nacaa am/pic 2007 invasive species: arrive, survive, and thrive chris difonzo field crops entomology...
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NACAA AM/PIC 2007Invasive Species:
Arrive, Survive, and Thrive
Chris DiFonzoField Crops Entomology
Michigan State University
‘Tiny Terrors’…The Soybean Aphid
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the Soybean Aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura
WinterWintereggs
MarchMarch
fundatrix
Secondary host:Glycine max(soybean)
JuneJune
JulyJuly
AugustAugust
oviparae
Primary host:Rhamnus spp.
(buckthorn)
FallFall
gynoparae
males
SeptSept
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General Invasion Process
Arrive Survive Thrive
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ARRIVE
Australia1999
JapanChina
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
Indonesia
Siberia
U.S. 2000
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Trade and Tourists- direct flights from Asia
to Detroit, Chicago, Minneapolis
- increase in goods imported from Asia
ARRIE
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2000Discovery
Based on anoriginal map by
Rob Venette,U.S. Forest Service
QuebecOntario
Introduction near Chicago?Aphids on plant material?
ARRIVE
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Lack of Attention‘No-brainer crop’, ‘GM crop’Plant - RoundUp - HarvestDidn’t notice initial colonizers
Unexploited resource- secondary host (soybean) present- few economic soybean insect pests in the Midwest
SURVIVEARRIVE
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Reproductive biology of aphids
Partheno-genesis
Born‘pregnant’
LiveBirth
SURVIVE
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key:Presence
of thePrimary
host
Rhamnuscathartica- also nonnative &invasive
SURVIVE
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D. Voegtlin (INHS), Quad Cities, Fall 2006
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Ontario Quebec
2004distribution
THRIVESURVIVE
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High ReproductiveCapacity
[Ragsdale lab, Univ. of Minnesota]
TempTemp68oF
77oF
86oF
95oF
DoublingDoublingtime time
(days)(days)2
1.51.5
2
---
TotalTotal# #
nymphsnymphs75
73
23
0
THRIVE
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Tremendous ability to disperse
Avg 7,000 SBA per plant
Xplant population
X 90% alatoid
Potential for 800 million winged SBAgenerated per acre in early August.
Saginaw MI, August 1st, 2001
THRIVE
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SBA landing on acalm morning.
East Lansing, 2005
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Jays debug the Orioles.Insects take over SkyDome -Toronto crushes Baltimore
By John McCauley bluejays.com 8/3/2001
Toronto invaded by swarms of aphids.Clouds of bugs descend ondowntown streets Aug. 3, 2001.
“At least they weren't killer bees.”
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Inadequate or poorly-timedbiocontrol
entomo-pathogensinfect late
THRIVE
native &non-nativepredators
can’t keep upsome years
lack ofparasitoids
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THRIVEOutbreaks: 2001, 2003, 2005, some in 2007
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Feeding from large #s of Aphids- sucks plant juices- specialized gut removes sugar- amino acid limited
Honey dew Sooty moldOther problems:
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Impact of direct feeding (thousands of SBA per plant)
8-29-05Mervyn Erb
Early (June) infestation
Mid/late (July/Aug) infestation
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Other impacts of aphid feeding- nutrients deficiencies (potassium) may increase loss
Kdeficient
adequateK
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Local Impact – Yield Loss- plant height- leaf drop- # nodes per plant- # pods per node- # beans per pod- bean quality
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
UNT
D
17(-70%)
Yield, bu/acreSaginaw County, MI
2005
CRU
C30
(-40%)
CRU+
WAR
A
50
WAR
B36
(-30%)
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Landscape Impact – Virus transmission
Avg # of aphids per trap in squash field(Peaks are made up primarily soybean aphids)
0
40
80
120
160
June July August
25 9 23 6 22 272 16 30 13
Western MI, 2003
# SBApertrap
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SBA outbreak years(’01, ’03, ’05) in Michigan
Bean common mosaic
Cucumber mosaicWatermelon mosaicZucchini yellows
Potato virus Y
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Economic & Social Impact – Increased pesticide use
1999 NASS Survey IL< 1%
1
OH<1%
1
IN0%
0
MI0%
0
MN0%
0
% acreage
# of products
(permethrin, chlorpyrifos)
2005 NASS Survey IL9%
OH18%
IN18%
MI42%
MN30%
(permethrin, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, esfenvaleratebifenthrin, cypermethrin, cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin,methyl parathion, thiamethoxam)
% acreage
# of products ---------------------10---------------------
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Post-detection of SBA
Concentrated on insecticides- scouting techniques- thresholds- improve application technology
Introduction of soybean rust:“the best thing that ever happened to soybean aphid”- increased focus on scouting, spray technology
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AphidSuction Trap
Network- annual prediction
http://www.ncipmc.org/traps/
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Medium term: Classical biocontrolForeign collectionClimate matching
Quarantine, testing Field release
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Long term:Host Plant resistance
Pictures courtesy of Dr. Duchen Wang
MSU Soybean Breeder
Susceptible accession Resistant accession
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A source for more information:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Vol. 97, No. 2, March 2004
SPECIAL FEATURE ON SOYBEAN APHID
Soybean Aphid Biology in North America
Soybean Aphid in China
Assessing the SBA Invasion
Aphid identification
Suitability of Overwintering Hosts
Population Dynamics in China
Soybean Aphid Predators
Prospects for Classical Biological Control