National Workshop on National Workshop on Urban Air Quality andUrban Air Quality and

Integrated Traffic Integrated Traffic ManagementManagement

Karachi, September 13-14, 2006Karachi, September 13-14, 2006

Environmental Degradation - about 6% GDP:Environmental Degradation - about 6% GDP:Share by Cause (Rp. bn per year)Share by Cause (Rp. bn per year)

112

6765

70

45

4.2

2.7Water supply, sanitationand hygiene

Indoor air pollution

Urban air pollution

Agriculture (soil salinityand erosion)

Lead exposure

Rangeland degradation

Deforestation

Income and Infant MortalityIncome and Infant Mortality Trend of Income and Infant Mortality, Benchmark Countries and Pakistan, 1960-

2003

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

0 100 200 300 400 500 600Per capita GDP ($US)

Pakistan Benchmark Countries

PM10 in Pakistan’s Cities: PM10 in Pakistan’s Cities:

48-hour averages – SUPARCO 2003/200448-hour averages – SUPARCO 2003/2004

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

ug/m

3

1st Cycle 03 2nd Cycle 03 3rd Cycle 04 4th Cycle 04

PM10 in other Cities - Annual averagesPM10 in other Cities - Annual averages

0

20

40

60

80

100

Con

cent

raci

ón P

M10

(u

g/m

3)

Lima downtownSantiago

Mexico City

Sao PaoloTokyo

Rio de Janeiro

Los AngelesMadrid Rome

New York Paris

PM10 in Dhaka: 24-hour averages – AQMP 2002PM10 in Dhaka: 24-hour averages – AQMP 2002

Seasonal AQI Trends in Dhaka

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1/04

/200

2

13/0

4/20

02

25/0

4/20

02

7/05

/200

2

19/0

5/20

02

31/0

5/20

02

12/0

6/20

02

24/0

6/20

02

6/07

/200

2

18/0

7/20

02

30/0

7/20

02

11/0

8/20

02

23/0

8/20

02

4/09

/200

2

16/0

9/20

02

28/0

9/20

02

10/1

0/20

02

22/1

0/20

02

11/3

/202

15/1

1/20

02

27/1

1/20

02

8/12

/200

2

20/1

2/20

02

Date

AQI

Sources of PMSources of PM

vehicular emissionsvehicular emissions industrial emissionsindustrial emissions burning of solid wasteburning of solid waste natural dustnatural dust

The Environmental “Production Function”The Environmental “Production Function”

Partnerships for Clean AirPartnerships for Clean Air

Pakistan EPA setting air quality and Pakistan EPA setting air quality and emissions standardsemissions standards

provincial environmental authorities provincial environmental authorities responsible for implementation of these responsible for implementation of these standards delegatedstandards delegated

integration of air quality management with integration of air quality management with urban planning by municipal authoritiesurban planning by municipal authorities

policies for clean air in the industry, policies for clean air in the industry, energy, fuel and transportation sectors. energy, fuel and transportation sectors.

Updating the Regulatory FrameworkUpdating the Regulatory Framework

Health-Based Air Quality Standards: Health-Based Air Quality Standards: – required as a basis for emission control strategiesrequired as a basis for emission control strategies– specifying specifying limits for key pollutants and monitoring limits for key pollutants and monitoring

methodsmethods– costs and likelihood of achievement informing the costs and likelihood of achievement informing the

standard-setting process. standard-setting process. Vehicle Emission and Fuel Quality Vehicle Emission and Fuel Quality

Standards: Standards: – updated Vehicle Emission Standards for new updated Vehicle Emission Standards for new

registration and in-service vehiclesregistration and in-service vehicles– linked to standards for fuel quality, especially lower linked to standards for fuel quality, especially lower

sulphur diesel and alternate fuelssulphur diesel and alternate fuels

Technical Capacity for Air Quality Technical Capacity for Air Quality ManagementManagement

technical staff required for air quality technical staff required for air quality monitoring, inspection and analysis of monitoring, inspection and analysis of informationinformation

International experience suggests International experience suggests using private or academic institutions using private or academic institutions through out-sourcing some tasks.through out-sourcing some tasks.

Public Information to Support Clean AirPublic Information to Support Clean Air

Publish a daily Air Quality Publish a daily Air Quality Index in major citiesIndex in major cities

– will build support for air quality will build support for air quality improvement initiativesimprovement initiatives

– will enable the issuance of health will enable the issuance of health alarms when necessary. alarms when necessary.