Assignment Topic: NanotechnologySubmitted To: Mam ayesha shafiqSubmitted By:866 Madeeha Kiran820 Ayesha Mushtaq857 Maira Asghar Ali 834 Fiza Ahmad 835 Ramiza 825 Rida Shahzadi BS(IT) 6th Semester2012-2016Cource:Telecommunication System

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NANOTECHNOLOGYIntroductionNanotechnology draws its name from the prefix "Nano". Nano is a Greek word meaning dwarf. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter a distance equal to two to twenty atoms (depending on what type of atom) laid down next to each other. Nanotechnology refers to manipulating the structure of matter on a length scale of some small number of nanometers interpreted by different people at different times as meaning anything from 0.1 nm (controlling the arrangement of individual atoms) to 100 nm or more (anything smaller than micro technology). At the small end of this scale the structure is controlled to atomic precision-each atom is exactly where it should be for the optimum function of the material or the device. The Foresight Institute is focused on this small end of the scale: atomically-precise manufacturing or "molecular manufacturing".Nanotechnology is helping to considerably improve even revolutionize many technology and industry sectors information technology, energy, environmental science, medicine, homeland security, food safety, and transportation, among many others. Described below is a sampling of the rapidly growing list of benefits and applications of nanotechnology.

History Of Nanotechnology

Thehistory of nanotechnologytraces the development of the concepts and experimental work falling under the broad category of nanotechnology. Although nanotechnology is a relatively recent development in scientific research, the development of its central concepts happened over a longer period of time. The emergence of nanotechnology in the 1980s was caused by the convergence of experimental advances such as the invention of thescanning tunneling microscopein 1981 and the discovery offullerenesin 1985 with the elucidation and popularization of a conceptual framework for the goals of nanotechnology beginning with the 1986 publication of the bookEngines of Creation. The field was subject to growing public awareness and controversy in the early 2000s, with prominent debates about both itspotential implicationsas well as the feasibility of the applications envisioned by advocates of molecular, and with governments moving to promote andfund researchinto nanotechnology. The early 2000s also saw the beginnings of commercialapplications of nanotechnology although these were limited to bulk applications ofnanomaterials rather than thetransformativeapplications envisioned by the field.

Need For NanoTechnology

Allows the placements of small structures placed with precision simplicity and low cost.Lead to economic growthEnhance the national secureImprove the quality Leads to job creation

TYPES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY Nanotechnology is ubiquitous and pervasive. Its and emerging field in all area of science, engineering and technology. Some are given asNano electronicsNano materialsNano roboticsNano biotechnology

APPLICATIONS OF NENO TECHNOLOGYBateriesBetter air qualityChemical sensorClearner waterFabricFoodFuel cellsElectronicsMedicineSolar cellsSporting good

Unconventional Use Of NenotechnologyColor changing paintComputer storageHigh resolation displayMolecular communicationNeno ArtOil recoverPhone chargingRecord BreakingSophisticated drug delivery

Advantages Of NanotechnologyNanotechnology can actually revolutionize a lot of electronic products, procedures and applications. The areas that benefit from the continued development of nanotechnology when it comes to electronic products include nano transistors, nano diodes, OLED, plasma displays, quantum computers, and many more.Nanotechnology can also benefit the energy sector. The development of more effective energy-producing, energy-absorbing and energy storage products in smaller and more efficient devices is possible with this technology. Such items like batteries, fuel cells, and solar cells can be built smaller but can be made to be more effective with this technology.

Advantages Of NanotechnologyAnother industry that can benefit from nanotechnology is the manufacturing sector that will need materials like nanotubes, aerogels, nano particles, and other similar items to produce their products with. These materials are often stronger, more durable, and lighter than those that are not produced with the help of nanotechnology.In the medical world, nanotechnology is also seen as a boon since these can help with creating what is calledsmart drugs. These help cure people faster and without the side effects that other traditional drugs have.

Nanotechnology Video

Disadvantages Of NanotechnologyIncluded in the list of disadvantages of this science and its development is the possible loss of jobs in the traditional farming and manufacturing industry.You will also find that the development of nanotechnology can also bring about the crash of certain markets due to the lowering of the value of oil and diamonds due to the possibility of developing alternative sources of energy that are more efficient and wont require the use of fossil fuels. This can also mean that since people can now develop products at the molecular level, diamonds will also lose its value since it can now be mass produced.Atomic weapons can now be more accessible and made to be more powerful and more destructive. These can also become more accessible with nanotechnology.Since these particles are very small, problems can actually arise from the inhalation of these minute particles, much like the problems a person gets from inhaling minute asbestos particles.Presently, nanotechnology is very expensive and developing it can cost you a lot of money. It is also pretty difficult to manufacture, which is probably why products made with nanotechnology are more expensive.

Top Down and Bottom Up Approaches in NanoTechnology There are two approaches for synthesis of nano material and fabrication of nano structure.Top down Approaches refer to slicing of a bluck material to get nano sized particle.Bottom up Aapproaches refer to the build up of a material from the bottom:atom by atom,molecule by molecule or cluster by cluster.

Conclusion Nanotechnology is often described as an emerging technology-one that not only holds promise for society, but also is capable of revolutionizing our approaches to common problems. Nanotechnology is not a completely new field however, it is only recently that discoveries in this field have advanced so far as to warrant examination of their impact upon the world around us.

Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_nanotechnologyhttp://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/secret_projects/project207.htmhttp://www.slideshare.net/jayly03/nanotech-presentation-7367980http://nanotechnologyresearchfoundation.org/history-and-future/https://www.google.com.pk/search