Nation and Memory

Lecture 5Ukrainian History

Week 5

Lord’s prayer in RussianОтче нашОтче наш, Иже еси на небесех! Да святится имя Твое, да приидет Царствие Твое,да будет воля Твоя,яко на небеси и на земли.Хлеб наш насущный даждь нам днесь;и остави нам долги наша,якоже и мы оставляем должником нашим;и не введи нас во искушение,но избави нас от лукаваго.Аминь.

Lord’s prayer in UkrainianОтче нашОтче наш, Ти що єси на небесах,нехай святится ім'я Твоє,нехай прийде царство Твоє,нехай буде воля Твоя,як на небі, так і на землі.Хліб наш насущний, дай нам, днесь,і прости нам довги наші,як і ми прощаємо довжникам нашимі не введи нас у спокусу,а ізбави нас від лукавого.Бо Твоє є царство,і силa і слава, на віки.Амінь.

Lord’s prayer in PolishOjcze NaszOjcze nasz, któryś jest w niebieświęć się imię Twoje;przyjdź królestwo Twoje;bądź wola Twoja jako w niebie tak i na ziemi;chleba naszego powszedniego daj nam dzisiaj;i odpuść nam nasze winy, jako i my odpuszczamy naszym winowajcom;i nie wódź nas na pokuszenie;ale nas zbaw od złego.Amen

Lord’s prayer in LithuanianTėve MūsųTėve Mūsų, kuris esi danguje!Teesie šventas tavo vardas,teateinie tàvo karalystėTeesie tàvo valià,Kaip danguje, taip ir žemėje.Kasdienes mūsų dúonos dúok mùms šiañdienir atlèisk mums mūsų kaltès,kaip ir mes atleidžiame sàvo kaltiniñkams.Ir neléisk mūsų gùndyti,Bet gelbėk mus nuo pikto.Amen.

Outline

1.Medieval traditions: the Principality of Kyiv2. The Cossacks and the Hetmanate3. Halychyna (Galicia) and the Ruthenians4. 19th century nation building5. Conclusion

1000

The Rus‘ and Ukrainian History• 839 First mention of Rus’ in Western chronicles• 877 Prince Oleh of Novgorod shifts the capital of Rus’ from

Novgorod to Kyiv (Ukrainian: Киϊв, Russian: Kiev – Киев)• 988 Official Christianisation of Kyiv Rus’: Prince Volodymyr the

Great accepts Orthodoxy and marries Byzantine Princess Anna• 1027 Construction of Svyata Sofia (St. Sophia) Cathedral in Kyiv• 1113 Volodymyr Monomach – the last of the great princes of Kyiv• 1155 – 1169 Destruction of Kyiv by Andrey Bogoliubsky, prince of

Vladimir-Suzdal• 1187 “Ukraine” first used to describe Kyiv and Halychyna lands• 1238 Danylo Halytsky becomes Prince of Halychyna, unites

Halychyna with Kyiv• 1240 Tatars capture Kyiv

Outline

1.Medieval traditions: the Kievan Rus2. The Cossacks and the Hetmanate4. Halychyna (Galicia) and the Ruthenians5. 19th century nation building6. Conclusion

• Cossack (ukr. Kozak) is derived from the Turkic kazak (free man), meaning anyone who could not find his appropriate place in society and went into the steppes, where he acknowledged no authority.

• By the end of the 15th c. the name acquired a wider sense and was applied to those who went to the steppes

• In the mid 16th c. the Cossack structure in the Zaporizhia was created – steppe settler’s struggle against Tatar raids

• 1569 Union of Lublin between Poland and Lithuania, “Wild Field” now belongs to Polish crown

• Growth of cossackdom after Polish magnates established manorial system of agriculture (freedom of movement was limited, corvee was expanded) – profitable grain trade: many peasants fled to steppe

• Cossack (ukr. Kozak) is derived from the Turkic kazak (free man), meaning anyone who could not find his appropriate place in society and went into the steppes, where he acknowledged no authority.

• By the end of the 15th c. the name acquired a wider sense and was applied to those who went to the steppes

• In the mid 16th c. the Cossack structure in the Zaporizhia was created – steppe settler’s struggle against Tatar raids

• 1569 Union of Lublin between Poland and Lithuania, “Wild Field” now belongs to Polish crown

• Growth of cossackdom after Polish magnates established manorial system of agriculture (freedom of movement was limited, corvee was expanded) – profitable grain trade: many peasants fled to steppe

• Dilemma for Polish crown: cossacks needed to defend the steppe frontier, threat to Polish magnates and nobility – register cossacks (first 300, later 6,000, than 8,000). Crown tries to appoint leaders (elder, colonels)

• 1596 Union of Brest – Uniate Church • 1590 First Cossack uprising, several more uprisings until 1638• After uprisings of the 1630’s register was significantly decreased• 1637 Petro Mohyla establishes a Collegium in Kyiv• 1648 Beginning of Cossack uprising, led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky in

alliance with Tatars from Crimea, several victories over Polish army

Cossack wedding,Painting byJozef Brandt

The Hetmanate

• 1654 Khmel’nytsky signs Pereyaslav treaty with Muscovy• 1663 Hetman of left bank Ukraine in coalition with Russia; Hetman

from right bank – against Russia• 1667 Peace treaty of Andrusovo between Moscow and Poland – left

bank Ukraine to Russia

The Hetmanate

• 1654 Khmel’nytsky signs Pereyaslav treaty with Muscovy• 1663 Hetman of left bank Ukraine in coalition with Russia; Hetman

from right bank – against Russia• 1667 Peace treaty of Andrusovo between Moscow and Poland – left

bank Ukraine to Russia• 1685 Kyiv Orthodox Church Metropolitan becomes a division of

Moscow Metropolitan• 1709 Battle of Poltava, Hetman Mazepa in alliance with Charles XII

defeated by Peter the Great• 1722 First Ukrainian Hetman appointed by Russian Tsar• 1772 First partition of Poland• 1775 Zaporiz’ka (Zaporizhian) Sich destroyed by Russians• 1780 End of Hetmanate

Outline

1.Medieval traditions: the Kievan Rus2. The Cossacks and the Hetmanate4. Halychyna (Galicia) and the Ruthenians5. 19th century nation building6. Conclusion

Halychyna• 1387 Kazimierz III (the Great) integrates Halychyna into Polish Kingdom

• 1596 Union of Brest

Ruthenians (Rusyny)

• Territory: East Galicia (Eastern part of crownland Galicia and Lodomeria), Northern Bukowina, Carpathian mountains (all part of the Austrian Empire)

• Religion: Greek-Catholic (Uniate)• Vernacular: Ruthenian (west Ukrainian dialect)• Social structure: overwhelming majority are

peasants• Elite: Greek-Catholic priests and a small stratum

of secular intelligentsia

Halychyna

• 1387 Kazimierz III (the Great) integrates Halychyna into Polish Kingdom

• 1596 Union of Brest

• 1648 and 1655 Siege of L’viv by cossack troops

Bohdan Khmelnytsky with Tugaj Bej, Painting by Jan Matejko, 1885

Halychyna

• 1387 Kazimierz III (the Great) integrates Halychyna into Polish Kingdom

• 1596 Union of Brest• 1648 and 1655 Siege of L’viv by Khmelnytsky• 1772 First partition of Poland – Halychyna to Austria• 1793 Second partition of Poland – right bank Ukraine to Russia

Outline

1.Medieval traditions: the Kievan Rus2. The Cossacks and the Hetmanate4. Halychyna (Galicia) and the Ruthenians5. 19th century nation building6. Conclusion

Nation building in non-dominant ethnies

(Phase A) Groups in the ethnic community start to discuss their own ethnicity and conceive of it as a nation-to-be: scholarly enquiry into and dissemination of an awareness of the linguistic, cultural, social and historical attributes of the nation-to-be

(Phase B) A new range of activists try to “awaken” national consciousness and to persuade as many members as possible of the ethnic group – the potential compatriots – that it is important to gain all the attributes of a fully-fledged nation: (1) development of a national culture based on the local language and its use in education, administration and economy, (2) civil rights and self-administration, (3) creation of a complete social structure – beginning of a national movement

(Phase C) A mass movement is formed which pursues these aims: a fully-fledged social structure of the would-be nation comes into being

Miroslav Hroch, From National Movement to the Fully-Fledged Nation, pp. 61-62

Phase A

1798 Ivan Kotlyarevsky publishes “Eneyida” (in the vernacular, i.e. Ukrainian)1823-1825 Secret Brotherhood of Slavs1834 Founding of the University of Kyiv (Russian)1837 Appearance of “Dnister Rusalkas” (Ruthenian Triad: Markiian Shashkevych, Yakiv Holovatsky, and Ivan Vahylevych) 1840 Taras Shevchenko publishes “Kobzar”1846/47 Brotherhood of Sts. Cyril-Methodius (Kyiv)1848 Liberation of peasants in Galicia1861 Emancipation of serfs in the Russian Empire

Phase B1848 Liberation of peasants in Galicia1861 Emancipation of serfs in the Russian Empire1863 Use of Ukrainian language prohibited by Russian government – prohibition confirmed 18761861 ff: Railways in Ukraine, industrialization of the Donbas, iron ore mining in Kryviy Rih1898 Publication of the first volume of Michael Hrushevsky’s History of Ukraine-Rus1905 Russian Revolution: restrictions on the use of Ukrainian language in Russian Empire lifted

Options• Polish option – “gente ruthenus, natione

polonus”

• Ruthenian option – “Rusyny”

• Russian option – Russophiles

• Ukrainian option – Ukrainophiles

• (Panruthenian option) – including Belarussians

John-Paul Himka, ‘The Construction of Nationality in Galician Rus’: Icarian Flights in Almost All Directions’, in Ronald Grigor Suny and Michael D. Kennedy (eds.), Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation (Ann Arbor, 1999), pp. 109-64.

Phase B/C• 1848 Ruthenian Council

• Reading Clubs (Prosvita)

• Co-operative movement

• Emergence of a secular elite

• Ruthenian-Ukrainian parties (since 1890s)

• Ruthenians/Ukrainians represented in Austrian parliament and in Galician Diet

Outline

1.Medieval traditions: the Kievan Rus2. The Cossacks and the Hetmanate4. Halychyna (Galicia) and the Ruthenians5. 19th century nation building6. Conclusion

• Contested Kyivan Rus'

• Contested state traditions

• Contested culture

• Ukraine – a 'historic' or an 'unhistoric' nation?