nanotechnology what, how, why? nsta, indianapolis, april 11, 2013
TRANSCRIPT
NanotechnologyWhat, How, Why?
NSTA, Indianapolis, April 11, 2013
Brought to you by …
• NSF grant DMI-0531171 to the UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing
• Mort Sternheim, Director, STEM Education Institute, [email protected]
• Rob Snyder, STEM Ed, [email protected]
• www.umassk12.net/nano
Today’s Agenda
• Introduction – Mort Sternheim– What, how, why?
• Make a nanofilm – Rob Snyder– Was Franklin the first nanotechnologist?
• Size Matters – Mort– Hands on activity
• Atomic force microscopy – Rob
Nanotechnology Summer Institute
• Monday to Friday, July 8 -12, 2013, UMass Amherst – Waiting list for this year; will be offered again next year
• Middle and High School Science, Math, and Technology Teachers; Informal Educators (from anywhere)
• $75/day stipends ($375 total), parking, lunches • Housing (new air conditioned dorms) for those outside
the commuting radius• 3 graduate credits available at reduced cost; free PDP's
(Professional Development Points) • Also available: STEM DIGITAL summer institute, fall
online course; see www.umassk12.net for applications
Monday, July 11 Tuesday, July 12 Wed., July 13 Thursday, July 14 Friday, July 15
Perspective Mapping; Sizes Manufacturing Interdisciplinary Conclusions
8:30 AM
Coffee and Registration Lobby of ISB
Coffee photos 364
Coffee photos
Coffee photos
Coffee photos
9:00 AM
Welcome, intros Nano overview 329 Mark, Jonathan Logistics Holly
Why Size Matters: Mort Intro to AFM 329 Jonathan, Jennifer, Rob
Self assembly 329 Mark, Rob Oleic acid module
Societal issues J igsaw: Experts (assigned locations)
Gelatin Diffusion Experiment conclusion 364
9:45 Peer groups I
10:30 Break Break Break Break Break
10:45 AM
Franklin; oleic acid experiment 364 Rob
AFM, cont. 364
Magnetic memory; 329
Peer groups II
Crystal growing conclusion, 364 Nanomedicine Jonathan
Magnetism module 329
Full group reports
12:00 PM
Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Evaluators Visit
1:00 PM
Gelatin diffusion experiment 329, 364 Jennifer
Lithography, electrodeposition Rob, Mark 329, 364
Lab tour Hasbrouck basement
Nanoparticles and sunscreen 329 Mort
Academic year Sharing (posters) 329
Virtual clean room
2:00 PM
2:15 Crystal growing experiment Rob
Rm. 329 Academic year brainstorm
Biological Applications Jenny Ross
Poster Sharing, Cont. 329 Final Session Feedback
3:00 Break Break Break Break
3:15 Powers of Ten Rob
Nano impact, applications, careers 329 Mark, Jonathan
Bio-nano wires lab (Nikhil Malvankar) Morrill IV 403
Academic year planning, posters 329
J igsaw Assignment Intro Holly 329
Curriculum design project, Exploring the web
.
Website
• www.umassk12.net/stem/materials.html Today’s materials
• www.umassk12.net/nano– Application forms, agenda– Educational materials – PowerPoints, teacher
guides, student handouts, web links
What: Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.
1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter= 1 x 10-9 m
nano.gov
How small are nanostructures?
Width = 0.1 mm
= 100 micrometers
= 100,000 nanometers !
Single Hair
Smaller still
Hair
.
Red blood cell
6,000 nanometersDNA
3 nanometers
Relative sizes
• Atomic nuclei ~ 10-15 meters = 10-6 nanometers
• Atoms ~ 10-10 meters = 0.1 nanometers• Nanoscale ~ 1 to 100 nanometers
~ 10 to 1000 atoms• Everyday world ~ 1 meter
= 109 nanometers • More on powers of ten on our website,
others
How: MakingNanostructures
Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing
"Top down" versus "bottom up" methods
•Lithography•Deposition•Etching•Machining
•Chemical•Self-Assembly
Self Assembly
SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS
Block “A” Block “B”
10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A
~10 nm
Ordered Phases
PMMA PS
Phase separation...on the nanoscale
Self-AssembledNanoscale "Stencils" Deposition
Template
EtchingMask
NanoporousMembrane
Remove polymerblock within cylinders(expose and develop)
A self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system
(physical orelectrochemical)
Nanofilms
Gold-coated plastic for insulation purposes
"Low-E" windows: a thin metal layer on glass: blocks UV and IR light
Nanofilm on plasticNanofilm on glass
A nanofilm method:Thermal Evaporation
Vaporization or sublimation of a heated material onto a substrate in a vacuum chamber
vacuum~10-7 torr
sample
source
film
vacuumpump
QCM
vapor
heating source
Pressure is held low to prevent contamination!
Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, others
There are many otherthin film manufacturingtechniques
Patterning: Photolithography
substrate
process recipe
spin on resist
resist
expose
mask (reticle)
develop
deposit
apply spin bake
spin coating
exposed unexposed
"scission"
liftoff
etch
narrow line
narrow trench
Patterning: Imprint Lithography
Mold Template
Polymer or Prepolymer
Substrate
ImprintPressure
Heat or Cure
Release
• Thermal Imprint Lithography
– Emboss pattern into thermoplastic or thermoset with heating
• UV-Assisted Imprint Lithography
– Curing polymer while in contact with hard, transparent mold
Limits of Lithography
• Complex devices need to be patterned several times
Takes time and is expensive
• Limited by wavelength of light
Deep UV ~ 30nm features
• Can use electrons instead
1nm features possible
MUCH slower than optical IBM - Copper Wiring
On a Computer Chip
Why: Applications
Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale?
• To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster and more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more -- a sustainable future!)
• To discover completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)
Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, and others) are of significant and growing importance.
Some applications of nanotechnology have been around for a very long time already:• Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles• Photographic film - silver nanoparticles• Tires - carbon black nanoparticles• Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium
Applications of Nanotechnology
Some key challenges facing society
• Water• Energy• Health• Sustainable development• Environment• Knowledge• Economy
Global Grand Challenges
2008 NAE Grand Challenges
Top Program Areas of the NationalNanotechnology Initiative for 2011
1. Fundamental nanoscale phenomena and processes2. Nanomaterials3. Nanoscale devices and systems4. Instrumentation research, metrology, and standards5. Nanomanufacturing6. Major research facilities and instrumentation7. Environment, health and safety8. Education and societal dimensions
484M 342M 402M 77M 101M 203M 117M 35M
Nanomanufacturing
• Processes must work at a commercially relevant scale• Cost is a key factor• Must be reproducible and reliable• EHS under control• Nanomanufacturing includes top-down and bottom-up techniques, and integration of both• Must form part of a value chain
http://www.masspolicy.org/pdf/workshop/rejeski.pdf
10 GB2001
20 GB2002
40 GB2004
80 GB2006
160 GB2007
Example: Data storage capacity of the iPod
Hard driveMagnetic data storage
Uses nanotechnology!Nanomagnets!
Hard Disk Drives - a home for bits
Hitachi
Magnetic Data StorageA computer hard drive stores your data magnetically
Disk
N S
direction of disk motion
“ Write”Head
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 _ _
“ Bits” ofinformation
NS
“ Read”Head
Signalcurrent
magnets
Scaling Down to the Nanoscale
Increases the amount of data stored on a fixed amount of “real estate” !
Now ~ 100 billion bits/in2, future target more than 1 trillion bits/in2
25 DVDs on a disk the size of a quarter, orall Library of Congress books on a 1 sq ft tile!
Improving Magnetic Data Storage Technology
• The UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing is working to improve this technology
Granular Media
PerpendicularWrite Head
Soft Magnetic UnderLayer (SUL)
coil
Y. Sonobe, et al., JMMM (2006)
1 bit
• CHM Goal: Make "perfect" mediausing self-assembled nano-templates• Also, making new designs for storage
Solar Cells
Konarka
Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electrical energy.
Nanostructured Solar Cells
+
-
Sunlight
Voltage “load”
CurrentMore interface area - More power!
Targeted Cancer Therapy
Cancer Therapy
tumor
gold nanoshells
Naomi Halas group, Rice Univ.
www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218392390
targeted therapy: hyperthermic treatment
Nanoshells are coated with a substance that binds them to cancer cells. Absorb IR and destroy cancer cells with heat; no harm to healthy cells
More Applications
• Sunscreens with nanoparticles to block UVA– Earlier sunscreens only block UVB; UVA and
UVB both cause cancer• Water purification with nanofilters• http://nanosense.org/ - sunscreen and nanofilters
• Stain resistant fabrics
• Better Kelvar bullet proof vests
The National Nanotechnology Initiative
nano.gov - the website of the NNI
Nanotechnology is an example ofThe Medici Effect at work
People from diverse fields working together -- more rapidly solving important problems in our
society• Physics• Chemistry• Biology• Materials Science• Polymer Science• Electrical Engineering• Chemical Engineering• Mechanical Engineering• Medicine• And others
• Electronics• Materials• Health/Biotech• Chemical• Environmental• Energy• Food• Aerospace• Automotive• Security• Forest products
Cooperation and Collaboration Across Professions Makes It Happen
Cooperation of academia, industry, and government to advance science and technology
Example: America Competes Act (Dec. 2010)
- Nanotechnology and Education play key roles
Example: American Manufacturing Partnership (June 2011)
- Nanotechnology and Education play key roles
Education + Science + Engineering + Business + Policy + More
A Message for Students
Nanotechnology is changing practically every part of our lives. It is a field for people who want to
solve technological challenges facing societies across the world