Nadezhda Nadezhda IvanovaIvanova School # 5School # 5Krasnoyarsk Krasnoyarsk 20072007

A tenseA tense is is

an inflectional an inflectional (флективная) (флективная)

form of a verb form of a verb

expressing expressing

a specific time distinction.a specific time distinction.

Time Time is is

a measurable period a measurable period

during which during which

an action, process, an action, process,

condition condition

exists or continues.exists or continues.

Merriam Webbster’s Merriam Webbster’s

Collegiate DictionaryCollegiate Dictionary

The The three three tenses aretenses are pastpast presentpresent futurefuture

Indefinite/ Simple;Indefinite/ Simple; ContinousContinous/ Progressive;/ Progressive; Perfect;Perfect; Perfect Progressive.Perfect Progressive.

Meaning:Meaning:

actions happening regularly, at actions happening regularly, at certain intervals (routine) or certain intervals (routine) or successions of actions (narration);successions of actions (narration);

General formula:General formula:

to V.to V.

Meaning:Meaning:

actions happening at certain actions happening at certain moments/ periods of time;moments/ periods of time;

General formula:General formula:

to be Ving.to be Ving.

Meaning:Meaning:

actions completed by certain actions completed by certain moments/periods of time;moments/periods of time;

General formula:General formula:

to have Ved/3.to have Ved/3.

Meaning:Meaning: actions partially completed by actions partially completed by

certain moments of time and still certain moments of time and still going on at those periods of time;going on at those periods of time;

actions recently completed by actions recently completed by certain moments of time and having certain moments of time and having evident results;evident results;

General formula:General formula: to have been Ved/3.to have been Ved/3.

Simple Simple ProgressivProgressive e

Perfect Perfect Perfect Perfect ProgressivProgressivee

InfinitivInfinitivee

to Vto V to be Vingto be Ving to have to have Ved/3Ved/3

to have to have been Ved/3been Ved/3

Past Past VedVed was/were was/were VingVing

had Ved/3had Ved/3 had been had been VingVing

Present Present V (s)V (s) am/ is/ are am/ is/ are VingVing

have/ has have/ has Ved/3Ved/3

have/ has have/ has been Vingbeen Ving

Future Future shall*/ shall*/ will Vwill V

will be Vingwill be Ving will have will have Ved/3Ved/3

will havewill have

been Vingbeen Ving

Meaning:Meaning: past routines,narration in the past;past routines,narration in the past; Auxiliary verb;Auxiliary verb; did;did; Tense Markers (Adverbial Modifiers):Tense Markers (Adverbial Modifiers): yesterday, last year, a week ago, when, in yesterday, last year, a week ago, when, in

1999; first, then, after that;1999; first, then, after that; Example: Example: a regular verb;a regular verb; Example: Example: an irregular verb;an irregular verb;..

+ I + I passed passed the test the test yesterdayyesterday..- I I did did not not fail fail the test the test yesterdayyesterday..

? ? DidDid I I failfail the test the test yesterdayyesterday? No, I ? No, I did did not.not.

? When ? When diddid I I pass pass the test?the test?

I I passed passed the test the test yesterdayyesterday..

? Who ? Who passed passed the test the test yesterdayyesterday? I ? I diddid..

+ He + He wentwent to the cinema to the cinema last week.last week.- He He did did not not go go to the theatre to the theatre last last

weekweek..

? ? DidDid he he gogo to the cinema? to the cinema? Yes, heYes, he diddid..

? Where ? Where diddid he he gogo last weeklast week??

He He wentwent to cinema to cinema last week.last week.

? Who? Who wentwent to the cinema? He to the cinema? He diddid..

Meaning:Meaning: routine; a universal truth; a succession of routine; a universal truth; a succession of

actions; a universal truth; a future action in actions; a universal truth; a future action in if-, when-if-, when- clauses; clauses;

Auxiliary verbs:Auxiliary verbs: do, does do, does (he, she, it);(he, she, it); Markers:Markers: every day, sometimes, always, seldom, every day, sometimes, always, seldom,

often, usually, on Sundays; first, then, after often, usually, on Sundays; first, then, after that.that.

Example: Example: do;do; Example: Example: does;does;

+ I + I oftenoften jog in summer. jog in summer.- I I do do not not skiski in summer. in summer.

? ? DoDo I jog in summer? Yes, I I jog in summer? Yes, I dodo..

? When ? When dodo I I jogjog? I jog in summer.? I jog in summer.

? Who ? Who jogjogss in summer? I in summer? I dodo..

+ He + He gogoeses to the gym to the gym on Sundayson Sundays..- He He dodoeses not not gogo to the stadium. to the stadium.

? ? DoDoeses he he gogo to the stadium? to the stadium?

No, he No, he dodoes es not.not.

? Why ? Why dodoeses he he gogo to the gym? to the gym?

He goes to the gym to be fit.He goes to the gym to be fit.

? Who ? Who gogoeses to the gym? He to the gym? He dodoeses..

Meaning:Meaning:

plans for the future plans for the future (at the moment of (at the moment of speech, not quite sure);speech, not quite sure); predictions and predictions and foretelling;foretelling;

Auxiliary verbs:Auxiliary verbs:

shall (shall (I, weI, we) –) – outdated outdated, will;, will; Markers:Markers:

tomorrow, next week, in a month, in 2010;tomorrow, next week, in a month, in 2010; Example.Example.

+ I + I willwill skateskate tomorrowtomorrow..- I I willwill not not skiski tomorrowtomorrow..

? ? Will Will I I skiski tomorrowtomorrow ? No, I ? No, I willwill not not (won’t).(won’t).

? What ? What willwill I I do do tomorrowtomorrow ? ?

I I willwill skateskate tomorrowtomorrow..

? Who ? Who willwill skateskate tomorrowtomorrow ? I ? I willwill..

Meaning:Meaning: an action happening at a certain moment an action happening at a certain moment

in the past/ simultaneously in the past/ simultaneously (одновременно)(одновременно) with another past action; with another past action;

Auxiliary verbs:Auxiliary verbs: was was (I, he, she, it),(I, he, she, it), were; were; Markers:Markers: at at 5 o’clock/ at that time yesterday,while, 5 o’clock/ at that time yesterday,while,

when he came;when he came; Example.Example.

+ She + She waswas watchingwatching TV TV when I camewhen I came..- She She waswas not not sleepingsleeping when I camewhen I came..? ? WasWas she she sleepingsleeping? ? No, she was not (wasn’t).No, she was not (wasn’t).? What ? What was was she she doingdoing when I camewhen I came?? She She waswas watchingwatching TV TV when I camewhen I came..? Who ? Who waswas watchingwatching TV TV when I camewhen I came?? She She waswas..

Meaning:Meaning: an action happening at the moment an action happening at the moment

of speech;of speech; Auxiliary verbs:Auxiliary verbs: am am (I),(I), is is (he, she, it),(he, she, it), are are (you, we, (you, we,

they);they); Markers:Markers: now, at the moment, at this moment;now, at the moment, at this moment; Example.Example.

+ We + We areare writingwriting now.now.

- - We We areare not not reading reading now.now.

? ? Are Are we we reading reading now?now?

No, we No, we are are not (aren’t).not (aren’t).

? What ? What areare we we doingdoing nownow??

We We areare writingwriting now.now.

? Who ? Who isis writingwriting now? We now? We areare..

Meaning:Meaning:

an action that will be happening at a an action that will be happening at a certain moment in the future;certain moment in the future;

Auxiliary verbs:Auxiliary verbs:

shall*/ will;shall*/ will; Markers:Markers:

at 5 o’clock/ at this time tomorrow,while, at 5 o’clock/ at this time tomorrow,while, when he comes;when he comes;

Example.Example.

+ I + I willwill be cooking be cooking dinner dinner while you will while you will be watching TV.be watching TV.

- I I willwill not not be readingbe reading a book. a book. ? ? WillWill I I be readingbe reading a book a book at that at that

momentmoment?? No, I No, I won’twon’t..? What ? What willwill I I be doingbe doing?? I I willwill be cooking be cooking dinner. dinner.? Who ? Who willwill be cooking be cooking dinner? dinner? I I willwill..

Meaning:Meaning:

an action completedan action completed by by a certain a certain moment/ another action in the past;moment/ another action in the past;

Auxiliary verb:Auxiliary verb:

had;had; Markers:Markers:

byby 5 o’clock/ that time yesterday, when 5 o’clock/ that time yesterday, when he came;he came;

Example.Example.

+ They + They had had just just readread the text the text when the when the teacher came.teacher came.

- They They hadhad not not writtenwritten the letter. the letter.

? ? HadHad they they writtenwritten the letter? No they the letter? No they hadn’t.hadn’t.

? What? What had had they done they done when the teacher when the teacher came? came?

? Who ? Who had had readread the text the text when when

the teacher came? the teacher came? They They hadhad..

Meaning:Meaning: a recent action in the past a recent action in the past (time period is (time period is

unknown),unknown), the result is connected with the the result is connected with the present; an action taking place in some present; an action taking place in some period of time, not completed period of time, not completed (with non-(with non-continous verbs);continous verbs);

Auxiliary verbs:Auxiliary verbs: have, has have, has (he, she, it);(he, she, it); Markers:Markers: already, so far, recently, this week, today, already, so far, recently, this week, today, just just (+),(+), yet yet (-,?), never, ever;(-,?), never, ever; since, for; since, for; Example.Example.

+ I + I have have recentlyrecently boughtbought a new coat. a new coat.- I I have have not not boughtbought a new hat a new hat yetyet..

? Have I ? Have I boughtbought a new hat a new hat yetyet? ?

No, I No, I haven’t.haven’t.

? When ? When havehave I I boughtbought a new coat? a new coat?

? Who ? Who hashas boughtbought a new coat? I a new coat? I havehave..

Meaning:Meaning:

an action that will be completedan action that will be completed by by a certain a certain moment/ another action in the future;moment/ another action in the future;

Auxiliary verbs:Auxiliary verbs:

shall*/ will;shall*/ will; Markers:Markers:

byby 5 o’clock/ that time tomorrow, when he 5 o’clock/ that time tomorrow, when he comes;comes;

Example.Example.

+ I + I will will have writtenhave written the letter the letter when you when you come.come.

- I I willwill not not have postedhave posted it. it.

? Will I ? Will I have writtenhave written the letter? Yes, I the letter? Yes, I willwill..

? What ? What willwill I I have writtenhave written??

I I will will have writtenhave written the letter. the letter.

? Who ? Who will will have writtenhave written the letter? the letter?

I I willwill..

Meaning:Meaning: a past action a past action partially completedpartially completed by by a a

certain moment/ another action in the certain moment/ another action in the past and past and stillstill going on going on at that moment;at that moment;

Auxiliary verb:Auxiliary verb: hadhad;; Markers:Markers: byby 5 o’clock/ that time yesterday, when 5 o’clock/ that time yesterday, when

he came; for, since;he came; for, since; Example.Example.

+ I + I had had been doingbeen doing housework housework for for an an hour hour when they camewhen they came..

- I I had had not not been readingbeen reading a book. a book.? ? HadHad I I been doingbeen doing housework for an housework for an

hour?hour? Yes, I Yes, I hadhad..? How long ? How long hadhad I I had had been doingbeen doing

housework housework when they camewhen they came??? Who had ? Who had been doingbeen doing housework housework for for an hour? I an hour? I hadhad..

Meaning:Meaning: an action has been an action has been partially completedpartially completed byby the the

moment of speech and moment of speech and still going onstill going on at that at that moment;moment;

a a recently completedrecently completed action which action which results are results are connected with the present;connected with the present;

Auxiliary verbs:Auxiliary verbs: have, has;have, has; Markers:Markers: for for (в течение)(в течение), since, since (с тех пор, как) (с тех пор, как); How ; How

long; Since when;long; Since when; Example.Example.

+ I + I have have been readingbeen reading the book the book since 2 since 2 o’clocko’clock..

- I I havehave not not been sleeping.been sleeping.

? ? HaveHave I I been sleepingbeen sleeping? No, I ? No, I haven’thaven’t..

? Since when ? Since when havehave I I been readingbeen reading the the book?book?

I I have have been readingbeen reading the book the book since 2since 2..

? Who ? Who hashas been readingbeen reading the book? the book?

I I havehave. .

Meaning:Meaning: an action will be an action will be partially completedpartially completed by by a a

certain moment/ another action in the future certain moment/ another action in the future and will be and will be stillstill going on going on at that moment;at that moment;

Auxiliary verbs:Auxiliary verbs: shall*/ will;shall*/ will; Markers:Markers: byby 5 o’clock/ that time tomorrow, when he 5 o’clock/ that time tomorrow, when he

comes; for, since;comes; for, since; Example.Example.

+ I + I willwill have been smimminghave been smimming forfor an an hour hour when you come.when you come.

- I I will will not not have been runninghave been running..? ? WillWill I I have been runninghave been running for an for an

hour when you come? No, I hour when you come? No, I won’t.won’t.? How long ? How long will will I I have been have been

swimmingswimming when you come?when you come?? Who ? Who willwill have been smimminghave been smimming forfor

an hour? I an hour? I willwill. .

Tense Identification;Tense Identification;

Tense Conjugation.Tense Conjugation.