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  • Slide 1
  • Naguib Mahfouz (1911-2006) First Arab author to win Nobel Prize (1988) Author of 50 novels, 350 short stories, 5 plays, dozens of movie scripts Survived 1994 assassination attempt by Islamic fundamentalists Chris Willerton 1996, 2009. Classroom use only. These images are not cleared for republication.
  • Slide 2
  • Mahfouz and modern Egypt
  • Slide 3
  • Mahfouz and Modern Egypt "I am the son of two civilizations that at a certain age in history have formed a happy marriage. The first of these, seven thousand years old, is the Pharaonic civilization; the second, one thousand four hundred years old, is the Islamic civilization. (Nobel Prize lecture, 1988) Mahfouz was part of a 20 th -century Arabic Renaissance in literature.
  • Slide 4
  • Mahfouz and Egyptian Politics As a child, witnessed the 1919 Egyptian Revolution against British domination. Grew up an intellectual, sympathetic to socialism and democracy. Often clashed with Islamic fundamentalists, e.g., for supporting peace efforts between Israel and Egypt in 1978-1979. Protested the fatwa (death order) against novelist Salman Rushdie, and received one himself. Survived 1994 assassination attempt by Islamic extremists.
  • Slide 5
  • Cairo The famous mosque of Al-Azhar (near the office building where Mahfouz narrator visits Sheikh Qamar) Mahfouz spent his life in Cairo.
  • Slide 6
  • Islam: Background for Mahfouz Zabalawi Muhammad (born AD 571?, died 632) felt the call at age 40 to become a prophet of Allah (God). Islam means submission, and Muslim means one who submits. Mahfouz is Muslim, but his novel Children of Gebelawi scandalized Islamic authorities.
  • Slide 7
  • Muslim tenets One God Prophethood Allah has sent 124,000 prophets, beginning with Adam and including Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad. The Last Judgment
  • Slide 8
  • Islams Five Pillars 1. Repeating the creed: There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is His prophet. 2. Prayer five times a day 3. Giving alms for the needy 4. Fasting during sacred month of Ramadan 5. Pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca once in a lifetime, for those who can afford it
  • Slide 9
  • Prayer A minaret (prayer tower) from which the faithful are called to pray five times a day.
  • Slide 10
  • Pilgrimage to Mecca Muhammad was driven from Mecca, AD 622, but returned in 630 to make it the world center for Islam. Here pilgrims surround the Kaaba shrine, an important site in the Hajj.
  • Slide 11
  • The Kaaba The Kaaba (cube), draped in silk, enshrines the sacred Black Stone. Muslims believe that Abraham and Ishmael built the Kaaba when the angel Gabriel gave Abraham the stone. Pilgrims worship by praying, walking and running around the Kaaba, then touching the Black Stone.
  • Slide 12
  • Modern Islam Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world. North America contains over 5 million Muslims, and the number of mosques (temples) has doubled each decade since 1960. New York City has the highest weekly attendance for Friday prayers, an average of 27,500 Muslims. Other concentrations of Muslims are in Southern California, Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Toronto.
  • Slide 13
  • Modern Islam and Other Religions "World Christian Encyclopedia: A comparative survey of churches and religions - AD 30 to 2200," there are 19 major world religions which are subdivided into a total of 270 large religious groups, and many smaller ones. 34,000 separate Christian groups have been identified in the world. "Over half of them are independent churches that are not interested in linking with the big denominations."
  • Slide 14
  • Religions in USA Religion 2004 Est. Total Pop. % of U.S. Pop., 2001 Christianity224,437,95976.5% Judaism3,995,3711.3% Islam1,558,0680.5% Buddhism1,527,0190.5% Hinduism1,081,0510.4% Unitarian Universalist887,7030.3% Wiccan/Pagan/Druid433,2670.1% Spiritualist163,7100.05% Native American Religion145,3630.05% Baha'i118,5490.04%
  • Slide 15
  • International Religious Groups Religious Body # of Adherents Catholic Church 1,100,000,000 Sunni Islam 875,000,000 Eastern Orthodox Church 225,000,000 Anglican Communion 76,000,000 Assemblies of God 50,000,000 Jehovahs Witnesses 15,597,746 Seventh-day Adventists 12,894,000 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints 12,275,822 New Apostolic Church 10,260,000 Ahmadiyya10,000,000 Bahai World Faith 6,000,000
  • Slide 16
  • Zaabalawi as saint A healer, a remover of worries and troubles, an inspirer A fugitive--misunderstood by the police Humble, poor, joyful Hard to find! Zaabalawi is indifferent to possessions, houses, schedules. He visits those who love him, not those who love things.
  • Slide 17
  • Sufi saints Mahfouz is not Sufi, and wine/inspiration is not the only issue in the story. His narrator, terminally ill, finds comfort in Zaabalawis saintly influence.
  • Slide 18
  • Sufism--mystical branch of Islam Mahfouz hero finds Zaabalawi only by giving up reason and logic. Sufis seek mystical knowledge of Allah.
  • Slide 19
  • Sufism--mystical branch of Islam Sheikhs head the major orders (tariqas or paths). Followers believe power from Muhammad passed from sheikh to sheih.
  • Slide 20
  • Wine as a symbol in Zaabalawi The narrator goes to Mr. Wanas to ask how to find Zaabalawi. When Wanas insists that he get drunk, the narrator, as a good Muslim, refuses. But drunkenness turns out to be the means to find Zaabalawi. Is the saint a bad Muslim, or is the author using a symbol? In Sufi writing, wine is a symbol for inspiration.
  • Slide 21
  • Sufism and wine imagery The Persian poet Hafiz (14th century) praises wine in Red Rose: The rose has flushed red, the bud has burst, And drunk with joy in the nightingale-- Hail, Sufis! lovers of wine, all hail! For wine is proclaimed to a world athirst.
  • Slide 22
  • Sufism--dancing ecstasy Whirling induces a trance, opens the dancer to realization of Allah. Dancers may whirl for 30 minutes.
  • Slide 23
  • Sufismsinging ecstasy Sufi musical ceremonies may last 6 hours and put singers in a trance. Here Sufis in Fez, Morocco, sing Islamic texts and declare their devotion to God. Sufi musical ceremonies may last 6 hours and put singers in a trance. Here Sufis in Fez, Morocco, sing Islamic texts and declare their devotion to God.
  • Slide 24
  • Sufism--Rumis Poetry Be drunk on Love, for only Love exists; there's No meeting the Beloved without Love as herald. They ask, "What's Love? Reply, 'Renouncing the will. He who hasn't tossed will aside doesn't know God. [continued]
  • Slide 25
  • Sufism--Rumis Poetry The Lover is a monarch: two worlds lie at his feet; The King pays no attention to what lies under his. It's Love and the lover that live eternally; Set your heart on this only: the rest is borrowed. MEVLANA LALALU'DDIN RUMI (1207 - 1273)
  • Slide 26
  • The Sufi way A Sufi seeks direct experience of the Divine Presence. With the help of a spiritual guide (one of the Friends of God) and certain practices, a Sufi expects to reach a Vision of God. In Zaabalawi, the artists (calligrapher and musician) seem to represent Friends of God, but the worldly and greedy do not.
  • Slide 27
  • Modern Sufi wine imagery From Sheikh Nazim Al-Haqqani Al-Qubrusi Al-Naqshbandi, born 1922 A holy man said to the Sultan of Holiness, "I drank a cup of divine Love and I lost myself. Nothing else has a taste for me anymore. I'm drunk with the taste of love for God and the taste is never ending in me." So the Sultan of Holiness, Abu Yazid, The King of Saints, replied, "I'm also drinking, but I'm asking for more and more... Death runs after people who have not tasted the real love of the Lord Almighty. We, who have tasted and reached the love streams, never die.
  • Slide 28
  • Sources http://www.religioustolerance.org/worldrel.htm http://www.adhamonline.com/images/news/sufi.jpg http://libbagillum.com/dreamthoughts.html http://www.cgecwm.org/events/sufi-zhikr.html http://www.sufistudies.net/
  • Slide 29