ncdot experience with diamond grinding · and structural concrete 5900 folsom boulevard sacramento,...
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NCDOT Experience with Diamond GrindingDiamond Grinding
John Depman
International Grooving and Grinding Association
L i Obj iLearning Objectives
d d dIntroduction to Diamond GrindingAdvantages, Benefits and UsePerformance and CostsNCDOT ProjectsSummary
What is Diamond Grinding?What is Diamond Grinding?
Removal of thin surface layer of hardened Removal of thin surface layer of hardened PCC using closely spaced diamond saw blades;R lt i th l l t fResults in smooth, level pavement surface;Longitudinal texture with desirable friction and low noise characteristics;Frequently performed in conjunction with other CPR techniques, such as full-depth repair, dowel bar retrofit, and joint resealing.repair, dowel bar retrofit, and joint resealing.Comprehensive part of any PCC Pavement Preservation program;
Diamond GrindingDiamond GrindingCutting Head
Diamond GrindingDiamond GrindingDimensions
Diamond GrindingWidth of diamond blades(.10 to .125 inches)
Land area - .080 inches for hard aggregate- .110 inches for soft aggregate
GrindingGrinding
Diamond GrindingDiamond GrindingGrinding Machine
Diamond GrindingDiamond GrindingGrinding Process
Diamond GrindingDiamond GrindingFinished Product
Diamond Grinding Was Invented in California
Diamond grinding was first used in California in 1965 on a 19-year old section of I-10 to eliminate significant faulting (Neal and eliminate significant faulting (Neal and Woodstrom 1976). In 1983, CPR was conducted on this same pavement section including the use of pavement section, including the use of additional grinding to restore the rideability and skid resistance of the surface. In 1997, the process was repeatedthe process was repeated.Since its first use in 1965, the use of diamond grinding has grown to become a major l t f PCC t tielement of PCC pavement preservation.
Effectiveness of Diamond Grinding -gCALTRANS
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
CALTRANS has determined that the average life of a diamond ground
STATE OF CALIFORNIADEPARTMENT of TRANSPORTATION
DIVISION OF ENGINEERING SERVICES
MATERIALS ENGINEERING
AND TESTING SERVICES
pavement surface is 17 years and that a pavement can be ground at least th ti ith t
OFFICE OF RIGID PAVEMENT AND STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
5900 Folsom Boulevard
Sacramento, California 95819
three times without affecting pavement structurally. See IGGA.net for full reportfor full report
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIAMOND GRINDING
CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN CALIFORNIA
November 2004
Advantages of Diamond Grinding
C t b t ti ll l th AC lCosts substantially less than AC overlays;Enhances surface friction and safety;Can be accomplished during off-peak hours with p g pshort lane closures and without encroaching into adjacent lanes;Grinding of one lane does not require grinding of Grinding of one lane does not require grinding of the adjacent lane;Does not affect overhead clearances underneath bridges;bridges;Blends patching and other surface irregularities into a consistent, identical surface;Environmentally friendlyEnvironmentally friendly.
Pavement Problems Addressed
Faulting at joints and cracksBuilt-in or construction roughnessPolished concrete surface Polished concrete surface Wheelpath ruttingPermanent upward slab warpingp p gInadequate transverse slopeUnacceptable noise level
Faulted Joints
Diamond grinding can provide a 60% to 70% Diamond grinding can provide a 60% to 70% improvement over the pre-grind profile on average!
Safety
Polished Surface
Safety, Surface Texture and Friction
Increased macrotexture of diamond ground Increased macrotexture of diamond ground pavement surface provides for improved drainage of water at tire-pavement interfaceLongitudinal texture provides directional Longitudinal texture provides directional stability and reduces hydroplaning (side-force friction) Grooves provide “escape route” for water trapped between tire and pavement water trapped between tire and pavement surfaceIn Wisconsin, overall accident rates for ground surfaces were 40% less than for un-gground surfaces over a 6-year period, 57% in wet weather conditions(Drakopoulos et al. 1998)
Safety
I d f di d d Increased macrotexture of diamond ground pavement surface provides for improved drainage of water at tire-pavement interfacedrainage of water at tire pavement interfaceGrooves provide “escape route” for water trapped between tire and pavement surfaceReduces the potential for hydroplaning
Wheel Path Rutting
C liCurling
Unacceptable Noise Level
Traffic Control
Traffic Management
Minimal traffic control requiredPerform off-peak hoursShort closures - re-open lanes as neededNo equipment encroachment into other q planesCan do just one lanejDoes not affect overhead clearances
P fPerformance
Diamond Grinding StudyDiamond Grinding StudyBy ERES
2 64 2 (5)(11)(7) (10)
62
21
5
( )
1(2)(10)
(10)( )
1
( )
(1)
(10)(6)
(3)
1
3 4
1 1
5 6(2)(2)(12)
(4) (4)(27)
( )
6(1)
(27)
(4)
AASHTO Design Model Prediction vs. Actual Traffic
60 AASHTO d i d l di i (50% li bili )
50
60 AASHTO design model prediction (50% reliability)Cumulative traffic (construction to grinding)Total traffic since initial construction
Ls
30
40
ion
ESA
L
20
30
affic
, mill
i
0
10Tra
0FL I-10 AL I-20 NC I-26 SC I-85 GA I-75 GA I-85
Diamond Grinding StudyDiamond Grinding StudyBy ERES
d l fExtends service life;Initial smoothness comparable to
lnew pavement or overlay;Average life of 32 years;May be reground 3 to 4 times;
Effectiveness of Diamond Grinding -gCALTRANS
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
CALTRANS has determined that the average life of a diamond ground
STATE OF CALIFORNIADEPARTMENT of TRANSPORTATION
DIVISION OF ENGINEERING SERVICES
MATERIALS ENGINEERING
AND TESTING SERVICES
pavement surface is 17 years and that a pavement can be ground at least th ti ith t
OFFICE OF RIGID PAVEMENT AND STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
5900 Folsom Boulevard
Sacramento, California 95819
three times without affecting pavement structurally. See IGGA.net for full reportfor full report
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIAMOND GRINDING
CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN CALIFORNIA
November 2004
Noise Performance
So what is all this noise about diamond diamond grinding in Arizona?!?Arizona?!?
Typical ARFC Noise Research Results - ADOT
“The results shown “The results shown represent the average of twenty projects. The projects were located on I-p j8, and I-10, and ranged in age from three years to twelve years. The regression indicates
AR_ACFC Noise Levels Versus Pavement Age
y = 0.5453x + 93.279R2 0 5805
100
101
102
A regression indicates approximately a 5 dBA increase in noise generation in a ten year period. The
R2 = 0.5805
96
97
98
99
CPX
Noi
se L
evel
s dB
A
current data further indicates that AR-ACFCs typically range from 94 to 99 dBA throughout their
93
94
95
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Pavement Age
C
99 dBA throughout their life.”
California and Arizona PCCP SI Test Results
Diamond Grinding - The Long Life g gSolution to Tire/Pavement Noise
Costs
Depends on —Aggregate and PCC mix properties;Average depth of removal;Smoothness specifications;Si f h jSize of the project;Work schedule;
Cost effective whether used alone or as part of a comprehensive CPR program. In most cases, the cost of diamond grinding is only about half the cost cost of diamond grinding is only about half the cost of bituminous overlay.
Costs
Soft limestone — as low as $1.50 per sq. yd.
Hard river gravel — as high as $10.00 per sq. yd.
Typical price — $2.00 to $4.00 per sq. yd.
*for a job with min. 20,000 sq. yds. and reasonable traffic control requirementscontrol requirements
Evaluate Rideability
Rainhart profilograph (or similar) Take traces before and after grindingShould be able to provide 60% to p70% improvement over pre-grind profileVerify profile index against specification requirement
NCDOT Projects – Reasons for DG
) I 85 in Salisbury (Ride quality)A) I-85 in Salisbury (Ride quality)B) I-95 North of Henderson (Rehab)
I 40 i O /D h C i (R h b)C) I-40 in Orange/Durham Counties (Rehab)D) I-77 in Yadkin Co. (DB as benefit to
NCDOT)NCDOT)E) I-26 in Hendersonville (Rehab)
US1 i CF) US1 in Cary (Included in Contract due to work)
G) NC 147 in Durham (Rehab)H) WWF (NCTA Project) (Noise Reduction)
I-40 in Orange/Durham CountiesDG as part of PCCP rehabilitationCompleted in 2011
NC 147 in Durham ($2.60/SY)DG as part of PCCP rehabilitationCompletion in early 2012
NCTA: WWF project in Wake Countyp j y
DG entire project for noise reductionCompletion date December 2012Completion date December 2012
NCDOT DG Projects IRI ResultsNCDOT DG Projects – IRI ResultsLocation IRI (avg) – IRI (avg) –
Before DG After DG
I-85 102.4 55.0
I 95 116 2 46 5I-95 116.2 46.5
I-40 (2010) 102.7 61.9
I-77 (DB – 2009) 112.6 61.0
I-26 99.3 (Faulting) 75.4
US 1 (2006) 94.9 60.8
NC 147 (2012) 121.4 57.0
WWF (2013) 38.9
It’s a Fact!
Diamond grinding can provide fthe safest, smoothest, most
quiet PCC pavement texture available when properly designed and constructed with gdurable aggregates!
FHWA T h i l Ad iFHWA Technical Advisory
TA 5040 36 S f T t F TA 5040.36 Surface Texture For Asphalt And Concrete Pavements
State Of Practice Surface Texture - State Of Practice Surface Texture includes diamond ground surfaces for new pavementsp- Technique Recommended Application- Factors For Selecting Texture TechniquesS IGGA N f f TA See IGGA.Net for a copy of TA 5040.36
Summary
Di d i di t d t lif Diamond grinding can extend pavement life significantly at a competitive cost.Diamond grinding is a key Preventive Maintenancetool.Diamond grinding will increase customer satisfaction, increase friction, reduce noise and satisfaction, increase friction, reduce noise and reduce life cycle costs.Performance and cost vary with given conditions. Ti i i thiTiming is everything.ACPA and IGGA are ready to assist!