nano march 07
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Nanotechnology
March 10, 2007
bnl
manchester
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Some things we will discuss:
How big are nanostructures
Scaling down to the nanoscale
How are nanostructures made?
Fabrication, synthesis, manufacturing
How do we see them?Imaging and property characterization
Why do we care?Applications to science, technology and society
Introduction to Nanotechnology
March 10, 2007
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Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the understanding
and control of matter at dimensions of
roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, whereunique phenomena enable novel
applications.
1 nanometer = 1 x 10-9 m
nano.gov
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How small are
nanostructures?Single Hair
Width = 0.1 mm
= 100 micrometers
= 100,000 nanometers !
1 nanometer = one billionth (10-9) meter
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Smaller still
Hair
.
Red blood cell
6,000 nanometersDNA
3 nanometers
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An Early Nanotechnologist?
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Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov. 7, 1773)
...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large
Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I
saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oiltho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and
extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that
Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking
Glass....
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... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful...
...perhaps half an Acre
CHALLENGE: How thick was the film of oil?
Volume = (Area)(Thickness)
V = A t
It can be determined that thethickness is around 1 nanometer
> ACTIVITY with Oleic Acid
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An Early Nanotechnologist!
A monolayerfilm (single layer of molecules)
~1 nm thick
Langmuir film
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QuickTime and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Langmuir
Film pressuree.g., steric acid
monolayer film
water
hydrophilic end
hydrophobic end
of an amphiphilic
molecule
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Langmuir-Blodgett FilmMust control movable
barrier to keep constantpressure
multiple dips -
multiple layers
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"Optical Lever"
To determine amplification factor,use the concept of similar triangles
laser pointer
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"Optical Lever"
y1x1
y2
x2
y2
x2
=y1
x1
y2=
x2
x1
y1
For example, if the laser pointer is 2" long, and the wall
is 17' (204") away,
y2=204
2
y1 100y
1Motion amplified
by 100 times!
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.
"Optical Lever" for Profilometry
cantilever
laser
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.
"Optical Lever" for Profilometry
cantilever
laserLong light path and ashort cantilever gives
large amplification
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AFM I t t H d
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Qu
ick
time
Qu
ick
time
AFM Cantilever Chip AFM Instrument Head
Laser Beam Path Cantilever Deflection
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More on Nanotechnology
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From DOE
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A Few Nanostructures Made at UMass100 nm dots 70 nm nanowires 200 nm rings
12 nm pores 14 nm dots
13 nm rings 25 nm honeycomb14 nm nanowires
18 nm pores
150 nm holes
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"Nano"
Nanoscale - at the 1-100 nm scale, roughly Nanostructure - an object that has nanoscale
features
Nanoscience - the behavior and properties of
nanostructures
Nanotechnology - the techniques for making and
characterizing nanostructures and putting them to
use Nanomanufacturing - methods for producing
nanostructures in reliable and commercially viable
ways
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Nanotechnology R&D is
interdisciplinary and impacts many industries
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Materials Science
Polymer Science
Electrical Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Medicine
And others
Electronics Materials Health/Biotech
Chemical Environmental Energy Aerospace
Automotive Security Forest products And others
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Making Small Smaller
An Example: Electronics-Microprocessors
ibm.com
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Electronics Keeps On Getting Better
Moore's "Law": Number of Transistors per Microprocessor Chip
intel.com
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Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading
commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but
other areas (materials, biotech, energy, etc) are
of significant and growing importance.
Some have been around for a very long time:
Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold
nanoparticles
Photographic film - silver nanoparticles
Tires - carbon black nanoparticles Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of
platinum and palladium
nano gov
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QuickTime and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
"Biggest science
initiative since the
Apollo program"
nano.gov
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National Nanotechnology Initiative
Program Component Areas (2007 Federal Budget)1.Fundamental Nanoscale Phenomena and Processes
2.Nanomaterials
3.Nanoscale Devices and Systems
4.Instrumentation Research, Metrology and Standards forNanotechnology
5.Nanomanufacturing
6.Major Research Facilities and Instrumentation Acquisition
7.Societal Dimensions
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Lithography
Mark
Tuominen
Mark
Tuominen
Mark
Tuominen
(Using a stencil or mask)
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Making a microscopic mask
Silicon crystal
Polymer film
Electron Beam
Nanoscopic Mask !
Example: Electron-Beam Lithography
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Lithography
IBM
CopperWiring
On a
Computer
Chip
Patterned
Several
Times
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CORE CONCEPT
FOR NANOFABRICATION Deposition
Template
Etching
Mask
Nanoporous
Membrane
Remove polymer
block within cylinders
(expose and develop)
Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system
(physical orelectrochemical)
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DEVELOPMENT OF NANOFABRICATION
TECHNIQUES FOR PLASMONIC ARRAYS
template dots
rings holescylinders
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How do we see nanostructures?
A light microscope? Helpful, but
cannot resolve below 1000 nm
An electron microscope? Has a long
history of usefulness at the nanoscale
A scanning probe microscope? A
newer tool that has advanced imaging
prelim
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Television Set
eye
electron beam
TV screen
Light !electronsource
prelim.
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Scanning Electron Microscope
SAMPLE
ElectronBeam
DETECTOR
Scanning probe microscope
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Scanning probe microscope
Surface
Vibrating Cantilever
PS/PEO
AFM image
m
(large )
Laser Beam
AFM, STM, MFM, others
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