Nationalism as a DividerNationalism as a DividerThree examples of how nationalism divided nations.

The RussiansThe RussiansThe Russians were a multi-ethnic

society.They needed autocratic rule to

keep things together.Forced industrialization in the

later Tsarist eras.They promoted Pan-Slavism

Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855]Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855]

Autocracy!

Orthodoxy!

Nationalism!

Begins the process of serf emancipation.

Nicolas (Cont.)Nicolas (Cont.)Fought Persian War in 1826 and

Russo-Turkish War in 1828Gains Armenia and Balkan

territory respectively.

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]Defeat in the Crimean War.

Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861-1863].

Russification begins

Alexander IIAlexander II

Oppressive to dissidents

Sold Alaska to US.

Russo-Turkey War v. 2.0 - 1877

Assassinated by explosives March 13, 1881

Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]

Reactionary.

Slavophile.

“Russification” program continued

Jews forced migration to the Pale

The Crimean WarThe Crimean WarFought originally over who controlled

Christians in Holy Land – Russia or France.

Really a check on Russia’s continued expansion

Mostly fought in Black Sea / Baltic Sea areas

First “Modern War” ◦Rifled Barrells, Miniball Bullets, War

Correspondents, Pictures, Nurses, Telegraphs, Railroads.

The Charge of the Light Brigade:

The Battle of Balaklava [1854]

The Charge of the Light Brigade:

The Battle of Balaklava [1854]

A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson

Half a league, half a league,   Half a league onward,All in the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred."Forward, the Light Brigade!"Charge for the guns!" he said:Into the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred…

Treaty of Paris [1856]Treaty of Paris [1856]

No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea.

All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire.

Who benefitted?

Who lost big?

Russo-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)(1904-1905)Battle over Port Arthur – Warm

water port in Asia.Russians lost two major fleets to the

Japanes single fleet.Japanese captured Port Arthur by

1905 and decimated the Russians.Peace treaty – Treaty of Portsmouth

– Negotiated by T.R.◦Russia lost territory and influence in

Asia.

Key ResultKey ResultRussia loses tons of money and

military power.Helps cause the Revolution of

1905 in Russia.Japan becomes emboldened and

begins taking over areas left and right.

Japanese and Washington Naval Conference (1905)

Hapsburg Empire – Shifting Hapsburg Empire – Shifting AllegienceAllegienceHapsburgs facing multi-ethnic

society now enraged with Nationalism – 1848.

Lost Austro-Prussian war in 1866 – humiliating.

Weak Hapsburg ruler ship

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-

Hungary

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-

Hungary

The Hungarian Flag

The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman EmpireIn 1500’s - 1600’s, under

Suleiman and Sultan Osman, the Ottomans were a feared organization

By 1800’s, they were a weak power trying to hang on.

Tried to reform under Mahmud II with the Tanzimat – reform◦Modernized factories, modern

conscripted army, banking reforms,

Loss of Territories and Wars Loss of Territories and Wars in Late 1800’sin Late 1800’s1821 – Greek Independence1856 – Crimean War Ends1875 – Serbia, Montenegro, Wallachia,

Moldova declare independence1877-78 – Lose the Russo-Turkish War1878 – Bulgaria gains independence1878 – Cyprus / Egypt to the British1904-1916 – Armenian Genocide in

Turkery – 500,000 to 1.5 million dead

Ottoman NationalismOttoman Nationalism The loss of colonies, Crimean War,

constant fights with British and Russians led to destabilization.

Young Turks - 1908 Kemal Attaturk WWI – sided with Germany over

Berlin to Baghdad RR Arab Revolt, Crimean Revolt, loss

in WWI sealed fate of empire. Changed by 1920 under Treaty of

Sevres

MUSTAFA KEMAL MUSTAFA KEMAL “ATATURK”“ATATURK”Created a secular government called the Turkish

Republic