And it’s implications to beekeeping and

Varroa mites

Natural Cell Size

Presentations online

Before you take copious notes, all these presentations are online here:

http://www.bushfarms.com/beespresentations.htm

My book is all on my website.

Ebooks are available from my website.

Bee Camp

http://www.bushfarms.com/beescamp.htm

“Everything works if you let it”

––James "Big Boy" Medlin

Varroa Life Cycle• Foundress enters the brood cell just before

capping.

• Lays one egg about every 30 hours.

• First is male the rest are female.

• Females have to reach maturity and mate to be viable and this takes 10.5 days from when the egg is laid.

• Typical number of offspring in a worker cell with 21 day cycle (capped on day 9 and emerge 12 days later) is between one and two (1.5 +- 0.5) in a drone cell between three and four (3.5 +- 0.5).

Varroa Life Cycle• During its time in the capped cell all of

those Varroa, foundress and offspring, feed on the pupae weakening it and spreading viruses.

• After emergence of the bee, the viable mites (the foundress mite and the one or two that made it to maturity and mated) go into their phoretic stage clinging to the bees and sucking their hemolymph like a tick, again spreading viruses and weakening the bees.

Using Natural Cell Size Against Varroa?Either cell size helps with Varroa or it does not

If it does, you have helped the Varroa problem If it does not,

you have

not hurt the

Varroa problem

Cell Size and Bee Size Standard foundation has been upsized That upsizing has caused a bee that is 150% of

it’s natural size The fact that upsizing foundation makes a

bigger bee and that we now have upsized is well documented by Baudoux, Pinchot, Gontarski, and most recently, McMullan and Brown.

Small Cell = Natural Cell?Small cell has been purported by some (including me), to help control Varroa.

Small Cell is 4.9mm cell size.

Standard foundation is 5.4mm cell size.

What is natural cell size?

A couple of References

Recent: The influence of small-cell brood combs on the morphometry of honeybees (Apis mellifera)--John B. McMullan and Mark J.F. Brown

Historic references are listed here: see www.bushfarms.com/beesnaturalcell.htm near the bottom of the page (including a link to the above paper)

What is natural cell size?Reasonable Assumptions Can we assume that the bees know the

answer to this question? Can we assume if we let them they will

answer the question? Can we assume that doing what is natural for

them is the most likely correct size for cells?

Baudoux 1893Made bees larger by using larger

cell foundation to make larger cells. Pinchot, Gontarski and

others got the size up as large as 5.74mm. But AI Root’s first

foundation was 5 cells to an inch which is 5.08mm. Later he started making it 4.83 cells per inch. This

is equivalent to 5.26mm.(ABC XYZ of beekeeping 1945 edition page 125-126.)

Tipping point for me for Varroa

• Tried:– VSH (SMR)– Russian– Minnesota Hygenics– Buckfasts– Carniolans– All Americans– Italians

No Survivors to Breed From

• 100% losses to Varroa– Tens of thousands of dead Varroa on the

bottom board– Varroa feces in the brood cells

Natural Comb and Small Cell

• No Varroa losses on Natural Comb and Small Cell comb.

• Still had severe winter losses to other causes until changing to feral survivors.

• Genetics appears to be important to survival, but not the tipping point for survival with Varroa.

Sevareid's Law:

“The leading cause of problems is solutions.”

Typical Foundation Today

Dadant Wax 5.4mm

Mann Lake Rite Cell 5.4mm

Pierco Deep Frame 5.25mm

Pierco Medium Sheet 5.2mm

Dadant 4.9mm “Small Cell”

Mann Lake PF100 and PF120 4.95mm

Unregressed Top Bar Hive Comb 4.7mm

How do smaller cells help?• Male survivorship

– Less male mites survive

Reproduction of Varroa destructor in South African honey bees: does cell space influence Varroa male survivorship? Stephen J. MARTIN*, Per KRYGER

http://www.apidologie.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/apido/pdf/2002/01/Martin.pdf

How do smaller cells help?• Shortened Pupation

A model of the mite parasite, Varroa destructor, on honeybees (Apis mellifera) to investigate parameters important to mite population growth. D Wilkinson, , G.C Smith

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380001004409

Shortened Pupation

• Less Varroa Because:– Capping times shorter by 24 hours

• Less Varroa in the cell when it’s capped

– Postcapping times shorter by 24 hours• Less Varroa reach maturity and mate by emergence

– More chewing out of Varroa

Pre and Post capping times and Varroa8 hours shorter capping time halves the number of Varroa infesting a brood cell.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41700870_Effect_of_the_size_of_worker_brood_cells_of_Africanized_honey_bees_on_infestation_and_reproduction_of_the_ectoparasitic_mite_Varroa_jacobsoni_Oud

8 hours shorter post capping time halves the number of offspring of a Varroa in the brood cell.

Accepted days for capping and Post Capping

(based on observing bees on 5.4mm comb)

Capped 9 days after egg laid

Emerges 21 days after egg laid

Dzierzon’s Observations on Natural Comb

"When the young worker-bee has left the cell — which, reckoning from the egg, will be the case at the end of nineteen days, under favourable circumstances..." — Jan Dzierzon, Rational Bee-Keeping, 1882 English edition, Pg 20

Huber’s Observations on Natural Comb

Capped 8 days after egg layed

Emerged 20 days after egg layed3(egg)+5(vermicular)+1.5(capping)+3(capped larva)+7.5(nymph)=20

If the day the egg is layed is the first day then this would be half way through the twentieth day.

Huber’s Observations on Natural Comb“The worm of workers passes three days in the egg, five in the vermicular state, and then the bees close up its cell with a wax covering. The worm now begins spinning its cocoon, in which operation thirty-six hours are consumed. In three days, it changes to a nymph, and passes six* days in this form. It is only on the twentieth day of its existence, counting from the moment the egg is laid, that it attains the fly state.”

FRANCIS HUBER 4 September 1791.

Huber’s Observations on Natural Comb*Note: this is a quote from the 1809 English translation and it is almost identical to the 1821 and 1841 English translations, all of which say "six days." However, I have since found the original French which says, in both the 1792 edition and the 1814 edition: "sept jours & demi" which should be translated 7 1/2 days. This makes it come to 20 days. Otherwise it would be 18 ½ days.

My observations on 4.95mm cell size

Capped 8 days after layed

Emerged 19 days after layed

Dimensions of cellsAccording to Baudoux

Cell Width Cell Volume

5.555 mm 301 mm3

5.375 277

5.210 256

5.060 237

4.925 222

4.805 206

4.700 192From ABC XYZ of Bee Culture 1945 edition pg 126

5.4mm

4.9mm

Things that affect cell size

• Worker intention for the comb at the time it was drawn:– Drone brood– Worker brood– Honey storage

• The size of the bees drawing the comb

• The spacing of the top bars

What is Regression?• Large bees, from large cells, cannot build

natural sized cells. They build something in between. Most will build 5.1mm worker brood cells.

• The next brood cycle will build cells in the 4.9mm range.

• The only complication with converting back to Natural or Small cell is this need for regression.

Regressing

• If you don’t mind plastic, the fastest method with currently available products is to put the bees on Mann Lake PF100s (deep) or PF120s (medium) which are 4.94mm cell size and in my experience, drawn by the bees perfectly the first time.

Regressing

• To regress with natural comb, cull out empty brood combs and let bees build what they want (or give them 4.9mm foundation)

• After they have raised brood on that, repeat the process until the core of the brood nest is 4.9mm or below.

Observations on natural cell size

• First there is no one size of cells nor one size of worker brood cells in a hive. Huber’s observations on bigger bees from bigger cells was directly because of this. The bees draw a variety of cell sizes which create a variety of bee sizes. Perhaps these different castes serve the purposes of the hive with more diversity of abilities.

Observations on cell size

• The first “generation” of bees from a typical hive (artificially enlarged bees) usually builds about 5.1mm cells for worker brood. This varies a lot, but typically this is the center of the brood nest. Some bees will go smaller faster.

Observations on Cell Size

The next generation of bees will build worker brood comb in the range of 4.9mm to 5.1mm with some smaller and some larger.

The spacing, if left to these “regressed” bees is typically 32mm or 1 ¼” in the center of the brood nest

1 ¼” spacing agrees with Huber’s Observations

The leaf or book hive consists of twelve vertical frames… and their breadth fifteen lines (one line= 1/12

of an inch. 15 lines = 1 ¼”). It is necessary that

this last measure should be accurate;

François Huber 1806

Comb Width by Cell SizeAccording to Baudoux

Cell Size mm Comb width mm

5.555 22.60

5.375 22.20

5.210 21.80

5.060 21.40

4.925 21.00

4.805 20.60

4.700 20.20ABC XYZ of Bee Culture 1945 edition Pg 126

Free Form Comb

Spacing as close as 30mm in brood area

Comb spacing–Workers space comb based on their intended use.

–Workers perceive the intended use based on spacing.

–Worker brood area will be 1 ¼” (32mm)

–Worker mixed with drone to will be 1 3/8” (35mm)

–Honey storage 1 ½” (38mm) to 2”

So what are natural sized cellsI have measured a lot of natural

drawn combs. I have seen worker brood in the range of 4.6mm to

5.1mm with most in the 4.7 to 4.8 ranges. I have not seen any large areas of 5.4mm cells. So I would

have to say:

So what are natural sized cellsBased on my measurements of natural worker brood comb:

–There is nothing UNnatural about 4.9mm worker cells.

–5.4mm worker cells are not the norm in a brood nest.

–Small cell has been adequate for me to have hives that are stable against Varroa mites with no treatments.

How to get natural sized cells.• Top bar hives. (foundationless combs)

– Make the bars 32mm (1 ¼”) for the brood area– Make the bars 38mm (1 ½”) for the honey area

• Foundationless frames.– Make a “comb guide” like Langstroth did (see

Langstroth’s “Hive and the Honey-Bee”)– Also helpful to cut down end bars to 1 ¼”

How to get small cells

• Use 4.9mm foundation

• Use 4.9mm Honey Super Cell (fully drawn)

• Use 4.95mm Mann Lake PF100 or PF120

What I’ve done to get natural comb• Top Bar Hives

What I’ve done to get natural comb• Top Bar Hives

• Foundationless Frames

Free form comb

What I’ve done to get natural comb

• Top Bar Hives

• Foundationless Frames

• Free Form Comb

• Empty Frame Between Drawn Combs

Small Cell StudiesPositive

http://www.funpecrp.com.br/gmr/year2003/vol1-2/gmr0057_full_text.htm

http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/12917800

http://www.apidologie.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/apido/pdf/

2002/01/Martin.pdf

http://www.beesource.com/point-of-view/hans-otto-johnsen/survival-of-a-commercial-beekeeper-in-norway/

http://scientificbeekeeping.com/trial-of-honeysupercell-small-cell-combs/

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/41700870_Effect_of_the_size_of_worker_brood_cells_of_Africanized_honey_bees_on_infestation_and_reproduction_of_the_ectoparasitic_mite_Varroa_jacobsoni_

Oud

http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/ar/archive/may97/honey.pdf

http://www.apidologie.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/apido/pdf/

2002/01/Martin.pdf

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380001004409

Small Cell StudiesNegative

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/225570786_Small-cell_comb_does_not_control_Varroa_mites_in_colonies_of_honeybees_of_Europe

an_origin

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10493-008-9221-3?no-access=true

http://www.beebehavior.com/Arxive/small_cell_comb_varroa_mites.pdf

http://maxa.maf.govt.nz/sff/about-projects/search/00-256/cell-size-impact-on-varroa.pdf

http://beeman.se/research/cell.htm

Discussions on Issues With Small Cell Studies

http://beeuntoothers.com/index.php/beekeeping/articles/66-small-cell-studies

http://www.elgon.se/pdf-filer/Small_cell_test_designs13c.pdf

Further reading:www.bushfarms.com/beessctheories.htm

www.bushfarms.com/beesfoursimplesteps.htm

www.bushfarms.com/beesnaturalcell.htm

www.beesource.com/point-of-view/ed-dee-lusby

Contact

Michael Bush

bees at bushfarms dot com

www.bushfarms.comBook: The Practical Beekeeper

Peer reviewed study that shows that peer reviewed studies are

almost always wrong.

www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0020124

Abstract summaryThere is increasing concern that most current published research findings are false. The probability that a research claim is true may depend on study power and bias, the number of other studies on the same question, and, importantly, the ratio of true to no relationships among the relationships probed in each scientific field. In this framework, a research finding is less likely to be true when the studies conducted in a field are smaller; when effect sizes are smaller; when there is a greater number and lesser preselection of tested relationships; where there is greater flexibility in designs, definitions, outcomes, and analytical modes; when there is greater financial and other interest and prejudice; and when more teams are involved in a scientific field in chase of statistical significance. Simulations show that for most study designs and settings, it is more likely for a research claim to be false than true. Moreover, for many current scientific fields, claimed research findings may often be simply accurate measures of the prevailing bias. In this essay, I discuss the implications of these problems for the conduct and interpretation of research.

–"Contradiction is not a sign of falsity, nor the lack of contradiction a sign of truth." --Blaise Pascal

–"All models are wrong, but some are useful" --George E.P. Box

–For every expert, there is an equal and opposite expert. -- Becker's Law

Observations of Beekeepers vs Observations of Scientists

"It will be readily appreciated that in the course of many years and daily contact with bees, the professional bee-keeper will of necessity gain a knowledge and insight into the mysterious ways of the honeybee, usually denied to the scientist in the laboratory and the amateur in possession of a few colonies. Indeed, a limited practical experience will inevitably lead to views and conclusions, which are often completely at variance to the findings of a wide practical nature." --Beekeeping at Buckfast Abbey, Brother Adam

Quotes from conversation between Jennifer Berry, Michael Bush, Dann Purvis and others concerning Berry’s

small cell study, at HAS July, 2007 KY State University, Frankfort, Kentucky

“If it's working for you, you should keep doing it.”

--Jennifer Berry

“The criteria is easy, it's not about counting mites, it's about survival.”--Dann Purvis

Quote from Randy Oliver

“If you're not part of the genetic solution of

breeding mite-tolerant bees, then you're part of the problem”

QuestionIf natural/small cell size will

control Varroa, why did all the feral bees die off?

Answer

The problem is that this question typically comes with several

assumptions.

The first assumption is that the feral bees have all but died out.

I have not found this to be true. I see a lot of feral bees and I see more every year.

The second assumption is that when some of the feral bees did die, that they all died from Varroa mites.

A lot of things happened to the bees in this country including Tracheal mites, and viruses. I'm sure some of the survival from some of this is a matter of selection.

The ones that couldn't withstand them died.

The third assumption is that huge numbers of mites hitchhiking in on robbers can't overwhelm a hive no

matter how well they handle Varroa.

Tons of crashing domestic hives were bound to take a toll. Even if you have a fairly small and stable local

population of Varroa, a huge influx from outside will overwhelm a hive.

The fourth assumption is that a recently escaped swarm will build small cell.

They will build something in between. For many years most of the feral bees were recent escapees. The population of feral bees was kept high by a lot of recent escapees and, in the past, those escapees often survived. It's only recently I've seen a shift in the population to be the dark bees rather than the Italians that look like they are recent. Large bees (bees from 5.4 mm foundation) build an in between sized comb, usually around 5.1 mm. So these recently swarmed domestic bees are not fully regressed and often die in the

first year or two.

The fifth assumption is that small cell beekeepers don't believe there is also a genetic component to the survival

of bees with Varroa.

Obviously there are bees that are more or less hygienic and more or less able to deal with many pests and

diseases. Whenever a new disease or pest comes along the ferals have to survive them without any help.

The sixth assumption is that the feral bees suddenly died.

The bees have been diminishing for the last 50 years fairly steadily from pesticide misuse, loss of habitat and

forage, and more recently from bee paranoia. People hear about AHB and kill any swarm they see.

Historic cell size measurements

1877 version of ABC of Beeculture, on page 147 says:

"The best specimens of true worker-comb, generally contain 5 cells within the space of an

inch, and therefore this measure has been adopted for the comb foundation."

The 41st edition of ABC XYZ of Bee Culture on Page 160 (under Cell Size) says:

"The size of naturally constructed cells has been a subject of beekeeper and scientific

curiosity since Swammerdam measured them in the 1600s. Numerous subsequent reports

from around the world indicate that the diameter of naturally constructed cells ranges

from 4.8 to 5.4mm. Cell diameter varies between geographic areas, but the overall

range has not changed from the 1600s to the present time."

And further down on the same page:

"reported cell size for Africanized honey bees averages 4.5-5.1mm."

Marla Spivak and Eric Erickson in "Do measurements of worker cell size reliably

distinguish Africanized from European honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)?" -- American Bee

Journal v. April 1992, p. 252-255 says:

“...a continuous range of behaviors and cell size measurements was noted between colonies

considered "strongly European" and "strongly Africanized". ”

“Due to the high degree of variation within and among feral and managed populations of

Africanized bees, it is emphasized that the most effective solution to the Africanized

"problem", in areas where Africanized bees have established permanent populations, is to

consistently select for the most gentle and productive colonies among the existing honey

bee population ”

From: Identification and relative success of Africanized and European honey bees in Costa

Rica. Spivak, M

Bush's Law of Problems and Solutions:

“Most problems are imaginary and most solutions are

illusions”

Let's assume a short term study (which all of them have been) during the drone rearing time of the year (which all of them have been) and make the assumption for the moment that Dee Lusby's "psuedodrone" theory is true, meaning that with large cell the Varroa often mistake large cell workers for drone cells and therefore infest them more. Then the Varroa in the large cell hives during that time would be less successful reproducing because they are in the wrong cells (worker). The Varroa, during that time would be more successful on small cell because they are in the drone cells. But later in the year this may shift dramatically when, first, the small cell workers have not taken damage from the Varroa and second, drone rearing drops off and the mites have nowhere to go.

Small Cell Study Issues