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“Nanorobotics as medicament”

Under Supervision Of

Jyothi M.V

Presented By

Chandana.K.S USN:1SK07EC011

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CONTENTS

WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY WHAT ARE NANOROBOTS? WHY IN THE MEDICAL FIELD? PRINCIPLES OF NANOROBOTIC APPLICATIONS APPLICATIONS OF NANOROBOTS IN MEDICAL FIELD DESIGN ISSUES FUTURE POSSIBILITIES SAFETY ISSUES CHALLENGES CONCLUSION REFERENCES

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What is Nanotechnology

• the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale.

• deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometer in at least one dimension.

• involves developing materials or devices within that size.

1.27 × 107 m 0.22 m 0.7 × 10-9 m12,756 Km 22 cm 0.7 nm

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WHAT ARE NANOROBOTS?

Nanorobots are tiny machines used to cure diseases in human or in any organism.

Performs task at nanoscale dimensions.

The size of nanorobots is 10 -9.

The prefix ‘nano’ means billionth.

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WHY IN THE MEDICAL FIELD

Today's surgical tools are, at this scale, large and crude.

more suited to tear and injure than heal and cure.

cells have a remarkable ability to regroup, bury their dead and heal over the injury.

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WHY IN THE MEDICAL FIELD

“The manufacturing technology of the 21st century”.

computer controlled molecular tools much smaller than a human cell and built with the accuracy and precision of drug molecules.

Such tools will medicine, for the first time, intervene in a sophisticated and controlled way at the cellular and molecular level.

They remove obstructions in the circulatory system, kill cancer cells, or take over the function of subcellular organelles.

Just as today we have the artifical heart, so in the future we could have the artificial mitochondrion.

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PRINCIPLES OF NANOROBOTIC APPLICATIONS

Three key required pieces to advance the development and implementation of medical nanorobotics

Equipment prototyping The manufacturing

technology Inside-body

transduction

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APPLICATIONS OF NANOROBOTS IN MEDICAL FIELD

Respirocyte

Heart surgery

Cancer Treatment

Joint Replacements

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RESPIROCYTE

Artificial Red Blood Cells Enough for 36 hours of

oxygen at rest Spacewalks, Deep Sea diving 1/2 L would be enough to hold

your breath at the bottom of a pool for 4 hours or sprint at olympic speed for 12 minutes without taking a breath

built of 18 billion precisely arranged structural atoms

exchange gasses via molecular sorting rotors

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DESIGN

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Heart surgery

• Blood vessels play an important role in supplying blood to all parts of our body.

• Due to the fatty deposition on the walls of blood vessels blood will not move freely to all parts.

• These leads to heart attacks and damage the vital organs.

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Molecular sorting rotors:• Made up of carbon nanotubes.• Sheet of carbon atom forms a carbon nanotubes.• SWNT’s can be used to generate mechanical motion.• Nanotube with nanogears used for changing the

direction of movement. Propeller:

• in nanorobots it is used to drive forward against the blood stream.

Fins:• Fitted along with the propellers used to

propel the device.

Sensors:• Fitted externally and internally with the

nanorobots to receive the

• signal for correct guidance.

STRUCTURE OF NANOROBOT IN HEART SURGERY

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CANCER TREATMENT A. THERASPHERES

• delivers radiation directly to the tumor cells in the liver using glass microsphere. – The size of a microsphere is

20-30 µm in diameter

• It has currently been used in the U.S., Canada and Australia.

Comparison of a human hair with Therasphere.

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CANCER TREATMENT A. THERASPHERES

• It consists of microspheres of 17Y2O3-19Al2O3-64SiO2 (mole %) glass.

• 89Yttrium in this glass is non-radioactive. • guided via a catheter into the hepatic artery, the

liver’s main blood vessel.

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CANCER TREATMENT A. THERASPHERES

• the radiation-laden spheres get stuck within the smaller blood cells that sustain tumors. – These spheres produce radiation only to

tissue with an average range of 2.5 mm and maximum range of less than 1 cm.

• The Beta energy is then able to attack the tumor with minimal residual damage to the liver.– The 90yttrium then decays to stable

90zirconium.

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CANCER TREATMENT A. THERASPHERES

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CANCER TREATMENT B. HYPERTHERMIA

• Cancerous cells are poorly supplied with oxygen to produce lactic acid. – Therefore, these cells can be destroyed around 43oC.

• Because the tumor tissue has higher heat sensitivity and smaller cooling effect

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• a ferromagnetic glass-ceramic containing 36 weight % of magnetite (Fe3O4) in a CaO-SiO2 matrix.

• These materials are injected to the cancerous cells in the form of microsphere in the size of 20 – 30 µm in diameter through the blood vessels.

• Upon exposure to alternating magnetic field, these ferri- or ferromagnetic particles radiates off heat by magnetic hysteresis loss which in turn rises the temperature of the cancerous cells causing it to die.

After injection of ferri-/ferromagnetic particles, it is exposed to alternating magnetic field.

CANCER TREATMENT B. HYPERTHERMIA

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Human Osteoblasts

Titanium Joints

JOINT REPLACEMENTS

• Conventional artificial joints are made of titanium to which osteoblasts adhere to upon implant.

– Conventional titanium have surface features on the scale of microns

– Any tiny rejection response can Weaken the implant attachment Become loose and painful

• osteoblasts would adhere much better to materials

– Having the same chemistry as DNA makes it easy for other body protein components to attach to the surface of these nanotubes. Preventing rejection response

SEM of SWNT.

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• The self-assembling nanotubes are made of guanine and cytosine, which are called “base pairs” molecules that come together to form DNA.

• They are programmed to link in groups of six to form rosette-shaped rings.

• Numerous rings then combine together to form the rod-like nanotubes with the width of only about 3.5 nanometers.

Self-assembly of rosette-shaped rings of nanotubes .

JOINT REPLACEMENTS

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INJECTION OF NANOROBOTS • Find a way to introduce nanorobots into the body for surgery.• Allow it to do the operation without ancillary damage.• Femoral artery in the leg is considered to be a largest artery

in our body.

NAVIGATION• Nanorobots use blood flow for its movement.

• In order to move the nanorobots in blood flow,

Speed of blood

Get through the heart without stuck

React with changes in blood flow rate

Able to change the direction according to the blood stream

• To satisfy this, nanorobots should be made with electric motors to turn propeller Govt.S.K.S.J.T.I, E.C.Dept 21

DESIGN ISSUES

Fig: Navigation of nanorobots into blood vessels.

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POSITIONING• ultrasonic technique.• Nanorobots must be able to produce

ultrasonic waves by passing a signal to piezoelectric membrane.

• Several signal processing techniques are used to track this ultrasonic signal and to find the location at any time.

DETECTION• Sensors are used to locate the fatty

deposits.• To control the nanorobots as per our wish

fit the TV camera .• Sensors are used to receive the signals

and do the operations • according to signals send by remote

control unit. DESTRUCTIONTo take nanorobots from the body we use two methods one is retrace our path upstream another is making small surgery to remove.

Fig: An imaginary picture of

nanorobot with the blood stream

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DESIGN ISSUES

Fig: Nanorobots towards a destination

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Repairing Radiation Damage NASA Research - Repairing Radiation Damage

– Infinitesimal Bullets– Detect protein from damaged cells and repair

Artificial White Blood Cells Freitas: Microbivores

– Artificial white blood cells– Fully eliminate pathogens and viruses in minutes

compared to weeks or months– Greatly reduce need for doctors, drug companies,

healthcare, etc.

Extending Lifespan Using nano-fabrication and self-assembly, Clean out any other toxins and undegradable material that

naturally remains in cells, contributing to agine

FUTURE POSSIBILITIES

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Nanoparticles are too small for the immune system to detect

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)– 20 nm - all rats died within 4 hours– 150 nm - no adverse effects

Crossing the blood-brain barrier

Quantum Dots in cells

SAFTY ISSUES

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CHALLENGES

• Prevention of drug from biological degradation

• Effective Targeting

• Patient Compliance

• Cost effectiveness

• Product life extension

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CONCLUSION

Nanomaterials have great promise in the medical field

All safety concerns must be addressed on an individual basis

Effect on society must be considered

Ethical Questions must be addressed

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REFERENCES

• 1. Nanorobotics as medicament: (Perfect solution for cancer): Emerging Trends in Robotics and Communication Technologies (INTERACT), 2010 International Conference. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org, IEEE CONFERENCES

• 2. Use of nanorobots in heart transplantation: Emerging Trends in Robotics and Communication Technologies (INTERACT), 2010 International Conference. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org, IEEE CONFERENCES

• 3. Nanorobots in cancer treatment: Emerging Trends in Robotics and Communication Technologies (INTERACT), 2010 International Conference on , http://ieeexplore.ieee.org, IEEE CONFERENCES

• 4. Nanotechnology: Book by Richard booker and earl boysen , wiley publications USA, 2010 edition.

• 5. Nanotechnology : a gentle introduction to the next big idea by Mark A. Ratner, Daniel Ratner

• 6. Introduction to Nanotechnology by Charles P. Poole, Jr., Charles P. Poole, Frank J. Owens

• 7. Cancer-fighting technology (http:/ / www. physorg. com/ news116071209. html)

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QUERIES

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