Nation Building,State Building, andEconomic Development

Case Studies

and Comparisons

S. C. M. Paine, Editor

^M.E.SharpeArmonk, New YorkLondon, England

Contents

List of Maps and Table xiAcknowledgments xiii

IntroductionS.CM. Paine 3

The Intuitive and the Counterintuitive 3The Analytical Framework 5The Terminology 7

PART I. Imperial State Building: La Mission Civilisatrice 11

1. Nation Building in India Under British RuleDietmar Rothermund 13

The British Challenge and the Indian Response 13Administration: The Bureaucratic "Steel Frame" 16Jurisdiction: The Imposition of a Legal System 18Education: A New Universe of Discourse 19Agitation: The Rise of the Freedom Movement 20Partition: The Traumatic Experience of Territoriality 23The Republic of India: A Democratic Government 26

2. France in Algeria: The Heritage of ViolenceKay Adamson 30

Colonization in the Pursuit of National Prestige 30The Military as the Agent and the Colon as the Beneficiary

of Colonialism 33The Independence Movement 34Violence and Political Instability 36Language and Ethnicity: The Berbers of Kabylia 38Centralized Economic Management 39Political Legitimacy and the Paternalistic State 41

vi

3. The Philippines: The Contested StateAmy Blitz

Spanish ColonizationU.S. ColonizationPreparation for IndependenceJapanese ColonizationIndependence, Interdependence, and InsurgencyThe Suspension of Democracy Under Ferdinand MarcosThe Restoration of Democracy

4. Japanese Puppet-State Building in ManchukuoS.C.M. Paine

Modernization and WesternizationColonial AntecedentsNation BuildingState BuildingEconomic DevelopmentThe Economic Legacy

4848515355575960

66676971737678

PART II. The Anticolonial Reaction: The Rejuvenation of Old Polities 83

5. State and Nation Building in the Soviet Union Under Vladimir Leninand Joseph StalinMartin McCauley 85

Vladimir Lenin and the Theoretical Foundations for State Building 85The Creation of a State out of Nations and Nationalities 89The Unitary State and the Soviet Nation 91The Economic Foundations for State Building 95The Influence and Demise of the Soviet Union 98

6. Mustafa Kemal Atatiirk and the Creation of the Turkish RepublicAlexander Lyon Macfie 101

An Unexpectedly Favorable International and DomesticEnvironment 104

Competing Intellectual Movements 107The Leadership of Mustafa Kemal 108The Antecedents to Mustafa Kemal's Reforms 110Kemalism 110

7. Mao Zedong: Utopian Visions and Practical RealitiesWarren Sun 114

Collectivization and Nationalization 115Foreign Affairs 119The Great Leap Forward 121The Cultural Revolution 124The Legacy of Mao Zedong 126

vii

8. Nasser's Egypt: A Quest for National Power and ProsperityKirk J. Beattie 132

The Setting 135Nasser's Rise to Power and the Goals of the "Revolution" 137State-Sponsored Economic Development and the

Arab Nationalist Dream 140Dreams Dashed: A Crushing Military Defeat and Economic

Stagnation 143The Trials and Tribulations of State Building 146

PART III. Creating New States: Divergent Pairs 151

9. Underdevelopment in HaitiPhilippe R. Girard 153

Haiti's Environment and Colonial Legacy 155Consolidation of Power Under Papa Doc 158Economic Development and Foreign Aid Under B^be Doc 159Post-Duvalier Era Political Instability and Jean-Bertrand Aristide 161Haiti's Chances 163

10. The Incomplete State: The Dominican Republic, 1844-1961Frank Moya Pons 167

Conservative-Liberal Infighting and the Restoration ofSpanish Rule 169

Nation Building During the Second War for Independence 170Continuing Difficulties with State Building and the

Third War for Independence 171Economic Development Under the Blue Party 173The U.S. Occupation and State Building 174Transition to Independence 176Rafael Trujillo (1930-61) 177

11. Jordan: Among Three NationalismsPhilip Robins 182

State Building and Nationalism 183The Transjordanian Nationalist Narrative for Nationhood 185The Arab Nationalist Narrative for Nationhood 187The Palestinian Nationalist Narrative for Nationhood 189Evaluating Nation Building 192

12. Nation-State Building in IsraelGregory Mahler 194

The Creation of a Jewish State 194The Security Environment 197The Legal System 199The Political Institutions 200The Economic Environment 202

viii

13. State Building and Economic Failure in North KoreaCharles K. Armstrong 208

The Creation of a Regime 209Postwar Political Consolidation 211Postwar Reconstruction 212Postwar Social Mobilization 214Toward a Post-Mobilization Regime 216

14. From Anticommunist Industrialization to Civic Democracyin South KoreaKimHyung-A - . -- 222i

The Race to Anticommunist State Building, 1948-61 225State-led Rapid Industrialization, 1961-93 227Civic Democracy Against All Odds 230Development and Democracy 233

15. Deconstruction in the Republic of the CongoMbow Amphas-Mampoua 237

The Setting 238Independence and the Presidency of Fulbert Youlou (1958-63) 240Socialism Under Alphonse Massamba-Debat (1963-68) 242Scientific Socialism Under the Congolese Labor Party 244Democracy and Civil War 246

16. The Three Pillars of Power in Gabon: Ethnicity, Family,and FranceJames F. Barnes 250

The Setting 251Independence 255Bongo Ondimba's Rule 256Democratization 259Civil Society 260

17. The Incomplete State and the Alternate State in PapuaNew GuineaHank Nelson 263

Colonial Rule Under a Succession of Powers 263Security Environment 266Economic Environment 268Political Environment 269Prospects 273

18. National Identity and Exclusion in IndonesiaRobert Cribb 277

Big-man Rule 279National Identity and Exclusion 281National Principles: Sukarno's Pancasila 283General Suharto and the Insider-Trader Economy 286The Post-Suharto Decentralization 287

ix

ConclusionsS.C.M. Paine 291

Nation Building 292State Building 297The Showstoppers 300The Inhibitors 304The Prospects 308

About the Contributors 313Index __ 317