natural resources, degradation and conservation: lesson...
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Natural Resources, Degradation and Conservation:
Lesson learned from Indonesian
Dr. Luchman Hakim Department of Biology –
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Brawijaya
Summer course of Study Tour Abroad for Realization and Transformation (START) Program, Hiroshima University-Brawijaya University, September, 2013
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Country in tropics environment
• tropic ecosystems lack of seasonal differences. (there is little variation on temperature)
• Rainfall generally exceeds 2,000 mm per year
• Warm and wet climates
• temperature not fall below 20°C
• High humidity
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Indonesian Biodiversity
• The Indonesian archipelago’s 17,000 islands
• home to roughly 12% of the world’s mammals,
• 16% of the world’s reptiles and amphibians,
• 17% of the world’s birds and
• 25% of global fish populations.
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Recent population
• 2010 population census: 232 million people
• concentrated in Java Island
• JAKARTA (capital) 9.121 million; Surabaya 2.509 million; Bandung 2.412 million; Medan 2.131 million; Semarang 1.296 million (2009)
• Religions: Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)
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Tropical forest • High level biodiversity (i.e. flora, fauna, fungi, insect,
microbes)
• Rich vegetation structure, evergreen flora with large tree, typically more than 30 m tall.
• Tall trees form huge canopy and often become ideal
habitat for numerous epiphytes plant species
• Tall and large forest trees species which buttresses roots system
• Rich of creepers species (Ficus spp.) and
• Rich of climber species
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Some important ecosystem: Coral reefs
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Some important ecosystem: Mangrove
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Human impact to mangrove
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Some important ecosystem: Lowland tropical forest
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Threats to lowland forest
Illegal logging
Unsustainable tourism in coastal area
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Some important ecosystem: Tropical monsoon & savanna
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Threats to Tropical monsoon & savanna
• Forest fire • invasive species
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Impact of invasive plant species:
• Habitat desturbance
• Wildlife local extinction
• Water scarcity
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Some important ecosystem: Mountain forest
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Threats to ecosystem
• Over visitor • Fire • waste and polution • Illegal harvesting • etc
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Some important ecosystem: Homegardens-Agroforestry
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Our culture and biodiversity
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People and forest
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People and forest: A spiritual aspect
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Forest and community
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Indonesia: Education and Environmental problems
A process aimed at developing a community that is aware and concern about the environment and sustainable development
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Recent issues in Indonesian Rural
Development
• Reducing land degradation
• Improving water management
• Sustainable forestry
• Sustainable fisheries
• Incorporating global warming into development planning
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Social Equity
Ecological Integrity Economic Prosperity
"Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs."
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Agenda 21 Indonesia consist of:
1. Human Service
2. Waste managemet
3. Land resources management
4. Natural resources management
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Agenda 21 Indonesia consist of:
1. Human Service
Poverty reduction Changing consumption pattern Human health and education
Human settlement development Economic instrument
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Agenda 21 Indonesia consist of:
2. Waste management
Atmospheric protection Hazardous chemical management
Toxic waste management Liquid and solid waste management
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Agenda 21 Indonesia consist of:
3. Land resources management
Land resources planning Agriculture and rural development
Forest management Water resources and water quality
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Agenda 21 Indonesia consist of:
4. Natural resources management
Biodiversity conservation Biotechnology development
Marine and coastal zone management
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Towards the sustainable development: the role of global collaboration Benefits: • Getting global political support • Technical approach and methodologies • Experience sharing • Funding support • Material and equipment support • Sustainable project agenda and activities • etc