Nationalism Nationalism

Chapter 4

1. Introduction1. Introduction

-Nationalism became the most significant force for -Nationalism became the most significant force for self-determination and unification in Europe of self-determination and unification in Europe of the 1800’s.the 1800’s.

-It fed the desire of different groups to be free of -It fed the desire of different groups to be free of rulers from large empires and form there own rulers from large empires and form there own countriescountries

-Nationalism will result in the formation of Italy, -Nationalism will result in the formation of Italy, Germany and various Latin American countriesGermany and various Latin American countries

-It will also bring about the destruction of the -It will also bring about the destruction of the Austrian and Ottoman EmpireAustrian and Ottoman Empire

2. Italian Nationalism2. Italian Nationalism

A. BeginningsA. Beginnings

-During the reign of Napoleon, Italy was unified for a brief -During the reign of Napoleon, Italy was unified for a brief time.time.

-However, The Congress of Vienna divided Italy into -However, The Congress of Vienna divided Italy into smaller states and territories that were controlled by smaller states and territories that were controlled by Austria and SpainAustria and Spain

-Italians wanted to free themselves of foreign control and -Italians wanted to free themselves of foreign control and once again become a unified nationonce again become a unified nation

Unification MovementsUnification Movements

- Nationalist began to form secret societies Nationalist began to form secret societies throughout Italy. throughout Italy.

- Unification was the goal of groups such Unification was the goal of groups such as the as the Young ItalyYoung Italy Movement led by Movement led by Giuseppe MazziniGiuseppe Mazzini who called for the who called for the establishment of a republic.establishment of a republic.

- King Victor Emmanuel IIKing Victor Emmanuel II, who led the , who led the kingdom of Sardinia wanted to be a model kingdom of Sardinia wanted to be a model for Italian nationalism.for Italian nationalism.

Pg. 2Pg. 2

- Count Camillo CavourCount Camillo Cavour, a prominent Italian , a prominent Italian Nationalist, was the Prime Minister of Nationalist, was the Prime Minister of Sardinia.Sardinia.

- His movement for Italian unification was His movement for Italian unification was known as known as RisorgimentoRisorgimento..

3. 3. The Crimean WarThe Crimean War

- France and Great Britain declared war on France and Great Britain declared war on Russia in an effort to stop the Russians Russia in an effort to stop the Russians from taking over the weaker Ottoman from taking over the weaker Ottoman Empire.Empire.

- Sardinia entered the war allied with France Sardinia entered the war allied with France and Great Britain, in hopes of achieving and Great Britain, in hopes of achieving assistance in unifying Italy.assistance in unifying Italy.

- In 1858, Sardinia and France planned to In 1858, Sardinia and France planned to attack Austria.attack Austria.

4. 4. War with AustriaWar with Austria

- In 1859, In 1859, SardiniaSardinia aided nationalist revolts aided nationalist revolts in the Austrian controlled northern Italian in the Austrian controlled northern Italian lands of Lomardy and Venetia.lands of Lomardy and Venetia.

- Austria used military troops to stop the Austria used military troops to stop the revolts, Sardinia and France sent troops to revolts, Sardinia and France sent troops to help the nationalists.help the nationalists.

- A treaty was signed between Austria and A treaty was signed between Austria and Sardinia in which Sardinia gained control Sardinia in which Sardinia gained control of of Italian territoryItalian territory..

5. 5. Nationalism in Southern ItalyNationalism in Southern Italy- In 1869, with support of Sardinia, In 1869, with support of Sardinia, GaribaldiGaribaldi

formed a Nationalist Army known as the formed a Nationalist Army known as the Red Red Shirts.Shirts.

- Their goal was to attack the two kingdoms of Their goal was to attack the two kingdoms of two Sicilies and form a republic.two Sicilies and form a republic.

- Garibaldi then attacked Rome and the Papal that Garibaldi then attacked Rome and the Papal that were under control of France.were under control of France.

- Finally, when France withdrew from Rome in Finally, when France withdrew from Rome in 1870, the 1870, the citizens of Rome voted to join the citizens of Rome voted to join the kingdom of Italy.kingdom of Italy.

- With the joining of Rome, the entire Italian With the joining of Rome, the entire Italian peninsula was unitedpeninsula was united..

6. 6. Nationalism in GermanyNationalism in Germany-The Congress of Vienna in 1815 created the -The Congress of Vienna in 1815 created the

Germany Confederation, Germany Confederation, a loose a loose organization of 39 separate states each organization of 39 separate states each having it’s own laws, currency, and rulerhaving it’s own laws, currency, and ruler

-King William I wanted Prussia to become a -King William I wanted Prussia to become a military power in Europe and wanted to military power in Europe and wanted to unify the German states under one rulerunify the German states under one ruler

-He appointed -He appointed Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck as Prime as Prime Minister to build a powerful war machine Minister to build a powerful war machine

A. Blood and IronA. Blood and Iron

-Bismarck believed in a policy known as -Bismarck believed in a policy known as ““Blood and IronBlood and Iron” which meant ” which meant strengthening the military and using strengthening the military and using warfare to reach their goal of unifying warfare to reach their goal of unifying GermanyGermany

B. B. Obstacles to Unification of Obstacles to Unification of GermanyGermany

1.Austria represented the most serious obstacle to 1.Austria represented the most serious obstacle to Germany’s unification because they feared Germany’s unification because they feared competition in Central Europecompetition in Central Europe

2.Other European countries (France and Russia) 2.Other European countries (France and Russia) feared a united Germany because they did not feared a united Germany because they did not want to upset the balance of power in Europewant to upset the balance of power in Europe

3.Some smaller German states wanted to protect 3.Some smaller German states wanted to protect their customs and traditions, and did not want to their customs and traditions, and did not want to be absorbed into a large German nation be absorbed into a large German nation controlled by Prussiacontrolled by Prussia

C. Steps toward UnificationC. Steps toward Unification

1) War over Schleswig-Holstein1) War over Schleswig-Holstein

-Bismarck formed an uneasy alliance with-Bismarck formed an uneasy alliance with

Austria to gain control of the areas of Austria to gain control of the areas of

Schleswig-Holstein from Denmark. A bitter Schleswig-Holstein from Denmark. A bitter

dispute occurred after the war between dispute occurred after the war between

Prussia and Austria over the newly won Prussia and Austria over the newly won

territoriesterritories

C. Steps toward Unification (Pg.2)C. Steps toward Unification (Pg.2)

2. War with Austria2. War with Austria -7 Weeks War where Prussia easily defeated -7 Weeks War where Prussia easily defeated

Austria. Prussia formed the NorthAustria. Prussia formed the North German Confederation. Joined Western and German Confederation. Joined Western and

Eastern parts of PrussiaEastern parts of Prussia

3. Franco-Prussian War3. Franco-Prussian War - - Southern German Confederation FearedSouthern German Confederation Feared

Prussian control (religious differences) sought an Prussian control (religious differences) sought an alliance with France. Dispute over Spain led to aalliance with France. Dispute over Spain led to a war with France and Prussia. Win by Prussia led war with France and Prussia. Win by Prussia led control over S. German Confederationcontrol over S. German Confederation

D. The New GermanyD. The New Germany

-William I was proclaimed Kaiser and -William I was proclaimed Kaiser and appointed Bismarck as chancellorappointed Bismarck as chancellor

-The newly created German empire was -The newly created German empire was called the Second Reich or Empirecalled the Second Reich or Empire

-The leaders of Germany were determined-The leaders of Germany were determined

to make Germany a major commercial, to make Germany a major commercial,

colonial and military power of Europecolonial and military power of Europe

3. Latin America3. Latin AmericaA.A. Social ClassesSocial Classes1. Peninsulares1. Peninsulares - People who were born in Spain- People who were born in Spain -Could only hold high gov’t offices-Could only hold high gov’t offices2. Creoles2. Creoles -Spaniards born in Latin America-Spaniards born in Latin America -Could hold medium level jobs-Could hold medium level jobs3. Mestizos3. Mestizos -Persons of mixed European and Latin America-Persons of mixed European and Latin America4. Mulattos4. Mulattos -Persons of mixed European and African ancestry-Persons of mixed European and African ancestry5. Enslaved Africans5. Enslaved Africans -Bottom of Social Ladder-Bottom of Social Ladder

B. Independence MovementsB. Independence Movements-The peninsulares and creoles controlled -The peninsulares and creoles controlled

land, wealth and power in the Spanishland, wealth and power in the Spanish

coloniescolonies

-Ideas of liberty, equality and democratic -Ideas of liberty, equality and democratic rule from Europe found their way acrossrule from Europe found their way across

the Atlantic to the American coloniesthe Atlantic to the American colonies

-Most of the population resented the -Most of the population resented the domination of European ruledomination of European rule

C. Revolution in HaitiC. Revolution in Haiti

-Nearly 500,000 enslaved Africans worked on the -Nearly 500,000 enslaved Africans worked on the plantations in Haitiplantations in Haiti

-Tossaint L’Ouverture , a freed slave, led a revolt -Tossaint L’Ouverture , a freed slave, led a revolt of 100,000 slaves against the plantation ownersof 100,000 slaves against the plantation owners

-By 1801, the revolutionaries took control of Haiti -By 1801, the revolutionaries took control of Haiti and freed all slavesand freed all slaves

-Even after L’Ouverture was seized by French -Even after L’Ouverture was seized by French troops and sent to prison in France, the troops and sent to prison in France, the revolution continuedrevolution continued

-In 1804, Haiti became the first African colony in -In 1804, Haiti became the first African colony in Latin America to free itself from European rule Latin America to free itself from European rule

D. South American RevolutionsD. South American Revolutions

-Napoleon’s takeover of Spain triggered -Napoleon’s takeover of Spain triggered revolts in the Spanish colonies of South revolts in the Spanish colonies of South AmericaAmerica

-Led by the Creoles who did not want to be -Led by the Creoles who did not want to be ruled by the Frenchruled by the French

-Led by two Generals, Simon Bolivar, from -Led by two Generals, Simon Bolivar, from Venezuela and Jose de San Martin, fromVenezuela and Jose de San Martin, from

Argentina, eventually led to all South Argentina, eventually led to all South American colonies free from European American colonies free from European controlcontrol

E. Mexican RevolutionE. Mexican Revolution

-In Mexico, the Natives and the Mestizos played -In Mexico, the Natives and the Mestizos played the leading role in the search for freedomthe leading role in the search for freedom

-Under Generals Miquel Hidalgo and Jose -Under Generals Miquel Hidalgo and Jose Morelas, the revolutionaries fought for their Morelas, the revolutionaries fought for their freedomsfreedoms

-Eventually, the Creoles joined the fight for -Eventually, the Creoles joined the fight for independence after the lost their power in the independence after the lost their power in the colonies colonies

-In 1821, Mexico gained their independence from -In 1821, Mexico gained their independence from Spain Spain

F. Life after IndependenceF. Life after Independence-Political independence meant little for most citizens in -Political independence meant little for most citizens in

these newly established countriesthese newly established countries-The majority of people remained poor laborers caught up -The majority of people remained poor laborers caught up

in a cycle of povertyin a cycle of poverty-Many Latin American army leaders controlled these -Many Latin American army leaders controlled these

nations as military dictators known as nations as military dictators known as caudilloscaudillos-Wealthy landowners supported these leaders because -Wealthy landowners supported these leaders because

they protected their plantationsthey protected their plantations-Voting rights and political powers were restricted to the -Voting rights and political powers were restricted to the

upper classesupper classes-These Latin American countries still relied on European -These Latin American countries still relied on European

countries for manufactured goods and borrowed money countries for manufactured goods and borrowed money to build infrastructure, (roads, hospitals, schools, to build infrastructure, (roads, hospitals, schools, factories)factories)

-Many countries could not pay their loans and many foreign -Many countries could not pay their loans and many foreign European companies gained control of these industriesEuropean companies gained control of these industries

(Economic colonialism)(Economic colonialism)

G. Mexican Civil WarG. Mexican Civil War-These issues caused problems in Mexico-These issues caused problems in Mexico-In 1876, a new dictator, Diaz, took control of Mexico-In 1876, a new dictator, Diaz, took control of Mexico-In the early 1900s, Mexicans began to protest Diaz’s harsh -In the early 1900s, Mexicans began to protest Diaz’s harsh

rulerule-Francisco Madero, a wealthy landowner, called for an -Francisco Madero, a wealthy landowner, called for an

armed revolutionarmed revolution-This started a series of local uprisings led by Pancho Villa -This started a series of local uprisings led by Pancho Villa

and Emiliano Zapataand Emiliano Zapata-The Mexican Civil War resulted in over a million deaths-The Mexican Civil War resulted in over a million deaths-In 1917, a new Constitution was put into place that -In 1917, a new Constitution was put into place that

promoted education, land reforms and workers rightspromoted education, land reforms and workers rights