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Nanotechnologies and Safety of Nanotechnologies

Dr. Volkan Özgüz Director

Sabancı UniversityNanotechnology Research and Application

Centervozguz@sabanciuniv.edu

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What are Nanotechnologies? Nanometer : 1/1,000,000 (huma hair is less than 1/10 of

millimeter) bıt nanotechnology is not solely about miniaturization

The science and engineering of changing the physical, chemical, electrical, mechanical, optical and magnetic properties of materials sometiens the way that doesn’t exist in natural forms by changing the atomic level structure : the capability of playing with atoms

Nanotechnologies: – Multidisciplinary and inter-sectoral – Initiates new application areas – Almost all applications affected – Primary market in 2007 is 11.6B USD; 2013 expected

to be 27B USD– The changes at atomic levels and their application

requires the collaboration of all scientific and engineering disciplines

Invisible to naked eye but huge visible impact

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What are Nanotechnologies?

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Is Nanotechnology Trulely New?Nanotechnology:• Richard Feynman: 1959 “plenty of room at the bottom” talk, proposal ffor atomic level control• Taniguchi:1974 used the “nano” (dwarf) additive• IBM: scanning tunneling microscope and atomic force microscope • Romans used “plasmonics” approaches in 400 B.C• Notre-Dame stained glasses includes “gold nano particles”• Chocalate, Ice cream (Döğme Maraş Dondurma) , Cotton Candy and Tel kadayıf

Adapted from Harry Atwater, Caltech

Stained glass rose window of Notre-Dame de Paris. The colors were achieved by coloids of gold nano-particles.

Plasmoics is the formation of surface interference waves at the interface sof very thin metal and dielectric layers due to interactions of surface electrons and light waves

Plasmonics can be used to kill cancerous cells via gold coated nanoparticles

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Is Nanotechnology Trulely New?

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Applications of Nanotechnologies1 - Organic Light Emitting Diodes

(OLEDs) for displays 2 - Photovoltaic film that converts light

into electricity 3 - Scratch-proof coated windows that

clean themselves with UV 4 - Fabrics coated to resist stains and

control temperature 5 - Intelligent clothing measures pulse

and respiration 6 - Bucky-tubeframe is light but very

strong 7 - Hipjoint made from biocompatible

materials 8 - Nano-particle paint to prevent

corrosion 9 - Thermo-chromic glass to regulate

light 10 - Magnetic layers for compact data

memory 11 - Carbon nanotube fuel cells to

power electronics and vehicles 12 - Nano-engineered cochlear implant

Cost, function or performance difference for the user

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Applications of Nanotechnologies in Construction

Cost, function or performance difference for the user

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Applications of Nanotechnologies in Automotive

Cost, function or performance difference for the user

Paints, coatings, lubricants

Better Fuels and Efficient Fuel Production

Applications of Nanotechnologies in Food and Agriculture Smart systems for monitoring and controlling the

health of plants High efficiency natural fertilizers augmented with

nanooparticles Nanocatalyzers for increasing the efficiencies and

reducing the quantities of pesticides Fast and efficient quality control in food industry by

using nanosensors Smart food packaging to monitor the freshness of

food by nanosensors Packaging with nanoparticles enhanced foils to

reduce oxygen permeability to increae the shelf life Nanocapsules to deliver nutrients to cells only

when they are ingested but inert during the stored state

Nanotechnologies from production to packaging to digestion to disposal

Cost, function or performance difference for the user

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Applications of Nanotechnologies in Health

• Nanomedicine: the observation, diagnostics and therapy (inclduign regeneration and restrcutring) of biological systems at cell and molecular levels by using nanodevies and nanostructures

Nanodiagnostics: Early diagnostics• Biosensors and molecular devices• Targetable contrast agents

THERANOSTICSDrug Delivery

Targeted delivery to intended area and the observation of drug effects

Regenerative Medicine Speeding up the recovery of damages areas

• Early detection of cancer at cell level

• Minimization of biopsies

• Better recevery rates due to early detection

• DNA binding agents• Controlled drug edelivery at

cell level• Elimination of drug

overdose

VLP (Virus-Like -Particles) nanodevices with useful payloads such as drugs, vaccines etc

Cost, function or performance difference for the user

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Nanotechnology is everywhere in Turkey !!! NANO is used too many times and unnecessarily and sometimes

dangerously

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Why Nanotechnology Safety?

www.nanotechproject.org/consumerproducts

Several Hundreds of consumer products in the markey

• Lam et al. (2004) Toxicological Sciences: “On an equal-weight basis, if carbon nanotubes reach the lungs they can be much more toxic than carbon black and more toxic than quartz.”

• Oberdörster (2005) Environmental Health Perspectives: “Profound cytotoxicity seen for SWNT…” On a mass basis, toxicity: SWNT>MWNT>C60

• Who is exposed – unknown?

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Looking forward to other uses: are Nanotechnologies safe?

The impact of the nanotechnologies to our environment and to human health is the subject of an intensive debate in the last years

The National Nanotechnology Initiative Amendments Act of 2009 (H.R. 554 ABD de 11 Feb 2009) aims to assess the risks of nanotechnologies and to regulate their applications

The overall effect may be the slowing of the development of nanotechnologies

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Nanoparticles and the Human body: concerns

• Nanoparticles exist in the atmosphere in large concentrations by natural means• The release of manufactured nanoparticles into environment and their impact are unknown• Nanoparticles can gain access to the body through the gastrointestinal tract, skin and lungs • Nanoparticles interactions with the body is dependent on their size, chemical composition,

surface structure, solubility, shape and how the individual nanoparticles accumulate together

• Due to small size and higher specific surface area nanoparticles can easily bind with and transport toxic pollutants

• Nanoparticles can travel freely in the blood throughout the body and reach the organs like lungs, liver or brain and may cross the blood-brain barrier

• Lower sized (<10nm) nanoparticles behave more like a gas and can pass through skin and lung tissue to penetrate cell membranes. Once inside the cell, they might become toxic or disrupt normal cell chemistry.

• Threadlike nanotubes are structurally similar to asbestos fibers, which can cause lung fibrosis when inhaled in large amounts over long periods, according to a report by the Royal Society, the United Kingdom's National Science Academy

• Low-solubility ultrafine particles may be more toxic than larger particles on a mass for mass basis

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Nanoparticles and the Human body: concerns

• The Swedish Karolinska Institute conducted a study in which various nanoparticles were introduced to human lung epithelial cells (2008)

– iron oxide nanoparticles caused little DNA damage and were non-toxic– Zinc oxide nanoparticles were slightly worse– Titanium dioxide caused only DNA damage– Carbon nanotubes caused DNA damage at low levels– Copper oxide was found to be the worst offender and was nanomaterial identified as a

clear health risk• In a review work (Toxicity Studies of Fullerenes and Derivatives, 2007) Chan

conclude that the evidence gathered points to C60 being non-toxic • Nanostructures can activate the immune system inducing inflammation, immune

responses, allergy, or even affect to the immune cells in a deleterious or beneficial way (immuno-suppression in auto inmmunity diseases, improving immune responses in vaccines)

– Compared to the conventional pharmaceutical agents, nanostructures has a huge size – immune cells, specially phagocytic cells can recognize and try to destroy them– Studies are needed in order to know the potential deleterious or beneficial effects of

nanostructures in the immune system.

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Danger of the Nanoparticles – Case StudyNanoparticle exposure and occupational lung disease: Seven Chinese workers suffering from nanoparticle-induced lung disease (Song et al., 2010):

• Found nanoparticles in the workplace and in the lungs and lung fluid of the workers• Fusion of fluid into the linings of the lung (the pleura) and heart (the pericardium)• Tissue reaction to particles in the lung lining • Paint paste was described as a mix of many organic components that contained nanoparticles of

polyacrylate (~30nm), but complete chemical nature of the particles in the lungs or the workplace unknown

– Prof. A. Seaton MD: “fumes and dusts are often toxic, appropriate workplace hygiene will prevent this in the nanotechnology industry as elsewhere”

– Prof. G. Oberstroder: a conclusion that nanoparticles generically are to blame is very unfortunate

– Prof. K. Donaldson: Chemical exposures in the past might have produced nanoparticles but since no one looked for them they may never have been implicated. Currently the reverse is true and there may be a rush to judgement implicating the nanoparticles in the adverse effects

– Prof V. Stone: this paper does not effectively illustrate adverse clinical effects of nanoparticles in a worker population, but it does raise the issue that we need to be careful and vigilant in future

– Prof. R. Aitken: the key question which remains unanswered at this time is “exposure to what?”

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Nanoscale Silver as an antimicrobial biocide, used in numerous commercial products— washing machines, clothing (socks etc), kitchen utensils, wound dressings, and food storage

Likely to wash into the waste stream Once released into the environment, their

biocidal activity is harmful to beneficial microbes such as some bacteria and fungi, causing disturbances in critical ecosystems and ecological food webs

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proposing to conditionally register the antimicrobial pesticide product, HeiQ AGS-20, a silver-based product used as a preservative for textiles. Public comments will be accepted until the 6th September 2010

The requirement is based largely on a November 2009, independent consultation EPA held with the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP)

Dual Nature of NanoParticles - Silver

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Dual Nature of NanoParticles - Silver

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• Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and Carbon nano fibers CNFs are used as fire retardants in polyurethane foam (PUF)

• They may pose siginificant hazard when released especiiay during fires

• They were destroyed in the flames and, therefore, were not released when CNF containing foams are burned under well-ventilated conditions

• Despite the fact that they are not present in the smoke, significant amounts of CNFs are released when the chars left behind after burning CNF containing PUFs are mechanically disturbed

Characterizing Nanoparticle Emissions from Burning Polymer Nanocomposites M.R. Nyden, R.H. Harris, Y.S. Kim, R.D. Davis, N.D. Marsh, M. Zammarano , Proc. Nanotech 2010, p 717-719

Dual Nature of NanoParticles – CNT, CNF

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Nano-cerium oxide particles are added to diesel fuel to decrease toxic diesel emissions and increase fuel efficiency

Nano-cerium oxide induced cell damage in human lung cells

Nano-cerium oxide reduced levels of reactive oxygen species

The ability of nano-cerium oxide to pass into cells was dependent on the particle size and agglomeration state, suggesting that these and other properties must be considered when assessing the risks to human health from exposure to nanomaterials

Dual Nature of NanoParticles – Cerium Oxide

Initial in vitro screening approach to investigate the potential health and environmental hazards of Envirox™ – a nanoparticulate cerium oxide diesel fuel additive Barry Park et al. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 2007, 4:12Prospect project, Toxicological Review of Nano Cerium Oxide, July 2010

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• A biological surface adsorption index -BSAI - is developed by quantifying the competitive adsorption of a set of small molecule probes onto the nanoparticles

• Adsorption properties of nanomaterials are assumed to be governed by Coulomb forces, London dispersion, hydrogen-bond acidity and basicity, polarizability and lone-pair electrons.

• 12 nanomaterials: silver (AgP: powder and Ag50: colloid), TiO2, ZnO, CuO, NiO, Fe2O3, SiO2, C60 (powder), nC60 (colloid), MWCNTs and hydroxylated MWCNTs (CNTOH)

• Quantitative avenue towards the development of predictive nanomedicine, creation of integrated pharmacokinetic and for quantitative risk assessment and safety evaluation of nanomaterials.

An index for characterization of nanomaterials in biological systems, Xin-Rui Xia, Nancy A. Monteiro-Riviere and Jim E. Riviere* Nature Nanotechnology Letters, 15 Aug 2010

Nanoparticle Interactions with Cells

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Looking forward to other uses: Nanotechnologies for Safety?• Nanotechnology-based sensors and

communication devices can reduce the workers’ exposure to risk of injury

• Nanosize sensors coupled with wireless technology may facilitate development of wearable sensors and systems for real time occupational safety and health management

• Nanotechnology-based fuel cells helps environment by reducing pollution

• Nanotechnology based lab-on- chip analyzers provide faster diagnostics.

• Nanotechnology based self-cleaning clothes, fillers for noise absorption materials, fire retardants, protective screens for prevention of roof falls and curtains for ventilation control in mines enable better working environment and occupational safety

• Nanotechnology based catalysts help for reducing hazardous emissions and clean-up of pollutants and hazardous substances

• The development of nanotechnology based high performance filter media, respirators help for safe handling of nanoparticles

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Nanotechnology Awarness and Communication?Need to provide accurate education to public and especially!

• NANODIALOGUE, NANOCAP, MACOSPOL, NANOPLAT, FRAMINGNANO: public EC programs

• NANOYOU, NANOTOUCH, TIMEFORNANO: for youth

Survey of youth on nanotechnology at 25 EC members(2010):

• Don’t know but seems interesting!• “nano is cool” may be worth learning!• Follow the good, leave the bad (nano

safety)• Girls value health, boys value information

tech

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Conclusions• Nanotechnologies can be made safe and green (?) : the jury is still out and may

remain out for a long while• Conventional and extended workplace safety precautions should be exercised no

matter what– Bio and micro industry guidance should be followed as a minimum

• Nanotechnologies may offer solutions to the problems they created and to general safety problems

• Open issues provide excellent opportunities for R&D from technology and tool development, to instrumentation , to clinical studies and modeling, to risk management, and to policy making, regulatory issues– Evidenced by a large body of project work and meetings

NANOTECHNOLOGY AREA HAS ABUNDANT R&D OPPORTUNITES FOR GOOD MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE & ENGINEERING COUPLED WITH SAFE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FOR

MAJOR COMMERCIAL AND SOCIETAL IMPACT

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R&D and Commercialization of Nanotechnologies in USA

Source: Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020; M. Rocco, C. Mirkin ; December 2010

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Nanotechnology Research Centers in Türkiye

Nanotechnology centers have the largest share of government funding

Cost of R&D centers in various disciplines (M TL)

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• Middle East Technical University- METU-CENTER : first central lab in Turkey• Bilkent National Nanotechnology Center: first and largest multi-purpose

nanotechnology center• Anadolu University Ceramic Research Center: now a corporation based on strong

interest from participating companies• Bilkent NanoTechnology Research Center• Sabancı Üniversitesi Nanotechnology Research and Application Center• TUBİTAK MAM Materials Institute• Koc University Surface Technologies Research Center• Gazi University Nanomedicine and Advanced Technologies Research Center• Hacettepe University Nanotechnology and ve Nanomedicine Science Center• ITU Advance Research Institute for Nanoscience ve Nanotechnologies • ITU Nano-Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Laboratories• Gebze High Technologiy Institute Nanotechnology Research Center• Marmara University Nanotechnology and Biomaterials Research Center• Zirve University Nanotechnology Research Center• Fatih University Bio-Nano Technology Research Center• Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Nanoscience and Technology Research Center

Nanotechnology Centers in Türkiye

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Anadolu University: multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Graduate Degree program consisting of 8 core and 22 elective (M.Sc)

Bilkent University: “Material Science and Nanotechnology “graduate program (M.Sc. And Ph.D) in collaboration with the University’s National Nanotechnology Center.

Middle East Technical University: “Micro and Nanotechnology M.Sc. And Ph.D Programs” joint interdisciplinary programs with biological sciences, physics, chemistry, chemical, electrical and electronics e, metalurgical and materials, mining and mechanical engineering departments

Hacettepe University: “Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine” undergraduate and graduate program with contributions from about 50 faculty members from various departments including the School of Medicine

Istanbul Technical University: M.Sc., Ph.D. (Nanoscience and Nanoengineering)

Nanotechnology Education in Türkiye

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Revenues from Services

Anadolu University “Ceramic Research Center” First example of successful pre-competitive research consortium between

university and companies 16 member companies representing 85% of the ceramic production 2 MTL support from ceramic producers The capacity of 30 students is always full 8 MTL support to the University for infrastructure and research personnel Industry access to better infrastructure and technical support for R&D Large economical value added by generating qualified researchers Became a university-industry jointly owned corporation in 2009

Nanotechnology Centers in Türkiye

Nanotechnology Start-ups in Türkiye (partial list)

Nanotechnology Related Companies in Türkiye (partial list)

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Dr. Volkan Özgüz vozguz@sabanciuniv.edu

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SABANCI UNIVERSITY

• Sabanci University (SU) is a non-profit, private research institution in

Istanbul

• Founded by Sabanci Foundation, established by one of the largest

industrial and financial conglomerates in Turkey

• Total investment exceeding 300 Million EUR

• Interdisciplinary education to fit 21st century

• About 300 full time faculty members and instructors

• Overseas PhDs constitute 83% of the full time faculty

• 52% of the fulltime faculty had international careers

• Faculty has an average of 12 years of teaching and 4 years of

industrial experience; average age 48

• Campus is set within a green landscape of 1,360,000 m2, of which

only about 10% has been allocated for buildings.

• The modern architecture, within a state-of-the-art technological

infrastructure, co-exists with nearby forests

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SABANCI UNIVERSITY

• School of Engineering and Natural Sciences (FENS)

• School of Arts and Social Sciences (FASS)

• School of Management (FMAN)

• A total of 12 undergraduate, 18 graduate, and 3 minor honors programs

• 3.000 undergraduate and 700 graduate students

• The student-to- faculty ratio is a very desirable 10:1 ratio

• The School of Engineering and Natural Sciences has an academic staff

of 100 members, about 750 undergraduate and 325 graduate students.

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SABANCI UNIVERSITY

Competitive and dynamic faculty Student participation to research from

undergraduate level National and international cooperation Close relations with industry Interdisciplinary Research Activites Effective collaboration within faculty Multidisciplinary research laboratories

established with an cumulative investment exceeding 50 Million EUR

Highest sponsored research funds per faculty member in Turkey

School of Engineering and Natural Sciences

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• Multi and Interdisciplinary, paradigm shifting R&D, focused on selected application areas

• Open to national users as a central lab• Developments for bridging-the-gap and to

address the needs of local and global industry

• Strategic collaborations with many national and international universities, research centers, companies and professional unions

• LEED and BREEAM certified green building• Dedicated 7.400 m2 research building with

cell inspired architecture and constructed using state-of-the-art techniques

• Laboratories equipped with state-of-art equipment among the bests in Turkey to complement existing infrastructure

• Inauguration : 9 July 2011• A trend setting research facility in Turkey

Sabancı University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center

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Center Infrastructure - Equipment 15 M € worth of state-of-art equipment to complement

existing infrastructure Selected equipment reflects interdisciplinary nature of

nanotechnologies Selected equipment the best or among the bests in

Turkey

MultiBeam SEM-FIB High Resolution TEM Genome Sequencer

Electron Beam Lithography Confocal Microscope Plasma Deposition

Gas and Mass spectrometer

Multidisciplinary Laboratories• Micro-Nano Fabrication• Molecular Biology• Electron Microscopy• Materials Characterization• Nanoelectronic• Energy Systems• Micro/Nano-fluidics• Advanced Microscopy• Testing & Characterization• 3D Micro-Nano Prototyping• Tissue and Regenerative Eng.

ICP-MS Wet processing

Optical Lithography

Sabancı University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center

“Creating and Developing Together”

Synergy between a critical mass of scientists from a diverse scientific and engineering disciplines and industry participants: team science

Focused R&D with personal ingenuity Multi and Interdisciplinary, Paradigm shifting R&D, focused

on selected application areas Open to SU and national users as a central lab and/or for

fee based services Developments for bridging-the-gap (or crossing the valley

of death) Developments to address the needs of local and global

industry Developments to yield technology leaders and technology

leading start-ups

Application Areas and Approaches

Calendar to meet the needs of the industry – low hanging fruits

Close interactions with the representatives of several industrial sectors to address their needs: companies, societies, groups, associations

Member of the voluntary industry-wide initiative to promote nanotechnologies

Selection of key human-centric, highest added value areas based on national priorities, and merging the academic and industrial strengths of our partners

Strategic research alliances, pre-comptetitive consortiums and collaborations with many national and international universities, research centers, companies and professional unions

Food and agricultureStructural materials

Health : Nano-bio techEnergy

Environment – Water

Defense

Materials and modules Sectoral Applications