Nationalism, 1848 Revolutions, and German/Italian Unification

Nationalism

• Reaction against Enlightenment ideal of cosmopolitanism – all human beings belong together

• Nationalism develops because of greater literacy (vernacular and printing press) and industrial revolution (transportation, rise of cities)

• Nationalism can be either collectivist, or individualistic

• Collective=authoritarian• Individualistic=liberal• Depends on how well the individual is

respected

• Collective usually based on ethnicity, individualistic based on civic

1848 Revolutions

• -1848-1852• Europe has series of revolutions, all failed• All countries restored with either dictatorship,

or conservative rule