natural resource management approaches incorporating disaster risk reduction
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Natural Resources Management approaches incorporating disaster risk reductionTRANSCRIPT
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Natural Resource Management Approaches incorporating
Disaster risk reduction
Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, CEO, GEO http://e-geo.org
Centre for Disaster ManagementDr. MCR HRD Institute of AP, India 8th
Nob
embe
r 201
2
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1. Disasters and disaster trends
Disaster impacts are generally increasing as a result of the combination of increasing populations, greater concentrations of people and assets in vulnerable areas, greater use of insurance and the modification and degradation of natural environments, such as floodplain settlement, coastal exploitation, wetland destruction, river channelling, deforestation, soil erosion and fertility decline. Vulnerability to hazards is exacerbated by poverty, disease, conflict and population displacement
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The context of natural hazards in the continuum of human experience
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D. Bashir & M. Garba 8
Disaster to includes– death toll;– traumatized population (through injury,
homelessness, loss of livelihoods); – environmental and economic impacts that
overwhelmed the coping capacity of the affected people)
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Disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic and/or environmental losses which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources (UN-ISDR, 2002)
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Why is climate change adaptation needed?
Photo: Shehab Uddin/DRIK/Oxfam GB
• Climate changing is undermining the sustainability of livelihoods.
• Climate change is overwhelming the natural resources on which livelihoods depend.
• Climate change is increasing climate-related disaster risk.
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Who are most vulnerable and why?
• Those who depend on climate-sensitive resources and ecosystems for their livelihoods; agriculture, fisheries, forests.
• Those who live in marginalised and hazard prone areas; deforested hillsides, flood plains, urban slums.
• Those with limited assets and political voice to enable them to respond to the impacts of climate change; low adaptive capacity.
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Factors Affecting Disaster Impacts
• Impacts of disasters are exacerbated by a number of factors that include:– poor land-use planning,– population growth,– environmental
mismanagement,– increasing levels of
vulnerability,– poor planning,– poor governance,– climate change,– lack of regulatory
mechanisms, &– corruption
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Impacts of Climate Change
• Water related hazards are likely to get worse in this century due to climate change
• IPCC estimated the impact of global warming and predicted that:– "Drought-affected areas will likely
increase in extent;– Heavy precipitation events, which are
very likely to increase in frequency, will augment flood risk."
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Vulnerability analysis and HazardsIV
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Wel
l-bei
ng
disaster
time
(a) coping
(d) climate change adaptation
time
Wel
l-bei
ng
hazards
(b) resilience
timedisaster
time
(c) climate change impacts
more frequent disasters
Gradual changes undermining well-being
Coping, resilience and adaptation
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Disaster Risk Reduction agenda and challenge
Prior to 1990s - Civil Defence, Relief organizations: humanitarian response to emergencies
During 1990s – International Decade on Natural Disaster (IDNDR), Yokohama strategy which also consider linkage between emergence of disasters/development
Since 2000 – International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR): reduce disaster risk
HFA: 2005-2015 – Building the resilient communities and nations to disasters as part of Development & linked to Humanitarian agenda
Reactive
Proactive
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Reconstruction
Prevention
Mitigation
Preparedness
Response
Recovery
Disaster
Disaster Risk Reduction actors
Humanitarian actors
Holistic approach: combine efforts to reduce disaster impacts
Disaster Risk Reduction Cycle
Sustainable Development actors
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Drought Definition and Typology
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Elements of Drought Risk Red. Framework & Practices
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1. Policies and governanceTo ensure that drought risk reduction is a national and local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation
Guiding principles Political commitment, strong institutions and appropriate governance, as part of SD Bottom-up approach with community participation Capacity building and knowledge development Policies emphasize mitigation and preparedness, based o sound risk identification Policy mechanisms Long-term investment in mitigation
Main subjects Building political and public alliance: roles and responsibilities of actors Capacity development Components of a drought policy National drought policy case studies Provincial drought policies
Drought Risk Reduction elements
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2. Drought risk identification, impact assessment, and early warning (local, national & trans-boundary scope)
Drought risk is a combination of hazard and vulnerability Understand hazard: monitoring and early warning system Vulnerability analysis: physical, socio-economic, livelihoods,
cultural, political, environmental, etc. Drought scenarios and impact assessment Forecast and EW
Drought Risk Reduction elements (cont.)
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3. Awareness and knowledge management
Promote a culture of prevention and resilience. Effective information management and knowledge exchange. Awareness campaigns with political and public commitment. Identification and promotion of indigenous knowledge,
skills and good practices. Education and training opportunities to reduce risk. Sustained political commitment.
Drought Risk Reduction elements (cont.)
IV
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4. Reducing underlying factors of drought risk and innovation
Sustainable ecosystems and environmental management. DRR strategies integrated with CC Adaptation. Analysis of food security causes. Land-use planning and rural development Financial risk sharing mechanisms. Public-private partnership, etc.
Drought Risk Reduction elements (cont.)
IV
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5. Effective drought mitigation and preparedness measures
Promote a culture of drought mitigation and preparedness. Dialogue/communication between mitigation/response actors. Unify top-down and bottom-up approaches. Enhance capacities and included locals in implementation. Implementation of mitigation and preparedness measures,
structural and non structural.
Drought Risk Reduction elements (cont.)
IV
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Climate Change will put additional stress in
rural areas
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Source : IPCC/SRESA2
5 degrees = What separates us from the last glacial era (-15 000 BC)
Models’ forecasts : +1,4 to +5,8 degrees by 2100.
TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATIONS
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Impact of Climate Change on society
Climate change will cause heavier tropical cyclones.
…Sandy, Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma…
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Less visual but with major impact
> Temperature increase> Sea level rise> More rain
Agriculture and food securityCrop yields, irrigation demands...
ForestComposition, health and productivity...
Water resourcesWater supply, water quality...
Coastal areas Erosion, inundation, cost of prevention...
Species and natural areasBiodiversity, modification of ecosystems...
Human healthInfectious diseases, human settlements...
Consequences of climate change:
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VulnerabilityVulnerability to climate change is the risk of
adverse things happening Vulnerability is a function of three factors:
Exposure
Sensitivity
Adaptive capacity
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Exposure
•Exposure is what is at risk from climate change, e.g.,
– Population– Resources– Property
•It is also the climate change that an affected system will face, e.g.,
– Sea level– Temperature– Precipitation– Extreme events
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Sensitivity
• Biophysical effect of climate change– Change in crop yield, runoff,
energy demand• It considers the socioeconomic
context, e.g., the agriculture system
• Grain crops typically are sensitive
• Manufacturing typically is much less sensitive
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Adaptive Capacity
• Capability to adapt• Function of:
– Wealth– Technology – Education– Institutions– Information– Infrastructure– “Social capital”
• Having adaptive capacity does not mean it is used effectively
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Vulnerability is a Function of …
• More exposure and sensitivity increase vulnerability
• More adaptive capacity decreases vulnerability
• An assessment of vulnerability should consider all three factors
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Adaptation“adjustment in natural or human
systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm of exploits beneficial opportunities”
(Third Assessment Report, Working Group II)
Includes “actual” (realized) or “expected” (future) changes in climate
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Adaptation (continued)
Two types of adaptationAutonomous adaptation or reactive adaptation tends to be what people and systems do as impacts of climate change become apparent
Anticipatory or proactive adaptation are measures taken to reduce potential risks of future climate change
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SL framework: Determinants of adaptive capacity
Livelihood resources
Examples
Human Knowledge, Skills
Social Women’s savings and loans groups, farmer- CBOs
Physical Irrigation infrastructure, seed and grain storage facilities
Natural Reliable water source, productive land
Financial Micro-insurance, diversified income sources
Policies, institutions and power structures
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Capitals
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Watershed activities focus on vulnerability reduction
Livelihood support
enforcing rights
Productivity of natural
resources
Enhancement of knowledge
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Every drop counts
Methods of waterharvesting
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WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (WDP)
Improve and sustain productivity and production potentials of the dry/semi-arid regions of India through adoption of appropriate production and conservation technologies.
Meet the needs of local rural communities for food, fuel, fodder and timber. Improve all types of lands, i.e., Government, Forest, Community and Private Lands falling within a watershed.
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WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (WDP)
WDPs, in short: A holistic approach to improve and develop the economic and natural resource base of dry/semi-arid/fragile regions. In a watershed development program the watershed is the unit for development rather than political or administrative boundaries
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WDP Activities• i) Land Development:
Levelling and terracing, improving soil quality and productivity; and watershed reclamation.
• ii) Water Development: Promote in situ water harvesting and conservation, establish percolation ponds and open wells, tanks, small reservoirs, and improving water quality.
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WDP Activities
iii)Enterprises/Activities: Evolve appropriate farming systems, – encourage a crop mix of
high value/high yield crops, – social/agro-forestry, – other income-generating
activities like dairying, poultry-keeping, etc.
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Some Illustrations of Benefits of WDPs
• -Replacing seasonal/annual crops with agro-silvi, agrohorti, silvi-horti; systems on hill slopes/degraded lands. Benefits: reduce soil erosion; arrest surface run-offs.
• -Training water to store excess water run-offs in farm ponds/percolation tanks. Benefits: improve groundwater recharge.
• -Construction of earthen or vegetative bunds or barriers to surface run-offs in a watershed. Benefits: help in moisture conservation.
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MGNREGA• 'National Rural Employment Guarantee
Act'2005 (NREGA)• Act guarantees 100 days of employment
in a financial year to every household• A social safety net for the vulnerable
groups and an opportunity to combine growth with equity
• Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force, not as recipients of doles, but as productive partners in our economic process
• Assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency
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Climate Change / Variability in Semi-arid regions
Precipitation is less than potential evapotranspiration.
Low annual rainfall of 25 to 60 centimeters and having scrubby vegetation with short, coarse grasses; not completely arid.
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Crop Water
Soil Climate
Energy Environment
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Nature of Works Water based• » Water conservation • » Water harvesting• » Micro and minor
irrigation works• » Provision of irrigation
facilities• » Desilting of tanks• » Renovation of traditional
water bodies• » Flood control and
protection works
Land based• » Land development
Forest/ Agro--Forestry• » Afforestation• » Horticulture
Infrastructure• » Rural roads
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Conservation technologies
can build adaptive capacities to cope with increasing water stress, providing “more crop per drop”.
Stress-tolerant, climate-resilient
varieties of seeds,
drip irrigation,
zero-tillage, raised-bed planting, laser-levelling,
Systems of Rice Intensification
(SRI),
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AFPRO 51Human / Social Natural / Environmental / Physical Economic / Political
SCENARIO 1
Policies/Structures Vulnerability Adaptability
Rural Poverty Livelihoods Diversification
Appropriate Skills Water Management
Agriculture Production Water Resources
Energy
Climate Change
Community Empowerment
Bio Diversity
“VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND ENHANSING ADAPTIVE CAPACITY TO CLIMATE
CHANGE IN SEMI-ARID AREAS OF INDIA”
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GSBC PROJECT INTEGRATED APPROACH
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Major challenges of Agriculture
Climate change - variability - extremes
Soil fertility Water management
Impact of hazardous
pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers
Burning of crop residue
Alkalinity of soils
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FACILITATION RESEARCH
ACTIVITY
CAPACITYDEVELOPMENT
Field level interventions
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CULTURAL
SPIRITUAL
BELIEFS
RITUALS
FESTIVALS
ALTARS
CREMATION
SOURCES (BIOMASS)
GOOD STOVES• TLUDs• Other stoves
CROP RESIDUE
POULTRY LITTER
WASTE MANAGEMENT• Sludge
PRACTICES
FOODPRESERVING
FOOD
CLEANING
MEDICINE
MATTRESS
TOOTH POWDER
AIR QUALITY• CO2 / CH4WATER
TREATMENT
AQUARIUM /
TERRARIUMS
BIOCHAR BRICKS
BIOCHAR URINALS
SOAK PITS
FILTERING MEDIA
INSECT REPELLENT
SOIL AMENDMENT
INCREASED PRODUCTION
SOIL TEMPERATURE
REGULATED
MOISTURE RETENTION
WATER CONSERVATION
NITROGEN / PHOSPHOROUS
RETENTION
NURSERIES
PESTICIDES ADBSORBTION
SOIL MICROBES DENSITY
INCREASE
BIOCHAR COMPOST
EARTHWORMS INCREASE
TERMITES / ANTS
REPULSION
CARBON SEQUESTRATIO
N
ANIMALS
POULTRY - CH4 REDUCTION
LIVESTOCK - URINE AND DUNGFYM / COMPOST
BIOMASS
BIOCHAR
ENERGY
BIOCHARCULTURE
Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, GEOhttp://e-geo.org | http://biocharculture.com
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SOIL
BIOCHAR
BIOCHAR COMPOST
AGRICUTURE
PADDY METHANE EMISSIONS REDUCTION
PESTICIDE & COMPLEX
CHEMICALS AFFECTS
MITIGATION
EMMISIONS REDUCTION FROM FARM
YARD MANURES AND
COMPOSTS
CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT
ANIMALS
APPLICATION IN ANIMAL
PLACES TO TAP URINE,
SANITATION AND
EMISSIONS REDUCTION
RUMINANT ANIMALS METHANE EMISSIONS
REDUCTION AS FEED ADDITIVE
SOAKING IN WITH ANIMALS
URINE AND EXCRETA -
VALUE ADDITION
ENERGY
SOURCE FROM EFFICIENT TLUD COOK STOVES
AS BY PRODUCT FROM GASIFIER
STOVES, BOILERS ETC
CHARCOAL PRODUCTION
FROM BIOMASS /
WASTE MANAGEMENT
HABITAT
BIOCHAR BRICKS
BIOCHAR IN AQUARIUMS
BIOCHAR IN POULTRY FARMS
BIOCHAR IN FRIDGES,
MATTRESSES, ETC.
SANITATION
BIOCHAR URINALS
BIOCHAR TOILETS
BIOCHAR IN CATTLE SHEDS
CLEANING PLATES / UTENSILS
BATHING
HEALTH
CLEANING TEETH
BIOCHAR TABLETS
BIOCHAR IN FOOD AS PART
OF FOOD PREPARATIONS
WATER
WATER PURIFICATION – COLOR, ODOR, REMOVAL OF
HARMFUL ELEMENTS,
ETC.
RITUAL / SPIRITUAL / RELIGIOUS / PRACTICES
FIRE / ALTAR / YAGNAS /
AGNIHOTRA
FIRE DURING FESTIVALS
CREMATIONS
NATURAL / ARTIFICIAL
FIRES IN FORESTS /
FIELDS, ETC.
BIOCHARCULTURE
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BiocharcultureBiocharculture is the process of using Biochar,
including cultivation of crops
• Biochar is the charcoal produced from carbonaceous source material. Sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in terrestrial ecosystems
• Biocharculture is one of the means to integrate for sustainable cultivation and carbon sequestration.
• Biochar is usually produced at around temperatures 300 to 600 degrees centigrade for example as found in the common biomass cook stoves.
• Because of its macromolecular structure dominated by aromatic C, Biochar is more recalcitrant to microbial decomposition than uncharred organic matter
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Biocharculture Adaptation benefits
Securing the crop from drought and climate variabiiity
Reclaim the degraded soils, water conservation,
Lessen the impact of hazardous
pesticides and complex chemicals & to reduce plant
uptake.
reducing emissions and increasing the sequestration of
greenhouse gases
Conversion of crop residue into Biochar
an option and address carbon sequestration
Increase in crop yield
increases in C, N, pH, and available P
to the plants
Impacts of Biochar last more than 1000
years.
Temperature regulation in the
soil
Reduction in leaching of the bio /
chem fertilizers applied
Increase in the soil microbes / worms at the biochar and
soil interface
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CONTROL AND BIOCHAR - OKRA
Farmers focus80% ON CROP20% ON SOIL
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BIOCHAR COMPOST
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APPLICATION IN THE FIELDS
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OKRA - CONTROL AND BIOCHAR PLOTS
CONTROL BIOCHAR COMPOST 4 KGS 8 KGS 12 KGS
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1.5 FEET 6 FEET
CONTROL
BIOCHAR
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BIOCHAR RESULTS
GSBC PROJECT, 2009 (DORUGHT PREVAILED DURING THE GROWING SEASON)
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Methane Emissions from paddy fields
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Biochar – livestock urine
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Thank you…References: http://...