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Why is the Stained Glass Window a Glass Ceiling?: Organizational Perspectives on

Female Bishops in the Anglican Communion

Judy Rois, Trinity College, University of Toronto & Anglican Foundation

Alex Faseruk, Memorial University


Rowan Williams, Archbishop

“A Church that ordains women as priests but not as bishops is stuck with a real anomaly.”

•  October 2012 in preparation for

Synod in November to vote on the ordination of women as bishops in the Church of England


Nature of Churches

•  hierarchical & centralized •  hierarchical & decentralized •  non-hierarchical & centralized •  non-hierarchical & decentralized •  span of control-diocese-province •  CEO model, branch model,

franchise model


Role of Women in The Church

•  ancient church controversy •  traditional orders of ministry •  Bishop •  Priest •  Deacon •  barriers to entry •  entry level positions •  stained glass ceiling


Conditions for a Glass Ceiling

Cotter et al. (2001) •  not explained by other job

relevant characteristics •  greater at higher levels than at

lower levels •  does not reflect proportional data •  increases over the course of a

career


History of Female Ordination

•  until 19th century none ordained •  Margaret Fell, “Women’s Speaking

Justified, Proved and Allowed of by the Scriptures, all Such as Speak by the Spirit and Power of the Lord Jesus and How Women Were the First That Preached the Tidings of the Resurrection of Jesus and Were Sent by Christ’s Own Command Before He Ascended to the Father”


Reasons against Ordination

•  Tradition •  Scripture •  Zagano (2008) •  Martinez, Rodriguez-Entrena and

Rodriguez-Entrena (2012)


Differential Treatment

•  conscience clauses •  reversal of decisions •  church shopping •  selective attendance and

participation


Reaction by Other Women

•  Radford-Ruether (2011) •  Via (2011) •  Hunt (2011) •  Buchannan, Warning and Tett

(2012)


Women in Other Churches

•  ELCA (2004) •  United Methodist (2012) •  Houseal (2003) Nazarene •  Presbyterian USA (2003) •  Roebuck (2012) Pentecostal


Governance in Anglicanism

•  check and balances in provinces •  episcopally led but synodically

governed •  nature of bishops-leadership •  majority or super majority? •  requirements for ordination •  issue started with deaconesses •  elections as a glass window


Church of England

•  deacons 1986 •  female priests 1992 •  loss of members •  bishops-ongoing debated at

Synods 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012


Vote at Synod

•  For/Against •  House of Bishops 44/3 •  House of Clergy 148/45 •  House of Laity 132/74 •  Total 324/122

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