Napoleon & Nationalism

Napoleon’s Reforms / Empire

Congress of Vienna

Revolutions in Latin America

Nationalist Revolutions in Europe

Rise of Napoleon

1. Saves Government from uprising

2. Seen as a National Hero with victories in Europe

3. Coup de Tat in 1799 over Directory

4. Plebiscite (vote of people) for a New Constitution

5. Napoleon had all real power

Napoleon’s Actions

1. Fairer Taxes

2. Stopped corruption in government with Lycees

3. Concordat with Pope / Clergy gained more power

4. Napoleonic Code (code of laws)

5. 1804 becomes Emperor

6. Not content as Emperor of France, wants to control Europe

Napoleon Creates an Empire1807-1812

After becoming emperor of France, Napoleon looks to expand France’s empire in Europe

Napoleon had unpredictable strategies that crushed opposition

Lost only one major battle to British, Battle of Trafalgar (Horatio Nelson)

1812- greatest extent of Napoleon’s empire (only lasted 5 years)

Napoleon Empire Collapses3 Costly Mistakes

The Continental System (blockade)

Peninsular War (Guerillas)

Invasion of Russia (Scorched Earth Policy)

Napoleon Empire Collapses1815

Napoleon is defeated at battle of Liepzig (sent to Elba)

The Hundred Days and the Battle of Waterloo

Sent to St. Helena (died in 1821)

Legacy of Napoleon ???

Congress of Vienna

European Leaders meet to bring peace and stability to Europe

Klemens von Metternich of Austria, most influential leader

Has 3 Goals

Containment of France

Balance of Power

Legitimacy

Congress of Vienna Legacy

Victory for Monarchies / (France and Great Britain only Constitutional Monarchies)

Nations afraid of Revolutions

Holy Alliance (Russia, Austria, Prussia)

Concert of Europe (not a success)

Values of French Revolution eventually spread throughout Europe

Latin American Independence

Haiti, first territory to free itself from European rule

Toussaint L’Ouverture begins movement for indepencence

Independence achieved under Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Latin American Society

Peninsulares- men born in Spain

Creoles- Spaniards born in Latin America

Mestizo’s- persons of European/Indian ancestry

Mulattos- persons of European/African society

Africans

Indians

Causes of Latin American uprisings

Unfair Latin American hierarchy

Creoles / Enlightenment ideas

Creoles / New King of Spain

South American Independence

Simon Bolivar (Venezuela)

San Martin (Argentina)

December 9th 1824, battle of Ayachucho

Dom Pedro (Brazil)

Mexican Independence

September 16th 1810, Padres Miguel Hidalgo and the Grito de Dolores

1811 Jose Maria Morelos leads rebels (defeated in 1815)

1821 Austin de Iturbide declares independence in 1821

United Provinces of Central America declared independence in 1823

Nationalism Changes Europe

Loyalty not to King/Empire but to a nation of people with common culture/history

1830 Greece wins independence from Ottoman Empire

Failed Revolutions of 1848

Nationalism Changes Europe

France 1848 Paris mob overturns monarchy and

establishes a republic Election of Louis Napoleon Took on title of emperor

Russia Russia behind Europe Alexander II frees the serfs in 1861 Alexander III tightens Czar control but helps to

modernize Russia

Bonds of a Nation-State

Bond Definition US example

Nationality

Language

Culture

History

Religion

Territory

Nationalism Shakes 3 Empires

Austria-Hungarian Empire Composed of Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks,

Croats, Poles, Serbs, Slavs and Italians

Russian Empire Composed of Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians,

Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, and Turks

Russification

Ottoman Empire Composed of Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians and

Armenians 1856 Equal citizenship was granted

Italy creates a nation state

1848, Giuseppe Mazzini tries to create a republican government

Camillo di Cavour Alliance with France to unite Northern Italy General Garibaldi unites Southern Italy

Challenges after Unification Rome becomes seat of government Tensions among provinces Language Economics

Germany creates a nation state

Otto Van Bismark

Master of Realpolitik

War to mold a state War with Dutch for Schleswig and Holstein 7 weeks war with Austria Franco-Prussian War

Second Reich is born Wilhelm II becomes Kaiser Wilhelm