Name__________________________________ Date_______________L.O Students will learn about factors that influences the environment

A) high latitude or high altitudeB) low latitude or low altitudeC) middle latitude and high altitudeD) middle latitude and low altitude

1. At the present time, glaciers occur mostly in areas of

A) low elevation and low latitudeB) low elevation and high latitudeC) high elevation and low latitudeD) high elevation and high latitude

2. Which combination of climate factors generallyresults in the coldest temperatures?

A) High elevation and high latitude have a similareffect on climate.

B) Both mountain and polar regions have aridclimates.

C) Mountain and polar regions receive more energyfrom the Sun than other regions do.

D) An increase in snowfall and an increase intemperature have a similar effect on climate.

3. What is the best explanation for these two statements?

• Some mountains located near the Earth's Equatorhave snow-covered peaks.• Icecaps exist at the Earth's poles.

4. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram of a mountain shown below. The arrowsrepresent the direction of airflow over the mountain.

A) compresses and warmsB) compresses and coolsC) expands and warmsD) expands and cools

As the air moves up the windward side of themountain, the air

5. Base your answer to the following question on The cross section below shows several locations in thestate of Washington and the annual precipitation at each location. The arrows represent the prevailingwind direction.

A) Rising air expands and cools. B) Rising air compresses and cools.C) Sinking air expands and cools. D) Sinking air compresses and cools.

Why do the windward sides of these mountain ranges receive more precipitation than the leewardsides?

A) compresses and warmsB) compresses and coolsC) expands and warmsD) expands and cools

6. A desert often forms on the leeward side of amountain range, as shown in the cross section below.

After most of the moisture is removed from the air onthe windward side, deserts form on the leeward sidebecause the sinking air

A) lake-effect snowstormB) tornadoC) warm, sunny weatherD) hurricane

7. In winter, a cold, dry air mass from Canada movesacross Lake Ontario. The air over the lake is warmerand more humid than the air over the land. Whichweather condition is most likely to occur as the airmass reaches Oswego?

A) in the path of prevailing winds from LakeOntario

B) in the Northern HemisphereC) near the Atlantic OceanD) west of the Hudson-Mohawk Lowlands

8. The heavy lake-effect snowfalls in the Tug HillPlateau region occur primarily because the plateau islocated

A)

B)

C)

D)

9. Which cross section below best represents the conditions that cause early winter lake-effectsnowstorms in New York State?

A) hotter summers and colder winters, with alarger annual range of temperatures

B) hotter summers and colder winters, with asmaller annual range of temperatures

C) cooler summers and warmer winters, with alarger annual range of temperatures

D) cooler summers and warmer winters, with asmaller annual range of temperatures

10. Compared to the climate conditions of dry inlandlocations, the climate conditions of locationsinfluenced by a nearby ocean generally result in

A) The water causes cooler summers and colderwinters.

B) The water causes cooler summers and warmerwinters.

C) The water causes hotter summers and warmerwinters.

D) The water causes hotter summers and colderwinters.

11. What effect does a large body of water usually haveon the climate of a nearby landmass?

A) latitudeB) distance from a large body of waterC) direction of the planetary windsD) location of mountain barriers

12. The diagram below represents an imaginarycontinent and a nearby island.

Which climatic variable causes location A to havecooler winters and warmer summers than location B?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

13. The map below shows four coastal locations labeled A, B, C, and D.

The climate of which location is warmed by a nearby major ocean current?

A) warm currents that flow northeastwardB) warm currents that flow southwestwardC) cool currents that flow northeastwardD) cool currents that flow southwestward

14. The Florida and Gulf Stream ocean currents alongthe east coast of North America are both

A) stream flow from continentsB) differences in ocean water densityC) the revolution of the EarthD) the prevailing winds

15. Most of the Earth's surface ocean currents are causedby

A) northeast B) southeastC) southwest D) west

16. Surface ocean currents located at 40º south latitude,90º west longitude generally flow toward the

A) rotation of the EarthB) revolution of the EarthC) unequal heating of the EarthD) variations in salinity of the Earth's oceans

17. Ocean currents exhibit the Coriolis effect as a resultof the

A) Guinea Current and Labrador CurrentB) Brazil Current and Agulhas CurrentC) Alaska Current and Falkland CurrentD) Canaries Current and Gulf Stream Current

18. Which two ocean currents are both warm currentsthat primarily flow away from the equator?

A) variations in density of the waterB) variations in salinity of the waterC) planetary windsD) land breezes and sea breezes

19. The direction of surface ocean currents is influencedmost by

A) North America B) South AmericaC) Europe D) Africa

20. The hurricane shown on the map below is followinga normal storm track for the month of September.

From the position shown on the map, toward whichlandmass is the hurricane most likely traveling?

Base your answers to questions 21 through 23 on the magazine article and diagram below.

Lake-Effect Snow

During the cold months of the year, the words "lake effect" are very much a part of the weatherpicture in many locations in New York State. Snow created by the lake effect may represent morethan half the season's snowfall in some areas. In order for heavy lake-effect snow to develop, the temperature of the water at the surface ofthe lake must be higher than the temperature of the air flowing over the water. The higher thewater temperature and the lower the air temperature, the greater the potential for lake-effect snow. A lake-effect storm begins when air flowing across the lake is warmed as it comes in closecontact with the water. The warmed air rises and takes moisture along with it. This moisture,which is water vapor from the lake, is turned into clouds as it encounters much colder air above.When the clouds reach the shore of the lake, they deposit their snow on nearby land. A typicallake-effect storm is illustrated in the diagram below. The area most likely to receive snow from a lake is called a "snowbelt." Lake Ontario'ssnowbelt includes the counties along the eastern and southeastern ends of the lake. Because thelake runs lengthwise from west to east, the prevailing westerly winds are able to gather themaximum amount of moisture as they flow across the entire length of the lake. There can belake-effect snowfall anywhere around the lake, but the heaviest and most frequent snowfalls occurnear the eastern shore. In parts of the snowbelt, the lake effect combines with a phenomenon known as orographiclifting to produce some very heavy snowfalls. After cold air has streamed over the length of LakeOntario, it moves inland and is forced to climb the slopes of the Tug Hill Plateau and theAdirondack Mountains, resulting in very heavy snowfall.

21. State why very heavy snowfall occurs in the Tug Hill Plateau region.

22. State why locations east and southeast of Lake Ontario are more likely to receive lake-effect snowthan are locations west of the lake.

23. State the name of the New York State landscape region that includes location A shown in thediagram.

A) ocean currentsB) mountain barriersC) elevation above sea levelD) latitude

24. The map below shows average annual temperaturesin degrees Fahrenheit across the United States.

Which climatic factor is most important indetermining the pattern shown in the eastern half ofthe United States?

25. Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows the snowfall from the fallof 1976 through the spring of 1977, measured in inches, for most of New York State. The 200-inchsnowfall isolines are shown on the map.

Identify one factor that contributes to the high snowfall amounts at locations on the eastern side of both Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.

26. Base your answer to the following question on the atmospheric cross section below, which representsa winter storm system. Zones A, B, C, and D are located on a west to east line at approximately 43° Nlatitude across New York State. This cross section shows how solid and liquid forms of precipitationdepend on the air temperature above Earth's surface. The storm is moving from west to east.

Describe the general air movement and temperature change that caused the clouds associated with thisstorm to form.

27. Base your answer to the following question on on the passage and map below. The map shows theaverage yearly precipitation in New York State measured in inches.

Landscapes and Precipitation

Moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean is carried to New York State bystorm systems and air currents. Rain and snowfall amounts vary by region. Heavy snow belts arelocated near Lake Erie and Lake Ontario as well as in the plateau regions of eastern and northernNew York State. Long Island and New York City usually experience lighter snowfalls. Snowfallamounts are converted to inches of water to determine yearly precipitation.

On the map below, draw one arrow to show the path that air travels to produce heavy lake-effectsnowfall in Oswego, New York.

A) decreasing the average annual cloud coverB) decreasing the average annual

evapotranspirationC) increasing the average annual temperatureD) increasing the average annual air pressure

28. Arrows on the map represent ocean currents.

These ocean currents affect the climate pattern ofcity X by

A) A B) B C) C D) D

29. The map below shows the general path of oceancurrents in a portion of the Northern Hemisphere.Locations A, B, C, and D are at the shoreline.

Which location most likely has the warmestclimate?

A) South Equatorial Gulf Stream Labrador Benguela

B) South Equatorial Australia West WindDrift Peru

C) North Equatorial Koroshio North Pacific California

D) North Equatorial Gulf Stream NorthAtlantic Canaries

30. The arrows labeled A through D on the map belowshow the general paths of abandoned boats that havefloated across the Atlantic Ocean.

Which sequence of ocean currents was responsiblefor the movement of these boats?

A) southwest toward the northeastB) northwest toward the southeastC) northeast toward the southwestD) southeast toward the northwest

31. The prevailing southwesterlies wind belt causesmost low-pressure weather systems to travel acrossthe United States from the

32. Base your answer to the following question on the weather map below. The map shows a low-pressure system and some atmospheric conditions atweather stations A, B, and C.

A) northeast B) northwest C) southeast D) southwest

If this weather system follows a normal storm track, the low-pressure center (L) will generally movetoward the

A) northeast B) southeastC) northwest D) southwest

33. A low-pressure center located in the midwesternUnited States generally moves toward the

A) Gulf Stream B) North EquatorialC) California D) Labrador

34. Which ocean current flows northeast along theeastern coast of North America?

A) northeast B) northwestC) southeast D) southwest

35. The map below illustrates the distribution of acidrain over the United States on a particular day. Theisolines represent acidity measured in pH units.

According to the pH scale shown below the map,which region of the United States has the greatestacid rain problem?

A) Earth's rotationB) the prevailing northeast windsC) ocean conduction currentsD) Atlantic Ocean hurricanes

36. The map below shows part of North America.

The arrows shown on the map most likely representthe direction of movement of

37. Base your answer to the following question on data tables I and II and on the Hurricane Tracking Map below. Table I represents the storm track datafor an Atlantic hurricane. Location, wind velocity, air pressure, and storm strength are shown for thestorm's center at 3 p.m. Greenwich time each day. Table II shows a scale of relative storm strength.The map shows the hurricane's path.

The hurricane did not continue moving toward the same compass direction during the entire periodshown by the data table. Explain why the hurricane changed direction.

Base your answers to questions 38 and 39 on the weather map below, which shows a hurricane thatwas located over southern Florida. The isobars show air pressure in inches of mercury. Letters A through D represent four widely separated locations.

A) B)

C) D)

38. Which map best shows the most likely track of this hurricane?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

39. At which location were the winds of this hurricane the strongest?

40. Base your answer to the following question on the field map below, which shows the average annualprecipitation in New York State for the past 25 years. Isoline values represent inches per year.

A) closer to a large body of water B) at a higher latitudeC) at a lower elevation D) in the prevailing southerly wind belt

Jamestown received more rainfall per year than Elmira. A reason for this difference is that Jamestownis located

41. Base your answer to the following question on the map and graph below and your knowledge of Earthscience. The map shows the length of the growing season in New York State, expressed in days. Thegrowing season is the average number of days between the last frost in spring and the first frost infall. The graph line shows the relationship between the latitudes of Riverhead, New York; Albany,New York; and Massena, New York; and the length of the growing season at these three locations.

The data for Oswego, New York, have been plotted separately on the graph. Explain why the locationof Oswego causes it to have a growing season longer than other cities at the same latitude.

42. Base your answer to the following question on the map and data tables below. The map shows thelocation of Birdsville and Bundaberg in Australia. Data table 1 shows the average monthly hightemperatures for Birdsville. Data table 2 includes the latitude and longitude, elevation above sealevel, and the average rainfall in January for Birdsville and Bundaberg.

State one factor that could account for the difference between the average high temperatures recordedin December for Birdsville and Bundaberg.

43. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the average monthlytemperatures for a year for city X and city Y. Both cities are located at the same latitude.

Explain why city X has a greater difference between summer and winter temperatures than city Y.

A) City B is located in a different planetary windbelt.

B) City B receives less yearly precipitationC) City B has a greater yearly duration of

insolation.D) City B is located near a large body of water.

44. The graph below shows the average monthlytemperatures for two cities, A and B, which are bothlocated at 41° north latitude.

Which statement best explains the difference in theaverage yearly temperature range for the two cities?

A) The air over continents is drier than the air overoceans.

B) Cold airmasses usually originate overcontinents.

C) A large body of water modifies coastal airtemperatures.

D) Warm ocean currents flow along mostcoastlines.

45. Two cities are located at the same latitude andelevation. One city, located in the center of theUnited States, has cooler winters and warmersummers than the other city, which is located nearthe coast. Which statement best explains theseseasonal differences?