nanocellulose - technology & business trends john cowie phd january 14, 2015 nanoc...
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Nanocellulose -Technology & Business
Trends
John Cowie PhDJanuary 14, 2015
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Nanocellulose - What is it?
From wood ~ 4 nm diameter, ~ 150 nm long
Aspect ratio (l/d) about 35
Ratio can be as high as 1000
Theoretically 100% crystalline
As low as 70%
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Three Main Types
1. Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF)Manufactured through mechanical and chem/bio-mechanical means
2. Cellulose NanoCrystals (CNC)Manufactured by acid hydrolysis of pulp
3. Cellulose Filaments (CF)Manufactured by mechanically peeling the cellulose strands
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Potential Uses
Improved paper and packaging products
Reinforced polymers
Advanced composite materials
Hydro-fracking and oil drilling fluids
High-strength spun fibers and textiles
Films for barrier and other functions
Coatings, paints, lacquers and adhesives
Switchable optical devices
Pharmaceutical and drug delivery
Bone replacement and teeth repair
Improved building products
Additives for foods, cosmetics
Aerospace and transportation
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Production
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Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF) -
Mechanical and chem/bio-mechanical means
Production
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Cellulose NanoCrystals (CNC)
1. Milling2. Acid Hydrolysis3. Clarification4. Acid removal5. Concentration6. Drying
Production
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Cellulose Filaments (CF)Manufactured by mechanically peeling the cellulose strands
Length: 10,000 - 50,000 nmDiameter: 20 - 100 nmAdpect ratio (L/D): 100 -
2500
Comparison of Select Properties
• Bullet Point• Bullet Point
– Sub Bullet
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MaterialDensity(g/cm3)
Tensile Strength
(MPa)
Modulus ofElasticity
(GPa)
Elongation toFracture
(%)
CelluloseNanocrystals CNC 1.5 10,000 150 6.7
Carbon Nanotube CNT 1.2 30,000 1054 6
Carbon 1.7 4,000 235 1.6
Kevlar 1.4 2,800 183 4
316 Stainless Steel 8.0 580 290 50
Comparative Toxicity
Lethal Concentration LC50 test
Species used for toxicity testing:
Daphnia magnaCerio-daphnia dubia
Acute lethal toxicity (mg/L)Very toxic <0.1Toxic 0.1-1.0Moderately toxic 1-10Slightly toxic 10 -100Practically nontoxic >100
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Comparative Toxicity
Material
Toxicity, 48 hour LC50*, mg/L RelativeToxicity
Daphnia Ceriodaphnia
CNC (60 – 100 nm) > 1,000 (3,200) > 1,000 (3,200) Nontoxic
CMC (Carbo methyl cellulose) > 10,000 > 1,000 (3,200) Nontoxic
MCC (microcrystallince cellulose) > 1,000 > 1,000 Nontoxic
TiO2 (30 nm) 5.5 - Moderately toxic
TiO2 (100 – 500 nm) > 500 - Nontoxic
Fullerine (10 – 20 nm) 0.5 - Toxic
Fullerine (20 -100 nm) 7.9 - Moderately toxic
NaCl ~ 5,500 ~ 1,200 Nontoxic
* LC50 Toxicity – the concentration of a substance that is lethal to 50% of the organisms exposed to it.
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Cost Comparison
• Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF)– Without depreciation of equipment : ~ $3.40 to 5.00/kg– With Depreciation: ~ $17.00/kg
• Cellulose Nano Crystals (CNC)– Without depreciation of equipment : ~ $3.20 to 5.00/kg– With Depreciation: ~ $16.00/kg
• Cellulose Filaments (CF)– Not determined
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Material of the Future
nanoC.technologyPerformance
Co
st
Nanomaterials Cost versus Performance
Wood flour$0.05 - $0.10/lb
Cellulose Nano Crystals
Organoclays~ $4.00/lb
Carbon NanotubesUp to $200,000/lb
Potential Market Size
• Bullet Point• Bullet Point
– Sub Bullet
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Nanocellulose - The Producers
• Bullet Point• Bullet Point
– Sub Bullet
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CNC Pilot Plant – Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI
FPL opened a new U.S/ Forest Service-funded $1.7 million nanocellulose pilot plant in 2012
Producing about 30 kg of cellulose nano-crystals (CNC) per week
Producing 5 kg of cellulose nano-fibrils (CNF) per week
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Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNFs) Pilot Plant – University of Maine
Cellulose Nanofiber Production and Functionalization LaboratoryFunded by a $1.5 million grant from the U.S. Forest ServiceThe only one of its kind in the nationUniversity Consortium:
• University of Maine• Georgia Institute of Technology• North Carolina State University• Oregon State University• Pennsylvania State University• Purdue University • University of Tennessee
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Borregaard -Norway
Borregaard ChemCell offer speciality cellulose for the production of Exilva ® or microcrystalline cellulose
2016: new production Plant with capacity of 1000 tonnes per year with a potential for expansion
Food additives (SenseFi ®)
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Innventia -Stockholm Sweden
World's First Pilot Plant for Production of Nanocellulose Inaugurated in 2011 Produce nanocellulose on a large scale
Important step towards commercial applications
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CelluForce – Windsor, Quebec, Canada
Partnership between FPInnovations and DomtarOne ton per day CNC production $33.4 million of government fundingProduction commenced in 2012
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UPM Biofibrils (CNFs)Helsinki, Finland
UPM has developed a product family of fibrillated cellulose materials for various industrial applicationsIndustrial viscosity modifiers of water-based systems:
Paints, coatings, oil drilling fluids, concrete and grouts
Reinforcement additive in composites:Paper and packaging products
Synthetic or bio-based Looking for partnerships and customers, especially in the composite fieldIndustrial scale samples available
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Cellulose Nanomaterials in Japan
NCF (Nanocellulose Forum) A Japanese Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry Consortium
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Performance Biofilaments
• Performance BioFilaments is a joint venture between Mercer International and Resolute Forest Products
• Five ton/day cellulose filament demonstration plant started-up in Quebec in 2014
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American Process Inc.
• American Process and Futuris Automotive are developing ultra-strong, lightweight automotive structural components reinforced with nanocellulose
• Substitute for expensive light-weight carbon fiber composites
• Futuris Automotive currently produces the interior components for Tesla
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