Name: Kelly Roeser School: Brookville Middle School Grade Level: 7/8 Special Education Lesson Plan Title: If I Had Traveled with Lewis and Clark: A Lesson on Point of View & the Corps of Discovery Content Area Language Arts – This lesson plan should be used in a collaborative

effort with the history teacher. Learning Objectives Students will enhance their understanding of the members of the Corps

of Discovery by assuming a role of an individual on the expedition through examining primary sources and writing a journal based on their learning from the point of view of this individual. Journals from the expedition can be found at http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/archive/idx_jou.html

Standards 8.4.7 (point of view); 8.6.2 (conduct background reading); 8.6.6 (organize paragraph); 8.9.9 (use action verbs and detail); 8.7.2 (respond to literature);

Vocabulary Review concept of point of view Preparation for Teacher

• This lesson plan should take place after the class has learned about Lewis and Clark and the Corps of Discovery in history class. Students should have information (dates, locations, major events, discoveries made, etc) on various Corps members (Nathaniel Pryor, Charles Floyd, John Shields, George Shannon, Richard Warfington, Gass, Whitehouse, Sacagewea, Lewis, Clark, and York) in the form of a reference sheet. If not, the intervention teacher needs to make sure this information is provided before the start of the activity. A terrific website that has biographical information on each member of the Corps, from the “most famous to the virtually unknown” is http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/inside/idx_corp.html • Teacher should provide journal entries for students. Again, http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/archive/idx_jou.html has journal entries that can be pulled up by specific dates or by specific members of the corps. It would be easy to find several journals from various points of view for students to choose from or gain additional insight. Another source for finding journals at an appropriate reading level would be the children’s book Off the Map: The Journals of Lewis and Clark by Connie and Peter Roop. Journal entries should be chosen at the reading level and interest level of students. • A mini-lesson on writing from different points of view may also be necessary. For an example on a good lesson plan on point of view check

out http://www.readwritethink.org/lessons/lesson_view.asp?id=23 which teaches point of view through reading various versions of The Three Little Pigs from different perspectives.

Core Activities 1. Students should have acquired information about different explorers on the expedition through their history class. (Independent work)

2. Students will have a discussion about how the experience differed for each person. How was Sacagewea’s experience different from York’s? From Charles Floyd’s? etc.) (Class discussion – 5 to 10 minutes). Expected answers could include discussion about how Lewis was a Virginian and Clark was from the frontier so Clark might feel more comfortable with the American Indians while Lewis would feel more comfortable with writing; Sacagewea was the only female and the only person who did not choose to go on the expedition – maybe she was homesick or feeling uncomfortable as the only woman; Charles Floyd died from appendicitis early in the trip – how would being sick change his perspective? Etc. A good website to gather ideas from would be http://www.edgate.com/lewisandclark/lesson_plans/LP_LifeOnTrail.htm

3. After discussion, students will draw a name of one of the explorers (One or two names may be drawn twice). Using their reference sheet, they should choose three events from the expedition – one from the beginning, middle, and end of the individual’s service to the expedition. These three events will be the topics of their journal entries. (Individual work – 30 minutes) Journal entries should be 100 to 200 words each and must be historically accurate, using important words and phrases from the primary sources.

4. Students will draw illustrations (maps or pictures) or create “artifacts” to accompany their journal entries. (Students will have 20 minutes in class to help each other on drawings/creating artifacts. Additional work must be completed as homework.)

5. Students will work with a partner to peer edit their work looking for good COPS – Capitalization, Organization, Punctuation, and Spelling. (10 minutes)

6. Students will “publish” their work on brown paper bags from the grocery store in order to make the paper look like a true primary source. (10 minutes)

7. Students will choose their best journal entry to read to class. Classmates should be active, attentive listeners.

Overview of Student Activities

Students may use computers to look up further information on the websites listed in the resources area (however, there is only one computer in my classroom so use of technology is limited). See

references students may use below. Resources/Materials - Paper bags for students to write on (“old-fashioned paper”),

- Markers, colored pencils, and/or crayons for illustrations - Book: Off the Map: The Journals of Lewis and Clark - Journal entries and maps printed off the following websites: http://www.lewisandclarktrail.com/ http://www.lewisandclarktrail.com/ http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/

Collaboration/Sharing Students will write on a piece of brown grocery bags to publish their journal entries. Published journal entries will be exhibited on a bulletin board in the classroom. Students will pick the journal entry that they are the most proud of to read to the class.

Assessment Students will be presented with a rubric at the beginning of the lesson that states the following expectations for the project: Students should turn in a journal that is 100-200 words long. Journal entries should exhibit consistent point of view (use I, we, etc.) and be historically accurate, incorporating dates and key terms and phrases used in the actual journal entries the student uses. (10 points) Students should use maps or illustrations or create artifacts that supplement their journal entries. (5 points) Students will be required to use good COPS (capitalization, organization, punctuation, and spelling). (5 points) Students will be required to pick the journal entry that they feel they did the best job on to read to the class. (5 points)

Enrichment Activities If students show a great deal of interest in the topic, the lesson could be extended – students could collaborate on writing a short skit involving the point of view of all their characters to perform.

Resources- Websites, Lessons, Adult and Juvenile Books Discovering Lewis and Clark, [created 1998; cited 3 March 2005]. Available from http://www.lewis-clark.org/ This site is updated every few months. It includes and easy to use “search” as well as “discovery paths” on the expedition, corps members, American Nation, issues and values, geography, journal excerpts, Native Nation, vision, natural history, and technology. There are also links to new journals and books on Lewis and Clark, as well as photographs. Lewis and Clark Trail, [created 1998; cited 7 March 2005]. Available from http://www.lewisandclarktrail.com/ Featuring a state by state breakdown of the Lewis and Clark expedition, learn what happened in each region the corps explored. There is also a virtual tour, which starts in Louisville, Kentucky where the famous pair met. There are “E-vignettes,” excerpts from "Lewis and Clark Expedition" by Elliott Coues. Something else to check out is “Today in History with Lewis and Clark” where you can access a journal from the year 1805 or 1806! National Geographic, Lewis and Clark, [created 1996; cited 3 March 2005]. Available from http://www.nationalgeographic.com/lewisandclark/ This website includes an interactive journey

log, a timeline, and a photo gallery. Other great features from this website include games and activities for kids (and kids at heart!). There is also a discussion forum for people who would like to share their experiences on the Lewis and Clark trail with others. You can also purchase Lewis and Clark videos and other merchandise on this site as well as purchase a guided tour to travel the actual trail! PBS online, Lewis and Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery, [created 1996; cited 3 March 2005]. Available from http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/ According to Google.com, this is the best Lewis and Clark website! This site provides information from within the corps, and you can truly feel like part of the corps if you examine the many available primary sources, including maps and journals. Viewers can learn more about the American Indians Lewis and Clark encountered. Other fun features include a forum with documentary maker Ken Burns, historian’s thoughts on the expedition, and an interactive trail map. Time Magazine, Lewis and Clark Bicentennial, [created 30 June 2002 ; cited 3 March 2005]. Available from http://www.time.com/time/2002/lewis_clark/ This fantastic resource has links to stories about York, Sacagewea, why Lewis and Clark were chosen, and crusades to save animals that were discovered that are now endangered. There is also an interesting story on how American Indian’s perceive Lewis and Clark’s expedition. The site also includes a “Did you Know? section, 11 ways to follow the trail, original journal entries, interactive maps, and a resource page. Nara: Digital Classroom, Teaching with Documents: The Lewis and Clark Expedition [created cited 3 March 2005]. Available from http://www.archives.gov/digital_classroom/lessons/lewis_and_clark/lewis_and_clark.html A great way to introduce your students to primary sources, this site offers background information on the Lewis and Clark expedition, then offers a list of primary source documents the students can access. After examining these documents, there are teaching activities along with coinciding worksheets for students to try out. There is also a link for a photograph analysis worksheet. National Lewis and Clark Bicentennial Commemoration: Walk With Them, See What You Discover [created 2003; cited 3 March 2005]. Available from http://www.lewisandclark200.org/ This site has many dates of upcoming Lewis and Clark exhibits and events. Also available is information on the states on the trails, more maps, and a guide to Indian country. The site also has information and additional links on many American Indian tribes and contemporary resources. One section of the site is dedicated to conserving the air and water. Other hot topics on the site include “traveling the trail”, “learning about the journey”, resources for teachers and students, and a bicentennial store. PBS Online, Lewis and Clark: Classroom resources, [created 1997; cited 3 March 2005]. Available from http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/class/index.html This website has lesson plans for any subject area and ties in with the use of various technology, including computers and television. In addition to having the lesson plans available for teachers, activity sheets can also be printed out. The website includes activities looking at maps and the geography of the expedition, examining primary sources, and reflecting on the short and long term effects of the expedition.

The Smithsonian Institute, Lewis and Clark: Mapping the West, [created ?; cited 3 March 2005]. http://www.edgate.com/lewisandclark/ This site includes digitalized maps, information on historical figures on the trip, and great lesson plans. Lesson plan topics include: the expedition, mapping the west, cartography, Indian country, mapping on the trail, and filling in the empty spaces. The site also explains the voyage in easy to read passages that would be excellent for students with special needs. The Teachers Guide, Lewis and Clark, [created 2001; cited 3 March 2005]. http://www.theteachersguide.com/LewisandClark.htm A compilation of links to many fantastic sources, this site is a great starting point for anyone trying to start planning a Lewis and Clark unit. This site has all the lessons for the PBS website listed, as well as many other links for thematic units and webquests. No topic is overlooked – science, mapping, looking at journals, plants and animals, Sacagewea, and even Seamen the dog have lesson plans! For younger students, there were even lesson plans about the state quarters from the US Mint! Also helpful is the list of Internet sources, videos, books, and other materials that a person could use to create a successful unit. I found this site extremely helpful –very teacher friendly. Books on Lewis and Clark for Adults Abell, Sam and Stephen E. Ambrose. Lewis and Clark: Voyage of Discovery (Bicentennial Edition). New York: National Geographic Society, 2002. It is a given that anything published by the National Geographic Society will be fantastically illustrated. This bicentennial edition was published in conjuncture with the IMAX film produced about the same subject. It also includes rare historic photographs of art and maps and even original sketches by Lewis and Clark. Ambrose, Stephen. Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson and the Opening of the American West. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997. In one of the most popular books about Lewis and Clark, distinguished historian Stephen Ambrose brings a fresh perspective to one of American history’s favorite tales by pulling together information that was relatively unknown. The tale is told from the perspective of Meriweather Lewis and follows the explorer from his friendship with Jefferson, to the unexplored west, and to his suicide. Jenkinson, Clay Staus, and Stephanie Ambrose Tubbs. The Lewis and Clark Companion: An Encyclopedia Guide to the Voyage of Discovery. New York: Henry Holt & Company, 2003. The perfect look-it-up guide for a special education teacher trying to help out her class! Written by two historians, this encyclopedia has over 500 entries covering such subjects as the members of the corps, places they traveled, goods they carried, and food they ate. This would also be a great resource for looking up questions that students have in class when teachers don’t have all the answers! Fisher, Vardis. Suicide or Murder?: The Strange Death of Governor Meriweather Lewis. Athens, Ohio: Swallow Press, 1993. This book would be perfect for a history buff and for anyone who loves a conspiracy theory! Fisher reconstructs the events leading up to Lewis’ death, presenting his own version of the case.

Schmidt, Thomas. National Geographic Guide to the Lewis & Clark Trail. New York: National Geographic Society, 2002. This is a great resource for looking at American Indian cultures. It also compares and contrasts past and present conditions of cultures and nature. There are also great pictures of the Western landscape. Children’s Books Blumberg, Rhoda. The Incredible Journey of Lewis and Clark. New York: William Morrow & Company, Inc., 1995. In this picture book, Blumberg gives an account of Lewis and Clark’s journey West. Blumberg is an award winning author and this book was well researched. What is interesting about this book is that Blumberg also presents disappointments along with discovery and shows feelings from both sides of the story – the American Indians and the Corps. Blumberg, Rhonda. York’s Adventures with Lewis and Clark. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2003. This book tells the story of York, the slave of Lewis who was part of the Corps. It explains what York’s role was and how he helped foster relationships with American Indian tribes. Additionally, it shows students what life was like for a slave. Karwoski, Gail Langer. Seaman: The Dog Who Explored the West with Lewis and Clark. Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers, 1999. Told from the point of view of Seaman, the Newfoundland dog that belonged to Meriwether Lewis, this story gives kids a very different point of view on the Lewis and Clark expedition! The story is based on the journals and tells about Seamen’s adventures – chasing a buffalo out of the camp, fighting a beaver, and getting kidnapped by the American Indians among others! Roop, Connie, and Peter Roop. Off the Map: The Journals of Lewis and Clark. New York: Walker & Company, 1998. This book is a compilation of entries and excerpts from the famed Lewis & Clark expedition journals. Geared towards grades 5-7, this makes an easy, accessible primary resource for students. Pictures also make the book less intimidating for kids new to the primary source scene. Thomasma, Kenneth. The Truth about Sacajawea. New York: Grandview Publishing Company, 1998. This author of this book looked at every entry about Sacajawea and her infant son and paraphrased each entry. In addition, he gives commentary and an update on what was happening in the expedition at this time. This helps readers understand the importance of Sacajawea to the expedition. The book was also used in conjunction with the Golden Dollar Sacajawea coin the US Mint developed.