NAVAL MINENAVAL MINE TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES

WAYNE MASONCHIEF SCIENTISTFarragut Technical Analysis Center19 MAY 2009

THIS BRIEFING IS: UNCLASSIFIED

02468

1012141618

MISSILE TORPEDO AERIALATTACK

SMALL BOAT MINE

KOREA 1950-52 VIETNAM 1972 ISRAEL 1967TANKER WARS 1987-88 DESERT STORM 1991 TERRORIST

USS PRINCTN CGUSS TRIPOLI LPH

USS ROBERTS FFGUSS WCHES. C LSTUSS STRAUSS DDUSS WARRGTN DD

USS BARTON DDUSS SMALL DDRUSS WALKE DDUSS MANSFLD DDUSS BRUSH DDUSS SARSI ATFUSS PTRIDGE AMSUSS PLEDGE AMUSS PIRATE AMUSS MAGPIE AMS

USS COLE DDGUSS LIBERTY AGTR

USS HIGBEE DDUSS LIBERTY AGTRUSS STARK FFG

SADAF-02

LUGM-145

MANTA

U.S. WARSHIP CASUALTIES1950 - PRESENT

UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED

MINE TYPES

EXPLODE IN PLACE PROPELLED WARHEAD

BOTTOM

MOBILE

MOORED

DRIFTING

SUBSURFACEDRIFTING

STRAIGHT RISER AIMED HOMING

NAVAL MINE TECHNOLOGIES

• ADVANCED PROPELLED-WARHEAD MINES– STRAIGHT RISING, GUIDED, HOMING TORPEDO

• MULTIPLE TARGETS / MISSIONS– ANTI-HELO, ANTI-ACV

• VERSATILE DEPLOYMENT METHODS– D & D, SURFACE CRAFT, SUBMARINE, AIRCRAFT

• MULTIPLE SENSORS– ACOUSTIC / SEISMIC, MAGNETIC, PRESSURE,

UNDERWATER ELECTRIC POTENTIAL (UEP)• STEALTH COMPONENTS

– BURIAL, COATINGS, UNCONVENTIONAL SHAPES,NON-MAGNETIC CASINGS, CLOSE-TETHER MOORINGS

• WIRELESS REMOTE CONTROL– ACOUSTIC, ELECTRO-MAGNETIC, RADIO FREQUENCY

CHINESE EM52

• PROPELLED-WARHEAD– STRAIGHT - RISING – ROCKET - PROPELLED

• PASSIVE ACOUSTIC ONLY• 140 kg WARHEAD• CASE DEPTH: 100 m (MAX)• ANCHOR DEPTH: 110 m (MAX)• SHIP-LAID• ASUW

EM52

RUSSIAN PMK-1

• PROPELLED-WARHEAD MINE– AIMED ENCAPSULATED – ROCKET

• PASSIVE / ACTIVE ACOUSTIC• 350 KG TNT EQUIV. WARHEAD• CASE DEPTH: 400 m (MAX) • ANCHOR DEPTH: 1000 m (MAX) • SHIP, SUB DEPLOYED• ASW / ASUW

RUSSIAN PMK-2

• PROPELLED-WARHEAD– ENCAPSULATED TORPEDO

• PASSIVE / ACTIVE ACOUSTIC• 110 KG TNT EQUIV. WARHEAD

– MPT-1M THERMAL TORPEDO• CASE DEPTH: 400 m (MAX) • ANCHOR DEPTH: 100 - 1000 m

– CLOSE-TETHER CAPABLE• AIR, SUB, SHIP-LAID• ASW• EXPORTED TO CHINA

AL-RAYIAH

IRAQI COVERT MINELAYING

JUMARIYAH W/ BARGE

• EXTENSIVE DENIAL AND DECEPTION● DESIGNED TO FOOL BOARDING PARTIES

• TUG AL-RAYIAH● MINE RAILS INSTALLED ON DECK● MINE RAIL EXTENSIONS● CUT AND HINGED AFT BULWARK● CUT OUT OIL DRUMS PLACED OVER MINES

● COVERED WITH TARPS

• TUG JUMARIAH W/ BARGE● CONEX BOX CONCEALS HATCH● INTERNAL RAIL SYSTEM● DEPLOYMENT HATCHES● OIL SPILLED ON HATCHES

• IRANIAN EXERCISE MINES LOADEDON WATERCRAFT 800 WPBs

• SEEN DURING EXERCISE NOBLEPROPHET II, NOV 2006

IRANIAN WATERCRAFT 800 WPB

ROCKET LAUNCHER WATER IMPACT

DRIFTING MINES?

IRANIAN ROCKET LAUNCHED MINES

CHINESE DRIFTING MINES

• P-3: OSCILLATING INFLUENCE / CONTACT• ACOUSTIC, CONTACT• 130 kg WARHEAD• CASE DEPTH: 2 - 7 m (+/- 1m)• LIMITED MAXIMUM IN-WATER LIFE • SUB, SHIP-LAID• ASUW

CHINESE P-3

SUBMARINE MINE BELTS

• OUTBOARD MINE ATTACHMENT– NON-MAGNETIC– HYDRODYNAMICALLY DESIGNED

• LARGE MINE CAPACITY• ALLOWS SUBMARINE TO CARRY• FULL INTERNAL WEAPON LOAD

MINE BELTMINE BELT

MOBILE MINES

CHINESE EM-56 MOBILE MINE• MULTIPLE INFLUENCE

– ACOUSTIC, SEISMIC, PRESSURE• 380 kg WARHEAD• CASE DEPTH: 45 m (MAX) • SUBMARINE- LAID• COVERT DEPLOYMENT

– 13 km STAND-OFF CAPABILITY– POSSIBLE SHORE-BASED LAUNCH– FLOATING LAUNCH OPTION

• ASUW

13 KM13 KM

FLOATING LAUNCHER

AUV EMPLOYMENT

• Advertised capability to employing mines/ torpedoes from an AUV

• Research in AUV enabling technology

SAAB concept for AUV equipped with mines/torpedoesSAAB concept for AUV equipped with mines/torpedoes

NETWORKED MINE SYSTEMS

• WIDE AREA CONTROL– MORE SUITED FOR LITTORAL AREAS

• SEWN INTO MINEFIELD– WEAPONIZED BOTTOMED / ROVING UUVs

• REMOTE CONTROLLED– COMPLETELY AUTONOMOUS

• NETWORKED SENSORS– LONG ARRAYS OF SENSORS SPREAD OUT OVER SEAFLOOR

INFLUENCE SENSORS

• MAGNETIC● COMMON IN BOTTOM MINES

• PASSIVE ACOUSTIC• SEISMIC

● VERY LOW FREQUENCY ACOUSTIC• ACTIVE ACOUSTIC

● COMMON IN PROPELLED-WARHEAD MINES• PRESSURE

● EFFECTIVE PRESSURE CHANNEL UNSWEEPABLE• UNDERWATER ELECTRIC POTENTIAL (UEP)

● INCREASINGLY USED

APM UPGRADE KIT

• FOR BOTTOM INFLUENCE MINES– MAGNETIC, ACOUSTIC, PRESSURE

• UP TO TWO YEAR IN-WATER LIFE• MAX CASE DEPTH 150 m• UPGRADES OLDER MINES• ENHANCED CAPABILITY• ADVERTISED FOR EXPORT• THREE VERSIONS

– SHIP LAID, SUB-LAID, AIR-LAID RUSSIAN APM UPGRADE KIT

GALVANIC POTENTIALOF METALS IN SEA WATER

CORROSION PROTECTIONSYSTEM

PASSIVE ACTIVE

ELECTRIC CURRENTSIN SEA WATER

STATIC ELECTRICSIGNATURE

ALTERNATING ELECTRIC FIELD (ELFE)

AC/DC ELECTRIC FIELD (UEP)

MINEA

• FAMILY OF EXERCISE MINES– MANUFACTURED BY SAES

• MULITPLE INFLUENCE– MAGNETIC, ACOUSTIC, SEISMIC, PRESSURE, UEP– SONAR DETECTOR ALSO INCORPORATED

• ANECHOIC COATINGS AVAILABLE– MICROPROCESSOR CONTROL– ALLOWS SPECIFIC TARGET SELECTION

• IDENTIFIES, IGNORES MINESWEEPING EFFORTS• TRAINING ACCESSORIES

– RECOVERY SYSTEM INCLUDED– DATA RECORDER, ACOUSTIC LINK

IRREGULAR SHAPESNON-MAGNETIC CASES

CASE BURIAL

CLOSE-TETHER MOORINGS

MINE STEALTH

ACTIVE CASE BURIAL

GROWING WIRELESS REMOTE-CONTROL CAPABILITIES

• TACTICAL ADVANTAGE FOR MINER• IDENTIFY FRIEND OR FOE (IFF) FEATURES• CONTROL INDIVIDUAL OR GROUPS OF MINES• VERSATILE CONTROL OF MINES

CHINESE EM57

• BOTTOM INFLUENCE MINE– 1000 AND 500 kg VARIATIONS

• MULTIPLE INFLUENCE– ACOUSTIC, MAGNETIC

• 700/300 kg WARHEADS• CASE DEPTH: 6-100 m • REMOTE-CONTROLLED

– ADVERTISED >30 km RANGE• AIR, SHIP - LAID• ASW / ASUW

EM57

NAVAL MINE TRENDS

• Increasing Lethality Ranges and Minable Waters – Torpedo-mines– Deeper anchor depths

• Emerging Anti-Helo and ACV Capabilities• Mine Employment More Difficult to Detect

– Denial & Deception improving– Standoff employment

• Improved Target Discrimination/CCM Features– Microprocessor controlled Triple influence TDDs/upgrade kits– Target libraries improving

• Minehunting Increasingly Difficult– Stealth technology application growing

• Security and Flexibility of Minefield Control Improving – Wireless Remote Control (Acoustic, EM, RF)

Cumulative Challenge from Vintage and Modern Mines

• 170 kg WARHEAD• WATER DEPTH: < 70 ft• STRUCTURAL DAMAGE• $ 24,000,000 DAMAGE• OUT OF SERVICE 2 MONTHS MANTA

USS PRINCETON CG-59MINE STRIKE: 18 FEB 1991

USS ROBERTS FFG-58MINE STRIKE: 14 APR 1988

• 115 kg WARHEAD• WATER DEPTH: < 300 ft• STRUCTURAL DAMAGE• $ 96,000,000 DAMAGE• OUT OF SERVICE 18 MONTHS

SADAF-02