nanotechnology 22 feb 2017

Nano-biotechnology: Nano-biotechnology: Theory and Application in Theory and Application in

Agricultural PracticesAgricultural Practices

Dr. Ahmed Abdel-FattahDr. Ahmed Abdel-FattahPhD Hamburg University, GermanyPhD Hamburg University, Germany

Plant Protection Department Plant Protection Department Pesticides Chemistry and Environmental ToxicologyPesticides Chemistry and Environmental Toxicology

University of AlexandriaUniversity of Alexandria22 Feb. 2017 22 Feb. 2017

TopicsTopics Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications Potential Risk of NanotechnologyPotential Risk of Nanotechnology The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology

Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications Potential Risk of NanotechnologyPotential Risk of Nanotechnology The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology

Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions

NanotechnologyNanotechnology

Nano-Scale (Metrology)Nano-Scale (Metrology)Nano-Science (Studies & Theories)Nano-Science (Studies & Theories)Nano-Technology (Applications)Nano-Technology (Applications)Molecular Nanotechnology (Chemistry)Molecular Nanotechnology (Chemistry)Molecular Nanobiotechnology (Chem & Bio)Molecular Nanobiotechnology (Chem & Bio)

Countries Active NanotechnologyCountries Active NanotechnologyProductionProduction

Nanoscale = billionths (10 )Nanoscale = billionths (10 )

6 billion people6 billion people8000 mile diameter8000 mile diameter

10 billion components10 billion components8 inch diameter8 inch diameter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth2014

-9

Nanotechnology…?Nanotechnology…?

““Nanotechnology is the art and Nanotechnology is the art and science of manuplating matter at science of manuplating matter at nano scale’’nano scale’’

The design, characterization The design, characterization production and application of production and application of structure, devices and system by structure, devices and system by controlling shape and science at controlling shape and science at nanoscalenanoscale

DefinitionDefinition

“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at

dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena

enable novel applications.”

“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control

of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 1 to 100

nanometersnanometers, where unique phenomena enable

novel applications.”

What are Nanomaterials?What are Nanomaterials?

Materials with at least one external dimension in the size range from approximately 1-100 nanometers

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (March 2009). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-125/

Objects with all three external dimensions at the nanoscale

NanomaterialsNanomaterials

NanoparticlesNanoparticles

Human HairHuman Hair

Examples of Nanomaterials?Examples of Nanomaterials?


Naturally occurring Naturally occurring

volcanic ash & soot from forest fires volcanic ash & soot from forest fires


Combustion processesCombustion processes

Welding physically and chemically heterogeneous and often termed ultrafine particles.


Gecko feet are covered with nano-size hairs that use Gecko feet are covered with nano-size hairs that use intermolecular forces, allowing the lizards to stick intermolecular forces, allowing the lizards to stick

firmly to surfaces. firmly to surfaces.

Nano in natureNano in nature

adhesiveadhesiveseal wounds seal wounds


Why Nanoscale?Why Nanoscale?

Why Nanoscale?Why Nanoscale?

physical and chemical properties of physical and chemical properties of materials differ significantly from those materials differ significantly from those

at a larger scale.at a larger scale.

Surface areaSurface area

enhance its reactivity, strength and enhance its reactivity, strength and electrical and magnetic properties.electrical and magnetic properties.

Scientific Revolutions

• Lamp and Television • Transistor• Integrate Circuit (IC)• Microprocessors & Personal Computers

The 5th Generation of Scientific RevolutionNano-TechnologyNano-Technology



History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology

HistoryHistory

Three Champions of NanotechnologyThree Champions of Nanotechnology

Feynman Taniguchi Drexler

Richard P. Feynman 1959

One of America’s most notable physicists, 1965.

History, ContinuedHistory, Continued

Genome-wide variation from one human being to another can be up to 0.5% (99.5% similarity)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetic_variation

He coined the term Nanotechnology in 1974

Norio TaniguchiNorio Taniguchi


Eric Drexler - 1986 Eric Drexler - 1986


Genome-wide variation from one human being to another can be up to 0.5% (99.5% similarity)

Heinrich RohrerGerd Binnig

Nobel Prize 1986


Dome over biosphere in Montreal A “Buckyball.”

Carbon 60 was named after Richard Buckminster Fuller, who went by the nickname “Bucky.”

History, ContinuedHistory, ContinuedFullerenesFullerenes

Is Is NANOTECHNOLOGYNANOTECHNOLOGY the gateway to the future for human the gateway to the future for human

beings on Earth?beings on Earth?

Where

Where Y

OU

RY

OU

R

ImaginationImaginationTake

Take

YouYou ??

doesdoes

Nanotechnology Offers Nanotechnology Offers

LighterLighter Stronger Stronger FasterFaster SmallerSmaller More DurableMore Durable Easier and Clean TechnologyEasier and Clean Technology

NANO MATERIAL SHAPES

Nano Materials Shapes

Nano TubesNano Rodes

Nano Composite Nano Particles

TYPES OF NANO-MATERAILS

Types of Nano-Materails

• Single Dimensional Nano-Materials

• Bilateral Dimensional Nano-Materials

• Three Dimensional Nano-Materials

Engineered Surfaces

Bio-Polymers & Nano wires

Nanoparticles

How How cancan smallsmall

ScienceSciencehavehave

suchsuchbigbig

ImpactImpact??aa

Magnetic properties

The large surface area to volume ratio results in different magnetic coupling with neighboring atoms leading to

differing magnetic properties.

Optical properties

• Gold spheres of 10-20nm exhibit red color• Gold spheres of 2-5nm exhibit yellow color.• Gold spheres of >20nm exhibit purple color



Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications

Assembling Nanomaterials

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can transform inorganic metal ions into metal can transform inorganic metal ions into metal nanoparticlesnanoparticles

Many biological systems

including plants and algae , diatoms , bacteria , including plants and algae , diatoms , bacteria , yeast , fungi , and human cellsyeast , fungi , and human cells

via the reductive capacities of the proteins and via the reductive capacities of the proteins and metabolites present in these organisms. metabolites present in these organisms.

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Make nanoparticles.Make nanoparticles.Soak filter in nanoparticles.Soak filter in nanoparticles.““Inoculate” plate.Inoculate” plate.Check results.Check results.

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How to Make Silver NanoparticlesHow to Make Silver Nanoparticles

2 ml .5 mM AgNO3 in a test tube.2 ml .5 mM AgNO3 in a test tube.Start with a compound that has silver in it.Start with a compound that has silver in it.Our solution is silver nitrate.Our solution is silver nitrate.

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Put 2 ml .5 mM AgNOPut 2 ml .5 mM AgNO33 in a test tube. in a test tube.

Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes.Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Heating it will speed the reaction.Heating it will speed the reaction.


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Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes.Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate. Carefully add the sodium citrate; Carefully add the sodium citrate;

the solution is the solution is HOT!HOT! Allows silver to formAllows silver to form

stable nanoparticles stable nanoparticles


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Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Continue heating — wait for silver Continue heating — wait for silver nanoparticles to form.nanoparticles to form. Watch for a change in color to indicate the silver Watch for a change in color to indicate the silver

has formed.has formed. Let it heat a few more minutes to be sure the Let it heat a few more minutes to be sure the

color change is complete.color change is complete.


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Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Continue heating — wait for silver nanoparticles Continue heating — wait for silver nanoparticles to form.to form.


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Growth of BacteriaGrowth of Bacteria

Bacteria may grow as Bacteria may grow as a group = a group = colonycolony

Bacteria may cover Bacteria may cover surface of plate = surface of plate = lawnlawn

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Bacterial Antibiotic SensitivityBacterial Antibiotic SensitivityAntibiotics may Antibiotics may inhibit the growth of inhibit the growth of some bacteria.some bacteria.Evidence of this is a Evidence of this is a “halo”. “halo”. A halo indicates a A halo indicates a zone where bacteria zone where bacteria are not present.are not present.

Silver NanopariclesSilver Nanoparicles

Fourier-transform infrared

Biosynthesis and characterization of AgNPs

Nanospider for electrospinning Nanospider for electrospinning

SEM images of SEM images of electrospun electrospun nanofibers nanofibers

ready to ready to encapsulate encapsulate

bio-surfactants bio-surfactants

Abdel-Megeed et al., (2012). Fabrication of electrospun antimicrobial nanofibers containing metronidazole using nanospider technology. Fibers And Polymers. 13 : 6 (709-717).

Assembling NanomaterialsAssembling NanomaterialsBottom up or top downBottom up or top down

Tools used to characterize Tools used to characterize nanoparticlesnanoparticles

Scanning Electronic Microscopy

Measurement of zeta potential and electrophoretic Measurement of zeta potential and electrophoretic mobility in aqueous and non-aqueous dispersions mobility in aqueous and non-aqueous dispersions using Laser Doppler Micro-Electrophoresis.using Laser Doppler Micro-Electrophoresis.

The Zetasizer Nano Z

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) SpectroscopyFourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy

Interactivity Interactivity Functional groupsFunctional groups

FTIRFTIR

NANOMATERIALS NANOMATERIALS AND AND AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

Nanotechnology is ubiquitous and pervasive. It is an emerging field in all

areas of science, engineering and technology

Nanotechnology ScopeNanotechnology Scope

The goals fall into several categories The goals fall into several categories Increase production rates and yield Increase production rates and yield Increase efficiency of resource utilization Increase efficiency of resource utilization Minimize waste production Minimize waste production Nano-based treatment of agricultural waste Nano-based treatment of agricultural waste Nanosensors Nanosensors Specific application include Specific application include

Nano-fertilizerNano-fertilizer Nano-pesticideNano-pesticide

Crop improvementCrop improvement

Molecular BiologyMolecular Biology

•Gene therapy for plant: used of 3-nm mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) for smuggling foreign DNA into cells.

Peterson et al., 2014

DNA Analogues and Nano-Technology

Bionano-Machines Programmed Molecule Molecular Motors

Self-Assembled Nano-Structures from Glycerol nucleic acid (GNA) a synthetic analog of DNA

Zhang Lilu, Peritz Adam, Meggers Eric (2005). "A simple glycol nucleic acid". J Am Chem Soc 127 (12): 4174–5. doi:10.1021/ja042564z

tetrahedron DNA

DNA Analogues and Nano-Technology

Bionano-Machines Programmed Molecule Molecular Motors

Self-Assembled Nano-Structures from Glycerol nucleic acid (GNA) a synthetic analog of DNA

Zhang Lilu, Peritz Adam, Meggers Eric (2005). "A simple glycol nucleic acid". J Am Chem Soc 127 (12): 4174–5. doi:10.1021/ja042564z

•Bio-Nanotechnology has designed sensor which give increased sensitivity and earlier response to environmental change and link into GPS•These monitor soil condition and crops growth over vast areas•Such sensor has already been employed in US and Australia

Precision farmingPrecision farming

•100% growth inhibition was seen in the Rhyzotonia solani, showed at 10 ppm nanosized silica-silver

Abdel-Megeed et al., 2013 & Park et al., 2009

Plant pathology Plant pathology

Nanotech-based soil binder called SoilSet employed to avoid soil erosion

Sequoia pacfic research of Utah (USA)

Soil remediation Soil remediation

Ligand based nanocoating can be utilized for effective removal of heavy metals as these have high absorption tendency

M. Sc. Thesis in Progress 2016

Removal of heavy metalsRemoval of heavy metals

Magnetic (iron oxide) nanocrystals to capture and remove arsenic from contaminated water. researchers at Rice

university

Water treatment Water treatment

Animal scienceAnimal science

Nano micelles, liposomes, nano Nano micelles, liposomes, nano emulsion complexes improves the emulsion complexes improves the utilization of efficiency of utilization of efficiency of nutrients in foddernutrients in fodder

Nano coating of agriculture tool to increase Nano coating of agriculture tool to increase their resistant against the wear and corrosiontheir resistant against the wear and corrosion

Agriculture Engineering issues

•Foliar application of nano Phosphorous as fertilizer (640 mg ha-1) and soil application of phosphorous fertilizer (80 kg ha-1) yielded equally in cluster bean and pearl millet under arid environment.

Tarafdar et al., 2012

Nano-fertilizer technology Nano-fertilizer technology

NanopesticidesNanopesticides

Nano-scale either active ingredients with a particle size Nano-scale either active ingredients with a particle size of 100 nm or lessof 100 nm or less

Formulation of a pesticides Formulation of a pesticides Nano emulsionNano emulsionNano suspension Nano suspension Nano encapsulationNano encapsulationNanoparticlesNanoparticles

UsesUsesProtection Protection Increase solubility Increase solubility Reduce the contact of active ingredients with Reduce the contact of active ingredients with agriculture workersagriculture workersEnvironments reducing run off ratesEnvironments reducing run off rates

Mohdzobir Mohdzobir et alet al., 2011., 2011

Bio-Energy or Products

Single molecule detection to determine enzyme/substrate interactions (e.g. cellulases in production of ethanol). Materials from biomass

Agrochemical Delivery

Delivery of pesticides, fertilizers, and other agrichemicals more efficiently (e.g. only when needed or for better absorption).

Animal Production

Delivery of growth hormone in a controlled fashion. Identity preservation and tracking.

Animal or Plant Health

Detect animal pathogens, such as foot and mouth disease virus. Detect plant pathogens early.

Animal Medicine

Deliver animal vaccines.

Selected Categories of Nanotechnology Applied to Food and Agriculture

Plant Production Delivery of DNA to plants towards certain tissues (i.e. targeted genetic engineering).

Sensing Detect chemicals or foodborne pathogens; biodegradable sensors for temperature, moisture history, etc.

Safety Selectively bind and remove chemicals or pathogens.

Packaging Prevent or respond to spoilage. Sensing features for contaminants or pathogens.

Healthy Food

Better availability and dispersion of nutrients, nutraceuticals, or additives.

Selected Categories of Nanotechnology Applied to Food and Agriculture

Nano-Technology between Nano-Technology between

Scientific Scientific FictionFiction & Reality & Reality



Potential Risk of NanotechnologyPotential Risk of Nanotechnology

Special Features of NanoparticlesSpecial Features of NanoparticlesA double-edged swordA double-edged sword

Promise PitfallsIncreased surface area Increased reactivity?

Increased bioavailability and targeted to certain tissues

Increased toxicity?

Lower doses effective Lower doses toxic?

Penetration ability for remediation Impair subsurface ecosystems

Skin, membrane penetration may speed onset of action

Toxicity through nontraditional routes of administration?

Potential Risk of Potential Risk of NanotechnologyNanotechnology

Health IssueHealth IssueNanoparticle clouds be inhaled, swallowed, absorbed Nanoparticle clouds be inhaled, swallowed, absorbed through skin.through skin.They trigger inflammation and weaken the immune They trigger inflammation and weaken the immune system and interfere with regulatory mechanism of system and interfere with regulatory mechanism of enzymes and protein.enzymes and protein.

Environmental IssueEnvironmental IssueNanoparticle clouds accumulates in soil, water and plants.Nanoparticle clouds accumulates in soil, water and plants.

Potential Risk of Potential Risk of NanotechnologyNanotechnology

New risk assessment method are neededNew risk assessment method are neededNational and international agencies are beginning to National and international agencies are beginning to study the riskstudy the riskResult will lead to new regulation.Result will lead to new regulation.


Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications Potential Risk of NanotechnologyPotential Risk of Nanotechnology The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology

The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology

Research is being carried out to develop nanocapsules Research is being carried out to develop nanocapsules containing nutrients that would be released when containing nutrients that would be released when nanosensors detect a deficiency in your body. nanosensors detect a deficiency in your body.

Nanomaterials are being developed to improve the Nanomaterials are being developed to improve the taste, colour, and texture of foods. For example taste, colour, and texture of foods. For example “interactive” foods are being developed that would “interactive” foods are being developed that would allow you to choose which flavour and colour a food allow you to choose which flavour and colour a food has!has!

Modern biotechnologies involve making useful products from whole organisms or parts of organisms, such as molecules, cells, tissues and organs.

Recent developments in biotechnology include genetically modified plants and animals, cell therapies and nanotechnology.

These products are not in everyday use but may be of benefit to us in the future.

ConclusionConclusion

Welcome to Welcome to NanoWorld!NanoWorld!

References and websites:References and websites: Abdel-Megeed et al., Handbook of Nanotechnology (2010) Abdel-Megeed et al., Handbook of Nanotechnology (2010) Handbook of NanotechnologyHandbook of Nanotechnology, B. Bhushan, ed. (2004), B. Bhushan, ed. (2004) Molecular NanotechnologyMolecular Nanotechnology, D. E. Newton, ed. (2002), D. E. Newton, ed. (2002) Integrated Chemical SystemsIntegrated Chemical Systems, A. J. Bard (1994), A. J. Bard (1994) Engines of CreationEngines of Creation, K. Eric Drexler (1986) , K. Eric Drexler (1986)

( http://www.foresight.org/EOC/ ) ( http://www.foresight.org/EOC/ ) ““There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, Richard Feynman (1959)There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, Richard Feynman (1959)

( http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html )( http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html ) National Nanotechnology Initiative ( http://www.nano.gov/ )National Nanotechnology Initiative ( http://www.nano.gov/ ) Nano Letters - ACS Journal ( http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/ )Nano Letters - ACS Journal ( http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/ ) Materials Today - British journal ( http://www.materialstoday.com ) Materials Today - British journal ( http://www.materialstoday.com )

Thank You Thank You Dr. nat.Sci. Ahmed Abdel-MegeedPh.D Germany, Hamburg UniversityAssociate Professor, Plant Protection Dept. Faculty of Agriculture- Alexandria UniversityAlexandria, EgyptP.O. BOX 21531Homepage: http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/75164/default.aspx