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NAME________________________ EART 65: Natural History of Dinosaurs - First Hourly Exam: Version A This test has 50 questions, each worth 2 points. You may use your one page "cheat sheet". No electronics. Turn in your scantron and this question sheet when you leave. 1. Who came up with the term Dinosauria? a) William Buckland b) Richard Owen c) Harold Seely d) Edward Cope

2. Ignoring the weird work of Robert Plot, who published the first scientific paper describing a dinosaur fossil?

a) William Buckland b) Richard Owen c) Gideon Mantell d) Othniel Marsh

3. In what decade were the first scientific papers about dinosaurs published? a) 1650s b) 1770s c) 1800s d) 1820s

4. Which of the following mythical animals may be based on people seeing Protoceratops skeletons in the deserts of Asia?

a) The Yeti b) The Cyclops c) The Minotaur d) The Griffin

5. Richard Owen, an influential early dinosaur worker, viewed dinosaurs as relatively slow, lizard-like reptiles, which affected scientific and public views of dinosaurs for much of the next century.

a) True b) False

6. Who recognized the basic difference between Saurischian and Ornithiscian dinosaurs, and named these two major groups?

a) Josephy Leidy b) Edward Cope c) Harold Seely d) Othniel Marsh

7. Which of the following is an example of a trace fossil? a) a footprint b) a coprolite c) a bite mark d) all of the above

8. The bones of living vertebrates are composites comprised of proteins and the mineral _______.

a) pyrite (iron sulfide) c) hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate) b) calcite (calcium carbonate) d) quartz (silicon dioxide)

9. Taphonomy is the study of everything that happens to a body between the time the organism dies and the time it is found as a fossil by a collector.

a) True b) False

10. During the style of fossil preservation know as ______________, the pores within the bone are filled in by minerals.

a) recrystallizatoin b) permineralization c) replacement d) carbonization

11. Dinosaurs are most commonly found in bone beds containing the articulated skeletons of many different individuals dinosaurs.

a) True b) False 12. Who developed the basic principles of stratigraphy (the study of layered

rock), especially the principle of superposition, which was essential for the construction of the relative geologic time scale?

a) Richard Owen b) Joseph Leidy c) Charles Darwin d) Nicholas Steno

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13. Biostratigraphy is a method of correlating between stratigraphic sections based on the similarity of composition or position of rock types.

a) True b) False

14. ______________ is the amount of time it takes for 50% of the radioactive parent isotopes in a mineral or rock to decay to a stable daughter isotope.

a) millions of years b) half life c) turnover time d) millennia

15. When determining the age of a fossil by radiometric dating, we commonly date the apatite mineral in the fossil itself, not the rocks that surround it.

a) True b) False

16. The Paleozoic Era ended about ______________ million years ago. a) 300 b) 250 c) 180 d) 65

17. Jean Baptiste Lamarck proposed the first widely discussed theory of evolution, which included the spontaneous generation of organisms through time and the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

a) True b) False

18. Which of the following characterized the ideas of George Cuvier, the great anatomist of the late 18th and early 19th century?

a) That plants and animals could become extinct. b) That life was organized in a linear series of increasing complexity. c) That organisms evolved. d) All of the above

19. Which of the following did Darwin offer as evidence that organisms evolved through time?

a) The existence of vestigal structures in organisms that seemed to have no function. b) The observation that types of organisms filled the same ecological roles on different

continents. c) The fact that organisms are similar as embryos but diverge as they mature d) All of the above

20. Natural selection is the main mechanism Darwin proposed to explain why evolution occurs. It is logically independent from the evidence for the occurrence of evolution.

a) True b) False

Questions 21 to 24 refer to Cladogram I 21. What would we call a group that contained hypothetical common ancestor

A and all its descendents? a) paraphyletic b) monophyletic c) polyphyletic d) pseudophyletic

22. Based on this cladogram, did ancestor A or B live earlier in earth history? a) A b) B c) same time d) can't be determined

23. Which group is the sister-group (i.e., next of kin) of the Coelurosauria? a) A b) Ceratosauria c) Carnosauria d) Maniraptora

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24. What would we call a group that included hypothetical common ancestor A and all of its descendents except Aviale?

a) paraphyletic b) monophyletic c) polyphyletic d) pseudophyletic

Cladogram I

25. The figure below shows a fairly disgusting animal called a hagfish. It has

the following shared derived characters: bilateral symmetry, a notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, gill slits, and a tail that extends behind its anus.

To which clade should it be assigned? a) Echinodermata b) Chordata c) Gnathostomata d) Amphibia

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26. What do we call an animal that has the following shared derived characters: 4 weight-bearing limbs, a neck (see figure below)

a) Chordata b) Gnathostomata c) Tetraopoda d) Amphibia

27. The skull below, which has one temporal opening behind the eye (per side of the head), is referred to as ____________________.

a) synapsid b) diapsid c) anapsid d) euryapsid

28. The labeled structure on the skull below is a ________________. a) mandibular foramen b) nasal opening c) foramen magnum d) antorbital fenestra

29. The Clade Diapsida includes many important groups of living reptiles, including lepidosaurs (snakes and lizards), archosaurs (crocodiles), and birds, as well as groups with many or entirely extinct forms, such as pterosaurs and dinosaurs. a) True b) False

30. The amniotic egg allowed the early amniotes and their descendents to lay eggs on land and away from out of water.

a) True b) False

31. What shared derived character do Gnathostomes possess? a) diapsid skull b) amniotic eggs c) lungs d) true jaws

32. Two key shared derived characters of Archosaurs are having teeth in individual sockets and an antorbital fenestra.

a) True b) False

33. __________, the extinct flying archosaurs (one is figured below), are the major group that is the next of kin (sister-group) of Dinosaurs.

a) pleisiosaurs b) pterosaurs c) phytosaurs d) rauisuchians

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(For questions 34 & 35, assume that the underlined part of each question is true. I’m asking if the remainder of the question is true or false).

34. Lagosuchus, the dinosaur-like species that is the nearest known relative of dinosaurs, as well as the earliest dinosaurs Herrerasaurus and Eoraptor were all bipedal, unspecialized carnivores.

a) True b) False

35. Lagosuchus, the dinosaur-like species that is the nearest known relative of dinosaurs, as well as the earliest dinosaurs Herrerasaurus, and Eoraptor are all known from North America, leading some to conclude that is where dinosaurs originated.

a) True b) False

36. The first dinosaurs appeared about ________ million years ago. a) 300 b) 250 c) 230 d) 200

37. The animal figured below is a large (6-7 m long) carnivorous non-dinosaurian archosaur from the Middle Triassic. What is its name?

a) therapsid b) aetosaur c) rhyncosaur d) rauisuchian

38. Carrier's constraint is the observation that because of their sprawling posture and side-to-side motion when they walk, many living reptiles cannot walk and breath at the same time

a) True b) False

39. Animals such as the one figured in question 37, as well as other non-dinosaurian archosaurs and many herbivorous and carnivorous synapsids died off in a mass extinction in the ______________. Dinosaurs began to diversify after this extinction.

a) middle Triassic b) late Triassic c) early Jurassic d) middle Jurassic

40. By the end of the Triassic, both Saurischian and Ornithischian dinosaurs had evolved.

a) True b) False

41. Restudy of Triassic faunas from New Mexico by Sterling Nesbitt and colleagues suggests ______________.

a) that dinosaurs co-existed with their ancestors and non-dinosaurian archosaurs for a considerable period of time before dinosaurs rose to ecological dominance

b) that dinosaurs rapidly replaced their ancestors and non-dinosaurian archosaurs c) that herbivorous dinosaurs were much more abundant than carnivorous dinosaurs d) that dinosaurs expanded because of their greater ability to tolerate droughts

Paul Koch � 4/21/08 4:51 PMComment: Note the error. It said 35 originally, it is now 37

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42. In the New Blood segment of the Walking With Dinosaurs video, the Coelophysis try to dig which animal out of its den?

a) The herbivorous synapid, Placerias. b) The rauisuchian, Postosuchus. c) The cynodont, a carnivorous animal related to mammals. d) The herbivorous prosauropod, Plateosaurus.

43. A shared derived trait that unites the Saurischia is ______________. a) a saurischian (lizard-hipped) pelvis b) a modified hand, with a reduced pinky (digit V) and a thumb (digit 1) twisted away

from the other fingers c) loosely-jointed, kinetic skulls d) all of the above

44. Carnivorous theropod dinosaurs were less abundant and less diverse than herbivorous dinosaurs.

a) True b) False

45. Theropod dinosaurs were all bipedal. a) True b) False

46. A shared derived trait that unites the Theropoda is ______________. a) at most, 3 functional fingers (vestigal 4th & 5th digits) with grasping capability b) a narrow hind foot with three digits that bear weight c) hollow bones d) all of the above

47. A line of evidence suggesting that Tryannosaurus rex was a predator, not a just a scavenger of dead animals, is_____.

a) analysis of tooth marks on fossil bone suggesting they had a very powerful bite b) that they had rounded, rather than flattened, teeth c) that their teeth are often found in mass death assemblages of herbivorous dinosaurs d) all of the above 48. If you step out your front door one morning and have the good fortune to

encounter a coelurosaur, you'll know that a worm hole has transported you back to the ____________.

a) Cretaceous b) Jurassic c) Triassic

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49. The theropod dinosaur figured below is very ostrich-like. It had a small, lightly built skull with large orbits, no upper teeth, few lower teeth, and long arms. What is its name?

a) Ceratosauria b) Troodontidae c) Ornithomimosauria d) Oviraptosauria

50. Based on their elongate jaws and pointy, sharply curved teeth, it is thought that many spinosaurid theropods (figured below) ate _____________.

a) mollusks b) mammals c) pterosaurs d) fish