxPNA (rUrqok;ekg~o;fr] izek.ki=ka n'kZZ;frA

iVa x`Êkfr) x`gk.ksek'pRokfja'kUeqnzk%A (bfr eqnzknnkfrA)

rUrqok;% & egkjkt! fdfena fo/h;rs\ fde;eso U;k;%\oSúxkSjkÄõ% & xPN xPNA ukga U;k;eU;k;a ok tkukfeA ;Ue;k

fu'ph;rs nh;rs p rnso ewY;e~A (mHkkS rn~nÙkaewY;a x`g~.khr%A)

mHkkSS rUrqok;kS & ukr% ija iVa fuekZL;ko% (bR;qDRok xPNr%)oSúxkSjkÄõ% & (vuqpjeqfn~n';) i';A ,rkH;ka càheqZnzk xzgh";sA

vfuoZpuh;e~ ,rRiV;ks% lkSUn;Ze~A vfr&lw{erjks¿;a iV% A i';] ,rL; i×Pk"kS% iVyS%ifjosf"VreI;iVeso & izrh;rs¿Ä~xe~A vk%dFkesrRle{keLen~ns'kh;kuka iVkuka foØ;ksHkfo";fr] bfr greLen~ns'kh;a okf.kT;e~A(iqufoZfpUR;),rRlw{eiVL; fufeZfrfo/ss#Uewyus¿ga {keksfuekZr`fug n.MrkMuijLrku~ ekspf;";kE;r%AdkS'kY;a fß;rkeèkLrnf/da okf.kT;eR;qUurans'kL;kL; leqUufrtZudFkkek=ks lek/h;rke~AA

nkSokfjd% & (izfo';) t;rq t;rq nso%AoSúxkSjkÄõ% & nkSokfjd! lRoja f=kprqjkaLrUrqok;ku~ leku;AnkSokfjd% & ;n~nso vkKki;frA (cfgxZRok =khu~ rUrqok;ku~

lekuh; izfo'kfrA)

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54 HkkLorh

oSúxkSjkÄõ% & (rUrqok;kuqfn~n';) Hkks Hkks! ;w;a fufeZrku~ iVku~eg~;a nÙkA

rUrqok;k% & u o;e;ksX;ewY;Rokr~ iVa fuekZe%AoSúxkSjkÄõ% & vLrq 'kksHkua iVa fuekZ; eáa nRr] ;ksX;a ewY;a

Hkfo";frA xgk.k bek% eqnzk% (bfr i×Pkn'keqnzk nnkfr]rs u x`g~.kfUr] gBkÙks"kka olus fucè; xygLrsufu"dkl;fr)A

rUrqok;k% & (}kfj fLFkrk%) egkjkt! u o;a 'krewY;a iVai×pn'kfHkjso eqnzkfHk£uekZL;ke%A

oSúxkSjkÄõ% & (lk{ksie~) d bes dksykgya oqQoZfUr (}kfj xRoklke"kZZe~] d'k;k rkaLrkM;frA) xPNr vija 'kksHkuaiVa fuekZ; leku;r (eqnzk% izf{kI; rs xPNfUrA)

oSúxkSjkÄõ% & (vuqpjeqfn~n';) Hkks!Hkks! vijkafL=kprqjkaLrUrq&ok;kuku;rA (l fuxZR; prqjLrUrqok;kukuh;) egkjkt!,rs lekxrk%A

oSúxkSjkÄõ% & (rUrqok;kufHky{;) fufeZrku~ dkS'kss;iVku~ eáa nÙkArUrqok;k% & u o;a iVkfUuekZe%AoSúxkSjkÄõ% & feF;Srr~A ;w;a iVkfUuekZ; Jsf"Buka lfoèks

foØh.khèos A (lokZu~ d'k;k rkMf;raq HkRlZ;fr)losZ & u o;a fuekZe%A (bfr c¼gLriqVk% dEiUrsA)

(fu"ØkUrk% losZ)

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p

rUrqok;% & tqykgkAoSnsf'kd% & fons'khAHkRlZ;fr & HkRlZ~ $ yV~ izFke iq:"k ,dopu] Mk¡Vrk gSAjkf=kafnoe~ & fnu jkrAJs"Bh & lsBAy{k;fr & fn[kykrk gSA

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oL=kfoØ;% 55

vfuoZpuh;e~ & vo.kZuh; (ftldk o.kZu djuk lEHko ugha gSA)i×p"kS% iVyS% & ik¡p N% ijrksa lsAifjosf"Vre~ & <dk gqvkAlw{eiVL; & eghu oL=k osQAfufeZfrfof/% & fuekZ.k dh jhfrAdkS'kY;e~ & fuiq.krkAv;ksX;ewY;Rokr~ & vuqfpr dher osQ dkj.kAgBkr~ & cyiwoZdAdksykgye~ & 'kksjAd'k;k & dksM+s lsAdkS'ks;iVku~ & js'keh oL=kkssa dksAfoØh.khèos & fo $ Øh $ yV~ eú iqú cgqopu] csprs gksA

vH;kl%

1- v/ksfyf[krkuka iz'ukukeqRrjkf.k laLÑrHkk"k;k ns;kfu

(d) v;a ikB% dLekr~ xzUFkkr~ lÄïfyr%] d'p rL; iz.ksrk\([k) oSnsf'kdks xkSjkÄ~x% ¯d lan';Z Jsf"BukS rUrqok;×p HkRlZ;fr\(x) rUrqok;su dFka iV% fu"ikfnr%\(?k) ;Ue;k fu'ph;rs nh;rs p rnso ewY;fefr dFkua dL;kfLr\(Ä) rUrqok;k% dhn`'kL; iVL; fuekZ.keoqQoZu~\(p) ;w;a fufeZrku~ iVku~ eáa nRr bfr d% dku~ izfr dFk;fr\(N) xkSjkÄ~x% rUrqok;ku~ dFka fu"dkl;fr\(t) oSnsf'kdks xkSjkÄ~x% rUrqok;ku~ d;k rkMf;raq HkRlZ;fr\


(d) dFkesrsu ee oqQVqEcL; ------------------------ Hkfo";r%A([k) vfuoZpuh;e~ ------------------------ lkSUn;Ze~A(x) dFkesrRle{keLen~ns'kh;kuka ------------------------ foØ;ks Hkfo";frA(?k) 'kksHkua iVa fuekZ; eg~;a ------------------------ ;ksX;a ------------------------ Hkfo";frA(Ä) ;w;a iVku~ fuekZ; ------------------------ lfo/s foØh.khèosA

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56 HkkLorh

3- lizlÄaõ O;k[;k;Urke~

(d) ;q"eRoqQVqEcj{kk;S ------------------------ tkuhfg oztk/qukA([k) vfuoZpuh;esrRiV;ks% lkSUn;Ze~A vfrlw{erjks¿;a iV%A i';] ,rL;

i×p"kS% iVyS% ifjosf"VreI;iVeso izrh;rs¿Ä~xe~A(x) u o;e;ksX;ewY;Rokr~ iVa fuekZe%A

4- lfUèkfoPNsn% fØ;rke~

foa'kR;f/de~] eqnzkfÄ~dre~] fo/s#Uewyue~] ekspf;";kE;r%] lke"kZe~] feF;Srr~A

5- ^,rRlw{eiVL;sfr* 'yksdL; Loekr`Hkk"k;k vuqokn% dk;Z%

6- v/ksfyf[krs"kq ins"kq /krqa izR;;a p i`FkDÑR; fy[kr

foØsrqe~] vfuoZpuh;e~] fofpUR;] xRok] fucè;] fuekZ;] vfHky{;A

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%

vfXunX/k;k% 'kkgtgk¡oqQekfjdk;k% fpfdRlk xsofj;yokmQVusu fofgrkA osQ"kkf×pr~,sfráfonka erkuqlkja lRFkkelegksn;su fofgrkA vuUrjekjksX;a tkre~A iqucZÄõkf/irs%'kkgtknkjktoqQekj'kqTtkiRU;k vfi fpfdRlk vusuSo o`Qrk] vkjksX;a p izkIre~A iqu%iQ#[kf'k;jlezkt vkjksX;a ltZufofy;egsfeYVu}kjk tkre~A

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;n~Hkwrfgra rRlR;e~ 57

n'ke% ikB%

;n~Hkwrfgra rRlR;e~

izLrqr dFkk fo'oizfl¼ laLÑr dFkkdkj vkpk;Z osQ'kopUnz nk'kfyf[kr dFkklaxzg ls ladfyr dh x;h gSA Hkkjro"kZ esa izkphu dky lsgh nknk&nknh vkSj ukuk&ukuh dh dgkfu;k¡ izpfyr gSaA ijEijkxr :iesa fy[kh gqbZ ;s dFkk,¡ ckyikBdksa osQ ekufld laLdkj dks cuk;s j[kusesa l{ke gSaA

izLrqr dFkk esa ml lR; dh okLrfod lR;rk izekf.kr dh x;hgS tks lnSo fo'o osQ fy, Js;Ldj gksA

,dfLeu~ xzkeksikUrs ifÁuh ukEuh ,dk iq"dfj.kh vklhr~A r=kxzkeL; tuk% Lukua oqQoZfUrA olua {kky;fUrA rL;k ,o tyekuh;ficfUr] ikdkfndeZ p oqQoZfUrA r=kSo xkses"kPNkxknhuka LukuefilEikn;fUrA iq"dfj.kha ifjr% ukuk o`{kk% lfUrA osQpu o`{kk%rVlayXuk'p oÙkZUrsA iq"dfj.;k% vijHkkxs ,d% vkJe% vfLrAr=k ,dks eqfu% fuolfrA lks¿fi riZ.kkfnoaQ deZ r=k djksfrA l%tuku~ vuqu;frA okja okjefi mifn'kfrA ija u dks¿fi rL; opua'k`.kksfrA

,dnk eqfu% fpUrkeXu%& osQu izdkjs.k bes tuk% cksèkf;rO;k%\iq"dfj.khr% iVks¼kjks u HkofrA izfrfnua p tya iznwf"kra HkofrArr~ iznwf"kra tya ihRok tuk vfi #X.kk HkofUrA dFka p besokj.kh;k%---\

lglk dksykgy%Jqr%A eqfu% cfgjkxR; vi';r~A osQputuk ,da ckyda rkM;fUrA ra p HkRlZ;fUrA ckyd% Hk;su dEirsØUnfr pA eqfu% r=k mifLFkr%A tuku~ okjf;Rok vi`PNr~A fde~

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58 HkkLorh

vHkor~\ fdeFk± HkoUr% ,ua rkM;fUr\ tuk% vonu~A ,"kfeF;koknhA lnSo feF;kHkk"k.ka djksfrA o`Fkk lokZu~ izrkj;frAl|% vLeku~ izrkfjroku~Aeqfu% ckyde~ vi`PNr~Avjs! lR;a u onfl\ckyd% dfEird.Bsu vonr~AlR;a fde~\eqfu% rek'okflroku~A& u tkukfl\ rfgZ e;k lg vkxPNrqA,oe~ mDRok rL; dja /`Rok eqfu% vkJea izfr ckyde~ vkuhroku~Aeqfu% vfpUr;r~ & v;eso leqfpr% le;%A vfLeÂoljs xzkE;tuk%vo';a f'k{kf;rO;k%A rr% eqfu% ckydei`PNr~A& ¯d ro uke\& ukEuk¿ga Ñ".k%A& Hkorq] osQu izdkjs.k feF;k dFk;fl\& ;FksPNa onkfeA& rfgZ beka iq"dfj.kha n`"V~ok fdefi dFk;Ackyd% Ñ".k% izlUu% l×tkr%A lg"k± p vo.kZ;r~&tys¿fLeu~ ,dks egku~ eRL;% vfLrA Hkks%! tuk%vkxPNr ------------------- i';r ----------------] dhn`'ka l% [ksyfrAeqfu% vonr~ % lk/q ---------------- lE;d~ fpfUrre~A rfgZ 'o%izHkkrs xzkE;tuku~ lk/q ,rkon~ onAÑ".k% fdf×pr~ oqQf.Brks¿Hkor~A& ufg] rs eka rkMf;";fUrA& vjs] ufg ----------------A vuUrja ekeso lk{khdfj";flAvijizHkkrs Ñ".k% xzkeL; izfrekx± tuku~ vonr~&iq"dfj.;ke~,dks egku~ eRL;ks e;k n`"V%A

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osQpu vonu~&& vjs] Roa feF;koknhA ro opus dks fo'okl%\rr~ {k.ka Ñ".k% mDroku~Arnkuha e;k lg eqfu% vklhr~A lks¿fi n`"Voku~A vkxPN ----------r=ki`PN -----------------------Aeqfua lkf{k:is.k LohÑR; xzkE;tuk% vijfnus eRL;kUos"k.ka ÑroUr%AvUrr% losZ fefyRok iq"dfj.kha izfo"Vk%A eRL;ku~ p /`roUr%AfdUrq egkeRL;L; lU/kua u izkIre~A fnuiw.k± rs vfUo"VoUr%Alk;adkys furjka fojDrk% vHkou~A eqfueqixE; ljks"keonu~&& ¯d Hkokufi vLeku~ izrkj;fr\

eqfu% /hjHkkosu vonr~A

& vjs! egkeRL;% ¯dljyr;k /rq± 'kD;rs\!rnFk± Je% vko';d%A 'o%izHkkrs cU/PNsna ÑRok tyafu"dkl;rArnzk=kkS xzkE;tukuka us=k;ks%funzk ukfLrA rs izkrjkxR;izFker% rVofrZo`{kk.kk aNsnua ÑroUr%A cU/PNsnaÑRok tya p cfg"ÑroUr%A,oa izdkjs.k dfr fnukfuO;rhrkfuA rr% iÄïks¼kjaÑRok iq"dfj.kha xHkhjkaÑroUr%A iÄaï p vkuh;'kL;{ks=ks izlkfjroUr% & bRFka funk?kdky% mixr%A lglko`f"VjHkor~A iq"dfj.kh p iw.kkZ latkrkA fueZya tya n`"V~ok losZizlUuk% vHkou~A rVkuka ifj"dj.ksu loZ=k lkSfoè;euqHkwre~A

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60 HkkLorh

& br% ;fn df'pr~ tya nw"kf;";fr l% n.M~;ks Hkfo";frA

,dnk eqfu% ,dfLeu~ rVs Ñ".ka n"V~ok vkdkfjroku~A re~ vkJe&ekuh; vi`PNr~A

& vjs] Ñ".k! lR;a ¯d Kkra u ok\

& u Kkre~A

& vjs! lR;dFkusu osQoya lR;a u HkofrA ;r~ dY;k.kdja opuarnfi lR;e~A

& firkegh iqyksetkecks/;r~A vr ,o vLekoaQ 'kkL=ks orZrs&lR;L; opua Js;% lR;knfi fgra Hkosr~A

;n~HkwrfgreR;Uresrr~ lR;a era eeAA

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p

xzkeksikUrs & xzkeL; mikUrs] xk¡o osQ iklAiq"dfj.kh & L=khú izFkek ,ú oú] ckoM+hArL;k ,o & rL;k% $ ,o] mlls ghAr=kSo & r=k $ ,o] oghaAxkses"kPNkxknhuke~ & xkses"k $ Nkx $ vknhuke~] xk;] HksM+] cdjh vkfn osQArVlayXuk'p & rVlayXuk% $ p] fdukjs osQ lkFk yxs gq,Alks¿fi & l% $ vfi] og HkhAfpUrkeXu% & fpUrk;ka eXu% lIreh rRiqú fpUrk esa Mwck gqvkAcks/f;rO;k% & cq/~ $ f.kp~ $ rO;r~A iqa- iz- fo- cgq- o-] le>k;k

tk;sAiÄïks¼kj% & iÄïL; m¼kj%] "k"Bh rRiqú dhpM+ dks fudkyukAiznwf"kre~ & iz $ nw"k~ $ f.kp~ $ Dr] uiqaú] izú foú] ,ú oú] xUnk

fd;k gqvkAizfrfnue~ & fnua fnua izfr] vO;;hHkko lekl izfrfnuAokj.kh;k% & o` $ f.kp~ $ vuh;j~] iqú izú foú cgqú oú] jksdk

tk;sAcfgjkxR; & cfg% $ vkxR;] ckgj vkdjA

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vkxR; & vk $ xe~ $ DRok >Y;i~] vkdjA

HkRlZ;fUr & HkRl~Z & yV~ yú] izú iqú cgqú oú] Mk¡Vrs gSaA

mifLFkr% & mi $ LFkk $ Dr] iqaú izú foú ,ú oú] vk;k gSA

okjf;Rok & o` $ f.kp~ $ DRok >Y;i~ jksddjA

lnSo & lnk $ ,o] lnSoA

l|% & 'kh?kz (vO;;)A

izrkfjroku~ & iz $ r` $ f.kp~ $ Drorq] BxkA

dfEird.Bsu & dfEir% d.B% ;L; l% rsu] cgqú lú] Mjs Loj lsA

vk'okflroku~ & vk $ 'ol~ $ f.kp~ $ Drorq iqaú izú foú ,ú oú]vk'oklu fn;kA

vfLeUuoljs & vfLeu~ $ voljs] bl volj ijA

xzkE;tuk% & xzkE;k% tuk%] deZ/kj;] xk¡o osQ yksxA

f'k{kf;rO;k & f'k{k~ $ f.kp~ $ rO;r~A iqaú izú foú cgq oú] f'kf{krfd;s tkus pkfg,A

ukEuk¿ge~ & ukEuk $ vge~] uke ls eSaA

;FksPNe~ & bPNke~ vufrØE;] vO;;hHkko] bPNk osQ vuqlkjA

n`"V~ok & n`'k~ $ DRok] ns[kdjA

l×tkr% & le~ $ tu~ $ Drú iqaú izú foú] ,ú oú] gks x;kA

tys¿fLeu~ & tys $ vfLeu~ bl ikuh esaA

lg"kZe~ & g"ksZ.k lg] vO;;hHkko lú [kq'k gksdjA

oqQf.Brks¿Hkor~ & oqQf.Br% $ vHkor~ nq%[kh gqvkA

lk{khdfj";fl & vlkf{k.ka lkf{k.ka dfj";flA lkf{ku~ $ fPo $ Ñ $y`V~ eè;e iqú ,ú oú] lk{kkr~ djksxsA

izfrekxZe~ & ekx± ekx± izfr] vO;;hHkko] izR;sd ekxZ esaA

vH;kl%

1- vèkksfyf[krkuka iz'ukukeqRrjkf.k laLÑrHkk"k;k ns;kfu

(d) vL;k% dFkk;k% ys[kd% d% vfLr\

([k) iq"dfj.;k% uke fdeklhr~\

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62 HkkLorh

(x) eqfu% oSQ% dkj.kS% fpfUrr% vklhr~\

(?k) eqfu% tuku~ fde~ vi`PNr~\

(Ä) ckyd% Ñ".k% iq"dfj.;k% fo"k;ss fde~ vdFk;r~\

(p) egkeRL;L; lUèkkue~ oqQ=k u izkIre~\

(N) okLrfode~ lR;e~ fdefLr\

2- ekr`Hkk"k;k HkkokFk± fy[kr

(d) iq"dfj.khr% iÄïks¼kjks u HkofrA

([k) xzkE;tuk% ty'kksèkukFkZe~ vo';a f'k{kf;rO;k%A

3- ekr`Hkk"k;k vk'k;a Li"VhoqQ#r

¶lR;L; opua Js;% lR;knfi fgra Hkosr~A

;n~HkwrfgreR;Uresrr~ lR;a era eeAA¸

4- vèkksfyf[krkuka 'kCnkuka inifjp;a fy[kr

vkuh;] vlarq"V%] okjf;Rok] izrkfjorku~] lE;d~] vklhr~] izlUuk%] Js;%]ifj"dj.ke~] izFker%A


(d) iq"dfj.khe~ ------------------------ ukuk o`{kk% lfUrA

([k) osQu izdkjs.k ------------------------ cks/f;rO;k%A

(x) iznwf"kra tya ------------------------ tuk% vfi #X.kk% HkofUrA

(?k) tys¿fLeu~ ------------------------ vfLrA

(Ä) 'o% izHkkrs ------------------------ ÑRok tya fu"dkl;rA

6- lfU/PNsna oqQ#r

r=kSo] lks¿fi] iÄïks¼kj%] vfLeUuoljs] ;FksPNe~] rnzk=kkSA

7- lfoxzga lekluke fy[kr

rVlayXuk%] vlarq"V%] feF;koknh] dfEird.Bsu] xzkE;tuku~] cUèkPNsne~]fueZye~A

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;ksX;rkfoLrkj%

lekukUrjlwDr;%

(1) lR;a uke euksokDdk;deZfHk% HkwrfgrkFkZefHkHkk"k.ke~A('kkf.MY;ksifu"kn~)

(2) vuqn~osxdja okD;a lR;a fiz;fgra p ;r~ALokè;k;kH;lua pSo okÄ~e;a ri mP;rsAA (Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk 17@15)

(3) lR;a p ¯d Hkwrfgra lnSoA ('kÄïjkpk;Ziz'uksÙkjh&22)

(4) lR;L; opua Js;% lR;knfi fgra onsr~A;n~HkwrfgreR;Ura rRlR;fefr dF;rsAA (O;k[;kuekyk 4@9)

(5) ukfLr lR;leks /eksZ u lR;kf}|rs ije~Au fg rhozrja fdf×pn~ vu`rkfng fo|rsAA (O;k[;kuekyk 4@2)

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ifjf'k"V

vuq'kaflr xzUFk

ozQ-la- xzUFkuke ys[kd laiknd@izdk'kd

1- ½Xosn ---------- la- iz- ,u- ,l- lksuVDosQ] oSfndla'kks/u e.My] iwuk & 2

2- ;tqosZn mOoVeghèkjHkk"; pkS[kEck izdk'ku] okjk.klh] 1912

3- vFkoZosn ---------- lkroysdj ikjMh] 1957

4- jkek;.k okYehfd ukx ifCy'klZ fnYyh 1990 iqueqZfnzrlaLdj.k

5- i×pjk=k Hkkl HkklukVdpozQe~] la- lh- vkj- nsoèkj]vksfj,.Vy cqd ,tsUlh] iwuk & 1954

6- egkHkk"; iratfy pk#nso 'kkL=kh] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl]caxyksjksM] fnYyh & 7

7- tkrdekyk vk;Z'kwj lw;Zukjk;.k pkS/jh] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl]fnYyh & 1971

8- e`PNdfVd 'kwnzd fu.kZ;lkxj izsl] eqEcbZA

9- fgrksins'k ukjk;.k'kekZ eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] fnYyh & 7

10- pjd lafgrk pjd pkS[kEck laLÑr laLFkku] okjk.klhA

11- n'koqQekjpfjr n.Mh Jhfo'oukFk >k] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl]fnYYkh & 7

12- dFkklfjRlkxj lksenso eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] fnYyh & 7

13- laLÑr ukVd ,- ch- dhFk mn;Hkkuq flag] (fgUnh vuqokn)eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] fnYyh & 7

14- laLÑr lkfgR; cynso mikè;k; 'kkjnk eafnj] okjk.klhAdk bfrgkl

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15- oSfnd lkfgR; cynso mik?;k; 'kkjnk eafnj] okjk.klhAvkSj laLÑfr

16- egkHkkjr O;kl eksrhyky cukjlhnkl fnYyhA

17- vfHkKku& dkfynkl eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] fnYyhA'kkdqUrye~

18- dknEcjh ck.kHkêð eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] fnYyh & 7

19- lR;kxzgxhrk {kekjko if.Mrk pkS[kEck izdk'ku] okjk.klhA

20- Hkkjrfot; eFkqjkizlkn eksrhyky cukjlhnkl fnYyh & 7ukVde~ nhf{kr

21- e`PNdfVd 'kwnzd fgUnh vuqokn eksgujkds'k] jktdeyizdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1962

22- dFkklfjRlkxj 'kwnzd fgUnh:ikUrj izks- jk/k oYyHk f=kikBh]us'kuy cqd VªLV] ubZ fnYyh] 2005

23- lqCc..k% ekfLr osÄïVs'k laLÑr vuqoknd gksuk- osÄïVs'k 'kekZvk;axkj 'kkL=kh] vf[ky dukZVd laLÑr ifj"kn~

caSxywj] 1993

ifjf'k"V

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ncert sanskrit bhaswati class xi

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