nanotechnology for future batteries yaroslav aulin
TRANSCRIPT
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Nanotechnology for Future Batteries
Yaroslav Aulin
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Outline Introduction Li-ion batteries and nanotechnology Other nanobatteries Conclusions
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electrolyte
How do batteries work?
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cathode (+)anode (-)
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© 2009 Yaroslav Aulin
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Parameters to be improved Stored energy per mass(volume) Power Recharge time Lifetime Cost Safety Environmental
sustainability
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J.Thomas, Nature Materials 2, 705 - 706 (2003)
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Moore’s law-not for batteries
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www.batteriesdigest.com/lithium_ion_challenge.htmImage courtesy: Intel Corporation
18650 Li ion cell www.lbl.gov
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Batteries’ timeline
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M. Armand & J.-M. Tarascon, Nature 451, 652-657 (2008)
…
now
5..10 years from now
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Li-ion batteries
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Conventional Li-ion batteries Anode: graphite Cathode: LiCoO2
electrolyte: a solution of
LiPF6 in EC-DMC
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GraphiteLiCoO2
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Problems Graphite – low specific capacity for Li storage LiCoO2-high cost Liquid electrolyte
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Solution: nanomaterials
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Anode
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Anode
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Unlithiated material
Fully lithiated material
Gravimetric capacity(mAhg-1)
Volumetric capacity(mAhcc-1)
Al LiAl 993 1.374
Si Li21Si5 4008 2.323
Sn Li22Sn5 994 2.025
Sb Li3Sb 660 1.881
C, graphite LiC6 372 0.760
Gravimetric (volumetric) capacity-charge that could be stored per unit mass(volume) of the material
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Anode
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Si
High gravimetric capacityProblem: the volume of Si changes by 400% upon cycling
Solution: nanostructured electrodes
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Anode
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Schematic of morphological change that occur in Si during electrochemical cyclingC.K. Chan et. al. Nature Nanotechnology 3, 31 - 35 (2008)
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Anode
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Capacity vs cycle number data for Si NW electrode compared to graphite
C.K. Chan et. al. Nature Nanotechnology 3, 31 - 35 (2008)
graphite
Structural evolution of Si NWs during lithiation
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Cathode
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Cathode
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LiFePO4
Cheap, environmentally benign, reasonable capacity(110 mAhg-1 versus 130 mAhg-1 for LiCoO2)
Problems: insulator, low Li ion diffusion
M. Armand & J.-M. Tarascon, Nature 414, 359-367 (2001)
Solution: carbon-coated nanoparticles
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Cathode
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C.Z. Lu et al. Journal of Power Sources 189 (2009)
Cycling behavior and SEM image of carbon coated nanoparticulate LiFePO4 electrode
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Cathode
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Sample Thickness of pellet (mm)
Resistance (kΩ)
Conductivity (S cm−1)
LFP (0 wt.% HC) 1.06 52316.5 3.97 × 10−8
LFP (6.0 wt.% HC)
0.77 8.32 3.45 × 10−4
LFP (8.0 wt.% HC)
0.88 6.78 3.70 × 10−4
LFP (10 wt.% HC) 0.55 8.67 4.63 × 10−4
LFP (12 wt.% HC) 0.63 6.95 5.04 × 10−4
C.Z. Lu et al. Journal of Power Sources 189 (2009)
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Electrolyte
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Solid state polymer electrolytes
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All solid state construction Simplicity of manufacture Wide variety of shapes and sizes Higher energy density No leak-outs and internal short-circuits
Problem: poor ionic conductivity
Solution: nanocomposite polymer electrolytes
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Solid state polymer electrolytes
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S. Panero et al. Journal of Power Sources 129 (2004)
Influence of ZrO2 nanoparticles on ionic conductivity of P(EO)20LiCF3SO3
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Solid state polymer electrolytes
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Problems remaining: better understanding of ionic conductivity of
polymers is required electrode-electrolyte interface
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http://www.sandia.gov/
…M. Armand & J.-M. Tarascon, Nature 451, 652-657 (2008)
http://www.mit.edu/
http://www.rpi.edu/
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Conclusions
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Progress in nanoscience and nanotechnology will allow to design new types of batteries based on nanomaterials and having improved properties: increased capacity, improved charge-discharge characteristics, reduced power cost, lower weight and smaller size, better environmental sustainability
Nanostructured electrodes and solid polymer electrolytes are the materials that will drastically improve conventional Li-ion batteries
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Acknowledgements
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I would like to thank prof. Paul van Loosdrecht for supervising me during this project
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Thank you for your attention!
Questions?