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Nationalism is the belief that an ethnic group should have its

own national state and government.

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Since the Middle Ages,Italy had been

a collectionof kingdoms

and city-states.

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From the early 1800s, much of Italy was ruled by Austria.

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The Pope controlled centralItaly.

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Giuseppe Mazzini founded an organization called “Young Italy”. It was a secret society for

Italian unification. Mazzini was the “soul”

of Italian unification.His writings

inspired nationalists.

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Mazzini’s writings stirred up revoltsbut the revolts were quickly putdown. Mazzini had to flee Italy.

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GiuseppeGaribaldiworked

withMazzini and

was also exiled.

Garibaldi was the “sword” ofunification.

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He organized an armyfor unification. His

soldiers were knownas the “Red Shirts”.

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In 1852, Count Cavourwas made Prime

Minister of theKingdom of Piedmontand Sardinia by King

Victor Emmanuel.

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Cavour provokeda war with

Austria while Garibaldi’s armies

moved northacross thepeninsula.

Cavour was the“mastermind” of

unification.

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Cavour then annexed most of the otherstates of northern and central Italy.

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Meanwhile, GiuseppeGaribaldi overthrew the king of

Naples in the south. He then joined Naples to Cavour’s enlarged Piedmont.

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By 1871, unification had been achieved.The Pope’s territory had been reduced

to the Vatican.

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Butunification had

failed toend the

cultural andeconomicdivisions

that separated

Italy’s north and south.