n-tim¯-c-x-bpss `qani -...

$: n-tIm¯-c-X-bpsS `qanI - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/18538/6/06_chapter1.pdf · 1 A²ymbw 1 B[p-\n-tIm¯-c-X-bpsS `qanI kaImenI kmwkvImcnI hnaÀi\¯nsâ taJebnÂ$
1

A²ymbw 1

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X-bpsS `qanI

kaImenI kmwkvImcnI hnaÀi\¯nsâ taJebnÂ {]iv\

k¦oÀ®amb Hcp k¦ev]\amWv B[p\ntIm¯cX. hnhn[ ssk²m

ńIÀ hyXykvX§fmb kn²m´§fpw Bib§fpw NnÍfpamWv

B[p\ntIm¯cXsb kw_Ôn¨v AhXcn¸n¨n«pÅXv. AXp sIm−p

Xs¶ B[p\ntIm¯cXsb¡pdn¨pÅ kn²m´§Ä¡pw Bib§Ä

¡pw NnÍÄ¡pw GIm-ß-I-kz-̀ m-h-an-Ã. Htc kabw B[p-\n-IX-bpsS

XpSÀ¨bpw AtXmsSm¸w B[p-\n-IX-bvs¡-Xn-cm-bpÅ {]Xn-{]-hÀ¯-\-

hp-amWv B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-X. B[p-\n-IX Bi-b-]-c-ambn Hcp Iem-ZÀi-

\-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X Ie-bntem kmln-Xy-̄ ntem

am{Xw HXp-§n \nÂ¡p¶ H¶-Ã. kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-̄ n-sâbpw a\pjy

hnÚm-\-̄ n-sâbpw \m\m-ta-J-e-I-fnÂ Cu Bi-b-]-²Xn kzoI-cn-¡-

s -̧«n-«p-−v. X¯z-Nn-´, Ncn-{Xw, ^mj³, kn\n-a, hmkvXp-hn-Zy, kmaq-

ly-im-kv{Xw, kwkvIm-c-]-T-\w, `qan-im-kv{Xw, kv{XohmZw XpS§n ka-

kvX-ta-J-e-I-fnepw B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c- Bi-b-§Ä {]Nmcw t\Sn-bn-«p-−v.

kmaq-ln-I, km¼-̄ n-I, cmjv{So-b, kmwkvIm-cn-I-X-e-§-fn-seÃmw B[p-

\n-I-X-bnÂ\n¶pw XnI¨pw `n¶-amb Hcp Ime-L-«-amWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -

c-XbptS-sX¶v hyà-am-Wv. ]nev¡me apX-em-fn-̄ -̄ nsâ krjvSn-I-

fmb BtKm-f-h-Xv¡-c-W-̄ nÂ \n¶pw hnh-c-km-t¦-XnI hnZy-bnÂ \n

¶pw kwkvIm-c-hy-h-km-b-̄ nÂ\n¶pw D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-̄ nÂ\n¶pw

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-Xsb thÀs]-Sp-̄ n-\n-À-¯m-\m-hn-Ã. F¦nepw AXnÂ

\n¶pw hyXykvXambn enwKkzXzw, PmXnkzXzw XpS§nbhbpsS

DbnÀs¯gpt¶ev]pw B[p\ntIm¯cXbpsS khntijXbmbn IS

¶p hcp¶p−v. ImcWw GIinemßI cq]aÃ B[p\ntIm¯cXbv

¡pÅXv. AXv kaql¯nÂ s]mSp¶s\ {]Xy£s¸Sp¶ H¶paÃ.

PohnXmhØbpsS ]cnhÀ¯\t¯msSm¸w IS¶p hcp¶ H¶mWXv.

AXv ]cnhÀ¯\hnt[bhpamWv.

]c¼cmKXbpànsbbpw hkvXp]cXsbbpw \ncmIcn¡pI F¶

2

XmWv B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-XbpsScoXn. imkv{Xob k{¼Zmb§sfbpw

AXv AwKoIcn¡p¶nÃ. kb³kmIs«, kmt¦XnIhnZybmIs«,

aXamIs«, `cWIqSamIs« hmKvZm\§Ä \ndthÁm³ A]cym]v

XamsW¶ ImgvN¸mSmWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-À¡pÅXv. kZmNmcw F¶

Xv XoÀ¯pw hyàn]chpw Bt]£nIhpamsW¶ hmZhpw B[p\n

tIm¯cX AhXcn¸n¨p. tZiobamb AXnÀ hc¼pIÄ a\pjysâ F

Ãm hyhlmc§Ä¡pw XSÊw krãn¡p¶p F¶ A`n{]mbamWv B

[p\ntIm¯cÀ¡pÅXv. BbXn\mÂ AhÀ BtKmfhXv¡cW¯nsâ

{]NmcIcmbnamdn.

1.1 Ncn-{X-]-Ým-̄ ew

imkv{X¯nsâbpw kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sSbpw apt¶äw temI

s¯ Hcp sNdp-{Km-aw -t]mse ssI¡p-¼n-fn-sem-Xp-¡m-hp¶ {]tZ-i-am-

¡n-am-än. tImf-\n-IÄ \jvS-am-b-tXmsS bqtdm-]y³ cmjv{S-§-fpsS,

{]tXy-In¨pw Cw¥-−nsâ, {]Xm]w \jvS-s -̧Sp-I-bpw, bp²m-\-́ c temI-

¯nsâ t\Xr-Xz-̄ n-tebv¡v Ata-cn-¡³-sF-Iy-\m-Sp-IÄ IS-¶p-h-cn-

Ibpw sNbvXp. XpSÀ¶v km¼-̄ nI cwKhpw Cu Ime-b-f-hnÂ \ho-\-

amb Hcp ]cnhÀ¯\¯n\p hnt[-b-am-bn. kmt¦Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS hnIm-

kw, Dev]m-Z-\-ta-J-e-bnÂ krjvSn¨ \ho-I-c-Ww, tImf-\n-I-fpsS \jvSw,

ASn-¡Sn kw`-hn-̈ p-sIm-−n-cp¶ km¼-̄ nI {]Xn-k-Ôn-IÄ Ch-

sbÃmw Cu ]p\x-kw-Lm-S-\-̄ n\p Imc-W-am-bn. temI-_m-¦v, A´m-cm-

jv{S-\m-W-b-\n[n XpS-§nb km¼-̄ nI Øm]-\-§fpw ]pXp-Xmbn cq]w-

sIm− _lp-cmjv{S tImÀ -̧td-j-\p-Ifpw C¯cw ]p\x-kw-L-mS-\-

¯nsâ {][m-\-L-S-I-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. bp²m-\-́ ctemI¯v apX-em-fn¯w

Hcp ]pXnb cq]w- ssI-s¡m-Åp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. cmjv{S]p-\À\nÀ½m-W-{]-

hÀ -̄\-§fnteÀs¸«ncp¶ tImf\ncm{ã§Ä¡v Ah apt¶m-«p-sIm-

−p-t]m-Ip-hm\pw ]pXnb km¼-̄ nI kwhn-[m\w Hcp-¡nb [\-k-

lmbw \nc-kn-¡p-hm\pw {XmWn-bp-−m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. A§s\ Nqj-W-

¯nsâ ]pXnb amXr-I-IÄ cq]-s -̧Sp-I-bp-−m-bn. C§s\ aqe-[\w

tZio-bm-XnÀ¯n-IÄ¡-̧ p-d-t¯bv¡v kzX-{´-ambn k©-cn-¡p¶ Hcp

]pXnb Ime-L«w Bcw-̀ n-̈ p. AXv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X-bn-te-bv¡pÅ

{]th-i-\-Im-e-L-«-am-bn-cp-¶p

3

1970 IfpsS Bcw-̀ -t¯msS bqtdm]y³ km{am-Py-̄ n\p ]Icw

A´m-cm-jv{S-\m-W-b-\n-[nbpw temI-_m¦pw aäv A´m-cmjv{S Øm]-\-

§fpw BtKmf km¼-̄ nI {]Xn-kÔn NqjWw sNbvXv aq¶mw temI

cmjv{S-§sf \nb-{´n-¡m³ XpS-§n. CXv `c-W-Iq-S-§sf ZpÀ_-e-am-¡p-

Ibpw tZiob `c-W-IqSw F¶Xv Hcp Ime-l-c-W-s¸« Bi-b-am-sW¶

Nn´m-KXn hfÀ¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn\p ]Icw A´m-cmjv{ShmZw

(transnationalism) AsÃ-¦nÂ BtKm-f-hm-Zw (globalism) F¶ k¦-

ev]\w cq]-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw Cu Ime-L-«-̄ n-em-Wv. _lp-cmjv{S tImÀ -̧td-

j³ F¶ ]pXnb Bi-b-̄ n\v {]Nmcw e`n-¡p-¶Xpw CtX L«-̄ nÂ

Xs¶-bm-Wv. BtKm-f-X-e-̄ nÂ Xs¶ aqe-[\ k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bpsS

hnIm-k-̄ nsâ Gähpw ]pXnb cq]-ambn AXv hnhn[ temI-cm-jv{S-§-

fnÂ {]Xy-£-s -̧«p. \h-sIm-tfm-Wn-b-en-k-̄ nsâ bpKw A§s\

Øm]n-¡-s -̧«p. bqtdm]y³ tImf\n hmgvN-bpsS {]Xy-£hpw A{I-am-

k-à-hp-amb km{am-Py-Xz-hm-Z-̄ n\p ]Icw ]tcm-£hpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-

hp-amb A[n-\n-th-i-¯nsâ ]pXnb cq]-§-fmWv Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS Bcw-

`-t¯msS cq]-s¸« \h-sIm-tfmWn-b-en-k-¯nÂ {]I-S-am-b-Xv. \h-sIm-

tfm-Wn-b-enkw AXnsâ AXn-\q-X-\-amb kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-eqsS tImf-

\n-I-fp-am-bpÅ _Ôs¯ ]cn-jvI-cn-¡p-Ibpw ]gb km{am-PyXz\nb-{´-

W-̄ n\p ]Icw hn]-Wn-bpsS IS-¶p-I-b-ä-¯n-eqsS ]pXnb \nb-{´-W-

§Ä ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

tImf-\n-h-XvI-c-W-̄ nsâ Cu ]pXnb cq]-̄ n-eq-sS-bpÅ

aq¶mw temI-cm-jv{S-§-fpsS ]cn-hÀ¯-\-hpw hnI-knX bqtdm-]y³

cmjv{S§-fnse D]-t`m-K-k-aq-l-̄ nsâ km¼-̄ nI amt\-Pvsaâpw hn]-

Wn-bv¡p- hn-«p-sIm-Sp-¡pI, F¶ Bi-b-̄ n-e-[n-jvTn--X-amWv DZm-c-h-Xv¡-

c-Ww. aqe-[-\-̄ n-tâbpw Nc-¡p-I-fp-sSbpw tkh-\-§-fp-sSbpw kzX-{´-

amb Hgp¡v km[y-am-¡p-hm³ X¡-co-Xn-bn-epÅ \b-§Ä cq]-s -̧Sp-̄ p-

hm³ `c-W-Iq-S-§sf \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p-¶-XmWv BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-Ww. _lp-

cmjv{S tImÀ¸-td-j-\p-I-fpw -A´mcmjv{S [\-Im-cy-Øm-]-\-§fpw hym

]m-c-kw-L-S-\-I-fpw tNÀ¶v t\XrXzw \ÂIp¶ Cu {]{Inb apX-em-fn-

¯-̄ nsâ Gähpw ià-amb cq]-am-Wv. kmt¦-XnIhnZy-bpsS klm-b-

t¯msS aqe-[-\-̄ n\p kzÑ-µ-ambn hnl-cn-¡m-\pÅ Ah-kcw e -̀n

4

¡p¶p. [\-aq-e-[-\-̄ nsâ (Finance Capital) hfÀ¨-bpw [\-hn-]-Wn-

bpsS A´m-cm-jv{S-hÂ¡-c-Whpw ]nÂ¡me apX-em-fn-̄ -̄ nsâ

hnImk{]{In-bbv¡v B¡w Iq«n. DZm-c-h-Xv¡-c-W-hpw BtKm-f-h-Xv¡-

c-Whpw C´y-sb-t¸mse hnim-e-amb `q{]-tZ-i-s¯bpw AXnse P\-X-

sbbpw kzX-{´-amb Hcp It¼m-f-̄ nsâ D]-t`m-àm-¡-fm-¡n amän.

(kp[mIc³ 1999 : 14,37,38)

1.2 kmaq-lnI ]Ým-̄ ew

apX-em-fn¯¯nsâ Gähpw ]pXnb cq]-amb _lp-cm-jv{S-ap-X-

em-fn¯w Pohn-X-̄ nsâ ka-kvX-ta-J-e-I-fnepw A`q-X-]qÀÆ-amb amä-

§-fp-−m-¡n-b-t¸m-gmWv hntZ-i-§-fnse hnI-knX apX-em-fn¯ cmPy-§-

fnÂ ‘post modernism’ F¶ ]cn-I-ev]\ cq]-s -̧«-Xv. FÃm PohnX

hym]m-c-§Ä¡pw kmwkvIm-cn-Im-\p-̀ -h-§Ä¡pw taÂ hn]-Wnbpw

AXnsâ Iui-e-X-{´-§fpw t\Snb taÂt¡m-bva-bm-Wv Cu amä-§-

fpsS ASn-Øm-\w.

_lp-cm-jv{S-ap-X-em-fn¯w sXmgn-em-fn-hÀKs¯ hnhn[ amÀ¤-§-

fn-eqsS A\n-Ýn-X-Xz-¯n-em-¡p-¶p. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS hÀK-Xm-ev]-cy-

¯nsâ GI-ap-JXzw CÃm-bva-sN-¿p-Ibpw Ah-cn-semcp hn`m-K-̄ nsâ

D]-t`m-K-tijn hÀ[n-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw asämcp hn`m-Ks¯ eLp-hmb km¼-

¯nI t\«-§Ä \ÂIn-h-i-̄ m¡n Ah-cpsS Pohn-Xs¯ A\n-Ýn-X-Xz-

¯n-em-¡p-IbpwsN¿p¶p. Øe-]-c-amb AXn-cp-IÄ t`Zn¨v temI-s¯-

hn-sSbpw It¼m-f-§Ä Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu ]p¯³ apX-em-

fn¯w ]ptcm-K-an-¡p-¶-Xv. A§s\ Øm]n-¡p¶ It¼m-f-§-fn-seÃmw

ASn-Øm-\-]-cambn Htc hn]-W-\-X-{´-§Ä {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. CXnsâ

^e-ambn temI-̄ nsâ GXp-tImWpw Hcp s]mXp-km-¼-̄ nI ]cn-tXm-

h-Ø-bpsS `mK-am-bn-̄ o-cp-¶p.

temIw apgp-h\pw kam-\-kz-̀ m-h-apÅ Nne Pohn-Xm-i-b-§fpw

s]cp-am-ä-co-Xn-Ifpw D−m-hp-¶p. PohnXw F´p-hn-e-sIm-Sp¯pw BËm-Z-

]qÀÆw Pohn¨p XoÀ¡m-\p-Å-Xm-Wv, kpJ-ku-I-cy-§-fpsS ]pXp-]p-

¯³km-[y-X-I-fn-tebv¡v \bn-¡p¶ {]mtbm-KnI X{´-§-fnÂ Ihn-

5

ªpÅ GXp Úm\hpw A\m-h-iy-am-Wv, Pohn-X-̄ nsâ ]c-a-amb

Úm\w A\n-Ýn-X-Xz-amWv, F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡n-s¡m-−v `qX-̀ m-hn-Isf

hnkva-cn¨v hÀ¯-am-\-Im-es¯ sIm−m-Sp-I-bmWv _p²n F¶n-§-s\-

bpÅ \ne-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ temI-P-\-Xsb sIm−p-sN-s¶-̄ n-¡p-¶-XnÂ

apX-em-fn¯w hen-sbm-c-f-thmfw hnP-bn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶p.

imkv{X-km-t¦-XnI cwK-§-fn-ep-−mb hfÀ¨ ASn-̄ -«n-epÅ

P\-X-bpsS Pohn-X-̄ nepw Nne kuI-cy-§Ä¡v Imc-W-ambn ¯oÀs¶-

¦nepw Cu hfÀ¨-bpsS bYmÀ°-em`w sImbvsX-Sp-¡p-¶Xv km¼-̄ nI

taJ-e-bnÂ A[o-iXzw ]peÀ¯p¶ Hcp sNdp-\yq-\-]-£am-Wv. AhÀ

Nqj-W-̄ nsâ amÀK-§sf ]c-am-h[n ]tcm-£-am-¡p-¶p. sXmgn-em-fn-

bpsS hÀK-t_m-[-cq-]o-I-c-Ws¯ inYn-e-am-¡p-¶p. X§Ä¡-\p-Iq-e-

amb Hcp Bi-b-tem-I-̄ n\v kmwkvIm-cn-I-ta-J-e-bnÂ B[n-]Xyw t\Sn-

s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶p. C§s\ `c-W-Iq-S-s¯-t¸mepw \nb-{´n-¡p¶ iàn-I-

fmbn amdp-¶p.

kmt¦-XnI hnZy-bpsS hnIm-k-̄ nsâbpw BtKm-f-hXv¡-c-W-

{]-{In-b-I-fp-sSbpw ^e-ambn km¼-̄ nI cwK¯pw LS-\m-]-c-amb amä-

§Ä D−m-bn. “DXv]m-Z\ iàn-I-fnÂ hcp¶ amä-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn-̈ mWv

Hcp kaqlw ImÀjnI kaq-l-sa-t¶m, hymh-km-bnI kaq-l-sa-t¶m,

hymh-km-bn-tIm-̄ -c-k-aq-l-sat¶m hnti-jn-̧ n-¡-s -̧Sp-¶-Xv. Nc-¡p-

Xv]m-Z-\-̄ nÂ \n¶v tkh-\-k-¼Zvhyh-Ø-bn-te-bv¡p-Å- am-ähpw

kmt¦-XnI \ho-I-c-W-̄ n\pw \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-̄ n\pw ssk²m-́ n-I-hn-

Úm\w hln-¡p¶ apJy-]-¦p-amWv Hcp hymh-km-bn-tIm-̄ c kaq-l-

¯nsâ apJy-k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ.” (kp[mIc³ 1999 :39)

s{]m^jW-ep-Ifpw kmt¦-XnI hnZ-Kv²cpw \bn-¡p¶ Hcp

hnÚm-\-k-aq-l-s¯-bmWv hymh-km-bn-tIm-̄ -c-k-aq-l-sa¶p hnti-jn-

¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. I¼yq«dpIÄ, hnh-c-km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy, tkh-\-hy-h-km-bw,

hn]-W-\w, ]c-ky-hy-h-km-bw, am[y-a-hy-h-kmbw F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ

taJ-e-I-fnÂ sshZKv²yw t\Snb ]pXn-sbmcp kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-`mKw kmaq-

ly-\n-b-{´-W-̄ nÂ taÂss¡ t\Sm³ XpS-§n-b-tXm-sS- ]-gb DXv]m-Z-\-

i-àn-I-fpsS ta[m-hnXzw Ah-km-\n-̈ p. CtXm-sSm¸w “[\-aq-e-[\w”

6

F¶v km¼-̄ nI hnZ-Kv²À hnti-jn-̧ n-¡p¶ aqe-[-\-̄ nsâ h¼n¨

hnIm-k-hpw-kw-̀ -hn-̈ p. Hmlcn hn]-Wn-bpw, [\-hn-]-Wn-bpw, Dul-¡-̈ -h-

Shpw DÄs -̧Sp-¶-XmWv ‘[\-aq-e-[-\w’.- efnXambn ]d-ªmÂ DXv]m-Z-\-

ta-J-enÂ ]Ww \nt£-]n-¡m-sX, AsÃ-¦nÂ ]Ww DXv]-¶-§-fm¡n

amän Ah-bnÂ\n¶pw ]Ww DXv]m-Zn-̧ n-¡msX ]W-̄ nÂ \n¶pw ]Ww

DXv]m-Zn-̧ n-¡p-¶-XmWv [\aqe[\w (finance capital). (kp[mIc³ 1999

:26)C§s\ DXv]m-Z\ aqe-[-\-̄ n\p taÂ Hmlcn hn]-Wn-bp-sSbpw

Dul-¡-̈ -h-S-̄ n-sâbpw aqe-[\w B[n]Xyw t\Sp¶ {]h-WX temI-

cm-jv{S-§-fn-seÃmw hym]n-¡p-hm³ XpS-§n.

DXv]m-Z\ taJ-e-bnÂ b{´-h-XvI-cWw sIm−ph¶v sXmgn-em-

fn-IÄ¡pÅ ]¦v KWy-ambn Ipd-bv¡m\pw hnI-knX apX-em-fn-¯-̄ n\v

Ign-ªn-«p-−v. imkv{X-km-t¦-XnI cwK-§-fnÂ ap¶n«p \nÂ¡p¶ k¼-

¶-cm-jv{S-§-fnÂ am{X-aÃ C´y-bnepw CsXmcp bmYmÀ°y-am-Wv. Dev]m-

Z\ {]{In-b-bnÂ am{X-aÃ aqe-[-\-̄ nsâ kz`m-h-̄ nepw B]Â¡-c-

amb Nne amä-§Ä D−m-bn-«p-−v. Dul-¡-̈ -hS aqe-[-\s¯ Aan-X-

ambn B{i-bn-¡p¶ FÃm hym]m-c-§-fnepw DXv]m-Z\ {]{In-b-bp-ambn

bmsXmcp _Ô-hp-an-ÃmsX em`-hn-ln-X-¯nÂ ]¦p-]-äp¶ Hcp hÀ¤-

¯nsâ km¶n-[y-ap-−m-hpw. BtKm-f-hXv¡-c-Ws¯ XpSÀ¶p-−mb

]p¯³ hym]m-cm-́ -co-£-̄ nÂ A¯-c-¡m-cpsS AwK-_-ehpw

{]hÀ -̄\-ti-jnbpw hÀ²n-̈ p. Ønc kz`m-h-apÅ Hcp sXmgnÂ

sNbvXp-sIm-−n-cn-s¡-̄ s¶ sNdp-InS GPâp-am-cmbpw CS-̄ -«p-Im-cm-

bp-sams¡ hcp-am\w D−m-¡p-Ibpw A§s\ Htc kabw sXmgn-em-

fnbpw Hmlcn ZÃm-fp-ambn D -̀b-Po-hnXw \bn-¡p¶ sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ

\½psS \m«n³]p-d-§-fnÂt]mepap−m-bn. C´y³ Pohn-X-̄ nse

C¯cw A\p-̀ -h-§Ä temI-̄ nsâ aäp ]e-̀ m-K-§-fnse A\p-̀ -h-§-fp-

am-bn- Nne Xe§fn-se-¦nepw kmayw hln-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. ImcWw _lp-

cm-jv{S-Ip-̄ -I-I-Ä \ne-\nÀ¯p¶ temI-k-¼ZvLS-\-tbmSv \½psS

k¼-ZvL-S-\sb s]mcp¯s¸Sp¯m\pff {ia§fnÂ \n¶mWv \½psS

sXmgnÂ taJ-e-bnepw P\Po-hn-X-̄ n-em-sI-̄ -s¶bpw Cu amä-§

sfÃmw D−m-b-Xv.

7

Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw ùXn-I-km-l-N-cy-§fpw krjvSn-¡p¶

At\Iw hyXy-kvX-X-I-fp-s−-¦nepw hn]-Wn-bpsS s]mXp-hmb hym]\w

hgn-bp-−m-Ip¶ Nne kam-\-X-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -cX hnI-knX

apX-em-fn¯ cmPy-§-fn-se-¶-t]mse Cý-bnepw Hcp bmYmÀ°y-ambn

\ne-sIm-Åp-¶p.

Cý-bnÂ 1980 IÄ hsc \½p-sS k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bpsS B`y-́ -

tcm-Xv]m-Z-\-̄ nÂ ImÀjn-I, hyh-km-b, tkh\ taJ-e-IÄ¡v GI-

tZiw Xpey-]-¦m-fn-̄ -amWv D−m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Irjn, h\-k-¼-̄ v, aÕy-

k-¼-̄ v, I¶p-Imen k¼¯v F¶nh DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-XmWv ImÀjnI

taJ-e. DXv]m-Z-\w, J\-\w, hnZypÑàn \nÀ½mWw F¶nh hyh-kmb

taJ-e-bn-epw KXm-K-Xw, hym]mcw, hmÀ¯m-hn-\n-a-bw, dnbÂ FtÌäv,

]W-an-S-]m-Sp-IÄ, kmaq-ly-tk-h-\-§Ä F¶nh tkh-\-ta-J-e-bnepw

DÄs -̧Sp-¶p. F¬]-Xp-IÄhsc k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bnÂ Xpey-]-¦m-fn-̄ -ap-

−m-bn-cp¶ Cu taJ-e-IÄ X½nÂ sXm®q-dp-I-fnÂ henb Aćw hf-

cp-¶-Xmbn ImWm³ Ign-bpw. CXn\p Imc-W-ambn XoÀ¶Xv 1980se sF.-

Fw. F^v IS-sa-Sp-t¸m-Sp-IqSn Cý³ km¼-̄ nI taJe sshtZ-in-Im-

{in-X-Xz-̄ nsâ B]Â¡-c-amb ]nSn-bn-e-I-s -̧«XmWv. DZm-c-h-Xv¡-c-W-

¯n-sâbpw BtKm-f-h-Xv¡-c-W-̄ n-sâbpw BZym-¦p-c-§Ä {]Xy-£-

s¸«p XpS-§nb ]p¯³ km¼-̄ n-I-\-b-§Ä sXm®q-dp-I-fnÂ {]Jym-]n-

¡-s -̧Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

BtKm-f-hXv¡-cW {]{In-b-bpsS {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-amb It¼mf

k¼Zvhyh-Øbpw kzX-{´-I-t¼m-f-§-fpw A\p-h-Zn-̈ psImSp-¡p¶ DZm-

c-hXv¡-c-W-\-b-§Ä \S-̧ n-em-¡-s -̧«-tXm-Sp-IqSn hymh-km-bn-I-cw-Khpw

\qX-\-amb ]e-am-ä-§Ä¡pw hnt[-b-am-bn. D]-t`m-K-h-kvXp-¡-fpsS

DXv]m-Z-\-̄ n\v B¡w Iq«p-Ibpw aäp-ta-J-e-I-fnÂ amµyw kw`-hn-¡p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. Hcp k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bpsS hyh-km-b-hXv¡-c-W-̄ nepw

AXnsâ hfÀ¨-bpsS thK-Xbpw kz`m-hhpw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xnepw

\nÀ®m-b-I-amb ]¦p-h-ln-¡p-¶Xv b{´-\nÀ½m-W-hy-h-kmb taJ-e-bm-

Wv. {ItaW kmaq-lytk-h-\-ta-J-e-IÄ hmWn-Py-hÂ¡-cn-¡-s¸

SpIbpw B cwK§-fnse sNe-hp-IÄ hÀ²n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \½psS

kaqlw D]-t`m-K-k-aq-l-ambn AXn-thKw amdn-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p-¶p.

8

Hcp]t£ hnI-knX cmPy-§-sf-¡m-f-[nIw hÀ²\, `mc-X-̄ nÂ km¼-

¯n-tImÂ]m-Z\ cwK-̄ pw sXmgn-ep-ev]m-Z\ cwK¯pw D]-t`m-K-ta-J-e-

bnepw D−m-bn-«p-s−-¶Xv XÀ¡-a-ä- Hcp kwK-Xn-bm-Wv.

1.3 B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS AIw-s]m-cpÄ

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-Xsb¡p-dn-̈ pÅ GXp NÀ¨-Ifpw B[p-\n-I-

Xsb {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡m³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-am-Wv. hymh-km-bnI hn¹-h-̄ nsâ

]Ým-̄ -e-̄ nÂ 19þmw \qäm-−nÂ bqtdm-̧ nÂ BhnÀ`-hn¨ ]pXnb

kmaqly cq]-§-sf-bmWv \mw ]c-¼-cm-K-X-ambn ‘B[p-\n-I-’sa¶v hnti-

jn-̧ n-¡m-dp-f-f-Xv. B[p-\n-IX F¶ k¦-ev]hpw AXnsâ ]²-Xnbpw

cq]w sIm−Xv 18þmw \qäm-−n-em-bn-cp-¶p. Úmt\m-Zb Nn -́IÀ a\p-jy-

cm-in-bpsS hntam-N-\-̄ n-\p-w PohnXw IqSp-XÂ tim`-\-am-Ip-¶-Xn\pw

th−n a\p-jysâ ss[j-Wn-I-hr-̄ nsb {]tbm-P-\-s -̧Sp-t¯-−Xp

s−¶v \njvIÀjn-̈ p. kzX-{´hpw {Inbm-ß-I-hp-amb _u²n-I-hym-]m-c-

¯nÂ \n¶p-Xv]m-Zn-¡-s -̧Sp¶ hnÚm\w Cu ]²-Xn-bpsS hnP-b-̄ n-\p-

th−n {]tbm-Kn-t¡-−-Xm-sW¶pw AhÀ hniz-kn-̈ p. temI-sa-¼m-Sp-

apÅ a\p-jyÀ¡n-S-bnÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ hnhn-[-X-c-̄ n-epÅ Ak-a-Xz-

§Ä¡pw hnth-N-\-§Ä¡p-a-Xo-X-ambn a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS s]mXp \³a-

bv¡p-th-−n-bpÅ Hcp kmÀh-eu-InI ]²-Xn-bv¡mWv Úmt\m-Zb

Nn -́IÀ cq]w \ÂIn-b-Xv. bpàn kl-P-amb Nn´-bn-eqsS a\p-jysc

_Ôn-̈ n-cp¶ hnhn-[-X-c-̄ n-epÅ N§-eI-fnÂ \n¶pw AÔ-hn-izm-k-

§-fnÂ \n¶pw tamN\w t\Sm-\m-Ip-sa¶pw kaq-ls¯ s]mXn-ªn-cn-

¡p¶ aX-̄ n-sâbpw ssZhnI hnip-²n-bp-tSbpw Abp-àn-I-amb

hkv{Xw Agn-̈ p-am-äm-\m-Ip-sa¶pw Úmt\m-Z-b-Nn-́ -IÀ kaq-ls¯

]Tn-̧ n-̈ p. imkv{X-¯nsâ bpàn-k-l-amb {]tbm-K-̄ n-eqsS {]Ir-Xn-

bpsS \nb-{´Ww ssIb-S-¡m-\m-Ip-sa-¶pw A§s\ a\p-jy-cm-insb

{Kkn-̈ n-cp¶ Zmcn-{Zyw, £maw, {]Ir-Xn-t£m-̀ w, apX-emb amc-W-§-

fnÂ\n-¶pw apàn t\Sm-\m-Ip-sa¶pw AhÀ hniz-kn-̈ p.

kmÀh-eu-In-IX F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p asämcp {][m\ Bi-bw.

bpànbpw imkv{Xhpw GsXm-c-h-Ø-bnepw {]tbm-Kn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

imkv{Xw DXv]m-Zn-̧ n-¡p¶ s]mXpXXz-§-fmWv Cu {]]-©s¯ \nb-

9

{ń-¡p-¶-Xv. hyàn-bnÂ \n¶mWv hnÚm-\hpw hr¯nbpw Bcw-̀ n-¡p-

¶-sX¶pw hyàn-bpsS bpàn asäm-¶n\pw hnt[-b-a-sÃ¶pw hyàn-hm-

Zw \nÀtZ-in-̈ p. hyàn-I-fpsS Nn -́I-fp-sSbpw {]hr-̄ n-I-fp-sSbpw kam-

lm-c-amWv kaq-lw. aX-]-chpw [mÀan-I-hp-amb hnizm-k-§-fnÂ a\p-

jyÀ¡n-S-bnÂ t`Z-§-fp-s−-¦nepw XmXzn-I-ambn AhÀ Hcp-t]m-se-bm-

sW¶p \njvIÀjn-¡p¶ ka-̀ m-h-\-bpsS Bi-b-§Ä {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-

hm³ Úmt\m-Z-b-Nn´ {ian-̈ n-cp-¶p. ^yqUÂ hyh-Øn-Xn¡p hncp-²-

ambn kzmX{ýw F¶ Bibw DbÀ¯n-̧ n-Sn-¡-s -̧«p. a\p-jysâ ASn-

Øm\ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Øe-Im-e-t`-Z-at\y H¶p-X-s¶-bm-sW¶ Bi-

bhpw Úmt\m-Z-b-Nn-́ AwKo-I-cn-̈ n-cp-¶p. aX-̄ n-sâbpw ]ptcm-ln-X-

hÀK-̄ n-sâbpw B[n-Im-cn-IX tNmZyw sN¿-s¸-Sp-Ibpw, bpàn,

imkv{Xw, kmt¦-Xn-I-hnZy F¶nh kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-̄ nÂ AwKo-I-cn-¡-

s -̧Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-fnÂ \n¶pw A\m-Nm-c-§-

fnÂ\n¶pw tamN\w t\Sm³ CXp klm-b-I-am-IpIbpw sNbvXp.

hnÚm-\-̄ nsâ taJe aX-bm-Ym-Øn-Xn-I-X-bp-tSbpw ]ptcm-lnX hÀK-

¯n-sâbpw CS-s]-S-ep-I-fnÂ\n¶v apà-am-bn-cn-¡Ww F¶ Bi-b-

¯n\pw A§s\ {]Nmcw e`n-̈ p.

\ne-hn-epÅ Bhn-jvImc k{¼-Zm-b-§sf ]mtS Ah-K-Wn-̈ p-

sIm−v hyàn-I-fp-sSbpw kaq-l-§-fp-sSbpw hnizm-k-§fpw {]hr-̄ n-

Ifpw ]e-Xcw \nb-a-§ÄsIm−v \nb-{ń v̈ ]cn-an-X-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶ hyh-

Øn-Xn-bvs¡-Xn-tc iàamb shÃp-hnfn DbÀ¯m³ B[p-\n-I-cpsS

IrXn-IÄ¡v Ign-ªp. kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-t{km-X-Êp-

I-fmb aXw, imkv{Xw, cmjv{Sobw XpS-§n-b-h-sb-¡p-dn¨v AXp-h-sc-bp-

−m-bn-cp¶ [mc-W-Isf tNmZyw sN¿m\pw B cwK-§-fnÂ h¼n¨ ]cn-

hÀ¯\w krjvSn-¡m\pw B[p-\n-I-km-ln-Xy-Im-c³amÀ¡p Ign-ªp.

ae-bm-f-̄ nÂ B[p-\n-IX hyh-Øm-]n-X-am-bn-̄ o-cp-¶Xv Bbn-

c-̄ n-s¯m-Åm-bn-c¯n Adp-]-Xp-I-fn-em-Wv. “tZiob \thm-°m\w, Zi-

h-Õ-c-§Ä hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp¯ BZÀi-hmZw tIhew D]-cn-¹-h-am-bn-cp-

s¶-¶pw dnb-en-k-s¯-¡qSn Imev]-\nI ]cn-th-j-a-Wn-bn¨pw AXn`m-hp-

I-Xz-̄ nsâ `mj-bnÂ am{Xta Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m-\-Xn\v Ign-ªpÅp

F¶pw t_m[y-s¸« Hcp Xe-apd ]pXn-sbmcp Pohn-X-ZÀi\w Bhn-jvI-cn-

10

¡m³ Hcp-s¼-«-Xnsâ ^e-am-bn-cp¶p ae-bm-f-̄ nse B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS

Ah-Xm-cw.-’’ (A¿¸¸Wn¡À,sI 1982: 140)F¶ A¿-̧ -̧ -Wn-¡-cpsS

A`n-{]mbw ae-bm-f-̄ nse B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS kml-Ncyw hyà-am-¡p-

¶p.

1950 ItfmsS tIc-fob kmaq-lnI sshb-ànI Pohn-X-§-fnÂ

[mcmfw hyXn-bm-\-§Ä kw`-hn-̈ p. ImÀjn-I-hr-̄ n-bnÂ am{Xw Pohn-

¨p-t]m¶ tIc-fob A´-co-£-̄ n-tebv¡v hyh-kmbhXv¡-cWw

]Xps¡ IS-¶p-h-cm³ XpS-§n. henb Xd-hm-Sp-IÄ¡pw Iq«p-Ip-Spw-_-

§Ä¡pw XIÀ¨ kw`-hn-̈ p. P\-kw-Jybpw sXmgn-en-Ãm-bvabpw hÀ²n-

¨p. Zmcn{Zyw tIc-fs¯bmsI {Kkn-̈ p. c−p-tem-I-bp-²-§Ä IqSn-

t¨À¶v temI-km-¼-̄ nI kwhn-[m-\s¯ Xmdp-am-dm-¡n-b-XmWv {][m-\-

ambpw CXnsâ Imc-Ww. km¼-̄ nI XIÀ -̈tbmsS sXmgnÂtXSn \mSp-

hn-Sp-¶-h-cpsS F®w hÀ²n-̈ p. hen-b-Ip-Spw-_-§Ä inYn-e-§-fm-Ip-

Ibpw sNdnb IpSpw-_-§Ä cq]-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]mÝm-Xy-Po-hn-X-

¯nÂ hyàn Hä-s -̧Sm-\n-S-bm¡nb {][m-\-Im-cWw hyh-km-b-hÂ¡-c-

Whpw X·q-e-ap-−mb ]cn-hÀ¯-\-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ tIc-f-̄ nÂ

hyàn-bpsS Hä-s -̧S-en\v {][m-\-Im-c-W-§Ä PmXn-bp-sSbpw aX-̄ n-

sâbpw AÔ-amb BtÇ-j-hpw ^yqUÂ kwkvIm-c-̄ nsâ ]mc-¼-cy-a-

en-\o-I-c-W-̄ nÂ\n¶pÅ Hä-s -̧Sepw sXmgn-en-Ãm-bva, Zmcn{Zyw Ch-aq-e-

hp-am-bn-cp-¶p. a\p-jy³ Hä-s -̧«-h-\m-sW¶ Nn´ {]_-e-am-b-tXmsS

kaq-ls¯ H¶m-bn-s¡-«n-\n-dp-̄ n-bn-cp¶ aqey-t_m[w inYn-e-am-bn. Hä-

s -̧Sp¶ hyàn-IÄ kaq-l-t¯mSv \ntj-[m-ß-I-amb Iem-]-¯n-teÀs -̧

«p. sXmgn-en-Ãm-bva, Zmcn-{Zyw, Agn-a-Xn, bp²-Im-e-̄ nsâ km¶n-[y-§Ä,

A[n-Imc ZpÀhn-\n-tbm-K-§Ä, hÀKo-b-X-bpsS hfÀ¨ Ch-sbms¡

tNÀ¶v Hä-s -̧Sp¶ hyàn-I-fpsS ip`m]vXn hnizmkw \in-̧ n-̈ p. `mc-Xo-

b-X-bp-sSbpw AXn-ep-]cn am\pjnIXbp-sSbpw ZÀi\w P\-§-fn-se-̄ n-

t¨À¶Xpw Cu kµÀ`-̄ nÂ¯-s¶. Cu amä-§Ä kmln-Xy-s¯bpw

kaq-e-amb amä-̄ n\p hnt[-b-am-¡n.

Cu ]cn-Wm-a-L-«-̄ nsâ asämcp {]tXyIX ]mÝm-Xy-km-ln-Xy-

hp-ambn ae-bm-f-̄ n-\p-−mb ]cn-N-b-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cw¥o-jn-eqsS al-̄ m-

sbm-cp- km-lnXy]mc¼cy-hp-ambn ae-bmfn ]cn-N-b-s -̧«p. hyXy-kvX-§-

11

fmb At\Iw Pohn-X-ZÀi-\-§sf ae-bmfn ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡n. hnkvXr-

Xhpw AKm-[-hp-amb A\p-̀ -h-̄ nsâ hen-sbmcp temIw "tIkcn' ae-

bm-fn¡p ap¶nÂ Xpd-¶n-«p. “]pXnb Fgp-¯p-Im-c³ \nÀ½m-W-th-f-bnÂ

Abm-fpsS Bhn-jvI-c-W-Iu-i-e-̄ nsâ A]qÀÆ-X-sIm−v bmYmÀ°y-

¯nsâ ]cn-Nn-X-̀ mhw FSp-̄ p-I-f-bp-¶p. A§s\ dnb-en-Ìp-IÄ¡v ]cn-

l-cn-¡m³ Ign-bm-Xn-cp¶ hnj-a-{]-iv\-̄ n\v AbmÄ ]cn-lmcw Is−-

¯p-¶p. B[p-\n-I-Xsb kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ efn-X-amb emh-Wy-\n-b-a-am-Wn-

Xv.” (A¸³,sI,]n 1991: 7) CXneqsS PohnX Nn{Xo-I-c-W-̄ n\v AhÀ

hnhn[ cq]-am-Xr-I-IÄ kzoI-cn-̈ p. AXn-\p-ap¼v Bcpw Xs¶ ImWm³

{ian-¡m-Xn-cp-¶Xpw I−n-sÃ¶p \Sn-̈ -Xp-amb ZÀi-\-§Ä shfn-hm-Im³

XpS-§n. km£n-Xzw, \nÀhyàn]c-X, Abp-àn-I-X, ZmÀi-\n-I-X, iq\y-

Xm-t_m-[w, ]pXnb kuµ-cy-ZÀi-\w, hÀ¯-am-\-Ime {]k-àn,

cq]sshNn-{Xyw, kmÀheuIn-IX Ch-sbÃmw B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS {][m\

LS-I-§-fm-Wv.

Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-−nsâ BZy-]-Ip-Xn-bnse `oI-c-amb A\p-̀ -h-

§Ä B[p-\n-IX \ÂInb ip`m-]vXn-hn-izm-ks¯ ]mtS XIÀ¯p.

Úmt\m-Z-b-]-²Xn, AXn-\p-Xs¶ hncp-²-ambn Xncn-ªp-sh¶pw a\p-

jy-cm-in-bpsS tamN-\-̄ n-\p-th-−n-bpÅ At\z-j-Ws¯ kzmX-{´y-

¯nsâ t]cnÂ kmÀÆ{Xn-I-]o-U-\-̄ n-\p-ff hyh-Ø-bm-¡n-am-än-sb-¶p-

apÅ ]cm-Xn-IÄ DbÀ¶p. Úmt\m-Z-b-¯nsâ ]n¶nÂ ad-ªn-cn-¡p-

¶Xv ta[m-hn-Xz-̄ n-sâbpw ]oU\-̄ n-sâbpw bpàn-bm-Wv. {]Ir-Xnsb

\nb-{ -́W-hn-t[-b-am-¡m-\p-ff Xzc-bnÂ a\p-jy-cpsStaÂ B[n-]Xyw

Øm]n-¡m-\pÅ XrjvW-bpw AXnÂ DÄs -̧«n-cp-¶p. Úmt\m-Z-b-]-²-

Xn-bnÂ\n¶v Dcp-¯n-cnª B[p-\n-I]²Xn hyàn-Xz-§-fp-sSbpw

kwkvIm-c-§-fp-sSbpw taepÅ bpàn-bpsS ]oU-\m-ß-I-amb A[n-Imc

{]tbmKw am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. bpàn-IX F¶ k¦-ev]\w ]mÝm-Xy-\m-K-

cn-I-X-bpsS A[o-i-Xzs¯ km[q-I-cn-¡m-\pÅ D]-I-c-W-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p.

AXp-sIm-−m-W-Xns\ D]-I-c-Wm-ß-I-bpàn F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.

_mly-temIw am{X-aÃ Nqj-W-̄ n\pw B{I-a-W-̄ n\pw ]oU-\-̄ n\pw

hnt[-b-am-b-Xv. ]mÝm-Xy-k-aq-l-̄ nÂ\n-¶p-X-s¶-bpÅ A]-c-hn-`m-K-§-

fnÂs -̧Sp-¶-h-sc-Ãm-hcpw Xs¶ AXnsâ Cc-I-fmbn. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS

12

\³a-bn-epÅ hnizm-ks¯ tNmZyw sNbvXp-sIm−v AXv Dt]-£n-¡-W-

sa¶ ]£-¡m-cmWv ]n¶oSv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X-bpsS {]tbm-àm-¡-

fmbn amdn-b-Xv.(Adrono,Theodor & Max, Horkheimer 1979: 16-17)

1.4 B[p-\n-I-X-bnÂ \n¶pÅ hyXy-kvX-X-IÄ

B[p\nI-X-bpsS km{¼-Zm-bn-I-coXnimkv{X-ap-t]-£n-¡p-hm\pw

Øm]-\-h-XvIr-X-amb Iesb Z -́tKm-]p-c-§-fnÂ \n¶pw tamNn-̧ n-̈ v,

sXcp-hp-I-fnÂ, kmam-\y-P-\-§Ä¡n-S-bntebv¡p sIm-−p-h-cm\pw

A§s\ kwth-Z-\-̄ n-sâbpw `mhp-I-Xz-̄ nsâbpw ]pXnb Xe-§-Ä

krjvSn-¡p-hm\pw B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -cX X¿m-dm-Ip-¶-Xp-Im-Wmw. cq]w,

krjvSn-]-c-X, ssien, Iem-]-c-amb kzmÑ-µyw, `mh-\, {]Xn-\n-[m\w

F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS km{¼-Zm-bnI k¦-ev]-\-§sf

\nc-kn-¡p-¶Xpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ah-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Isf

\ntj-[n-¡p-¶-Xp-amWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -cX F¶p-Im-Wmw. B[p-\n-I-X-

bpsS D¶X \nav\ hnth-N-\s¯ XIÀ¡p-hm-\pÅ {ia-amWv B[p-\n-

tIm-̄ --c-X-bnÂ \S-¡p-¶-Xv. P\-{]n-b-am-b-sX´pw kwi-b-t¯msS

ho£n¨ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS htc-Wy-hm-Z-¯n-s\-Xn-cmb {]Xn-I-c-W-sa¶

\ne-bn-emWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶-Xv. kmam-\y-P-\-kw-kvIm-

chpw B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-Xbpw X½nÂ Hcp ss\c-́ -cy-ap-−v. kmam-\y-P-\-

kw-kvIm-c-t¯m-SpÅ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS \nin-X-hn-aÀi-\-§sf B[p-\n-

tIm-̄ -c-X AXnsâ Bcw`w apXÂXs¶ shÃp-hn-fn-̈ n-«p-−v.

k^eam-Im¯ B{K-l-§-fp-sSbpw Zan-X-Im-a-\-I-fp-sSbpw

km£m-XvIm-c-̄ n\v Nc-¡p-cq]w \ÂIp-¶-XmWv B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c- P\-

{]n-b-kmw-kvIm-cn-tIm-Xv]m-Z\w F¶ A`n-{]m-b-t¯m-sSm¸w P\-{]nb

kmwkvIm-cn-tIm-Xv]m-Z\w apX-em-fn-̄ -̄ nsâ Xs¶ krjvSn-bm-sW-¶pw

AXnsâ It¼m-f-§sf \ne-\nÀ¯p-hm³ Ima-\-Isf Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-I-

bpw hyàn-bpsS `mhp-I-Xzs¯ C¡n-fn-s -̧Sp-̄ p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-−v,

B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS D¶-X-kw-kvIm-c-̄ nsâ ]mc-¼-cy-̄ n-s\-Xn-cm-bn,

AXns\ adn-I-S-¡m-\pÅ apX-em-fn-̄ -̄ nsâ {ia-§-fpsS ^e-am-W-sX-

¶p-apÅ asäm-c-̀ n-{]m-b-hp-ap-−v. hyXy-kvX-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä¡pw

hnNm-c-am-Xr-I-IÄ¡pw If-sam-cp-¡nb Cu {]Øm-\-§-fnÂ B[p-\n-

13

tIm-̄ -c-XbpsS thcp-IÄ Is−-̄ m-\m-Ipw. asäm-cp-X-c-̄ nÂ ]d-

ªmÂ B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X alm-hn-̀ -P-\-̄ sâ \ncm-k-am-bn-cp-¶p. D¶-

X-I-ebpw kmam-\y-P-\-kw-kvIm-chpw X½n-epÅ kwhÀK-]-c-amb hnth-

N\w \njvIÀjn-¡p¶ hyh-lm-c-̄ nsâ \ntj-[-̄ nÂ\n-¶mWv B[p-

\n-tIm-̄ -c-X Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶Xv.(Huysen,Andreas 1986: 28-29)

1.5 B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-XbpsS ZÀi\w

bqtdm-]y³ ZmÀi-\nI ]mc-¼-cy-̄ nsâ ImX-em-bn-cp¶ ssZzX-

hm-Z-̄ nsâ \ncm-k-amWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-XbpsS ZmÀi-\nI ASn-̄ -d.

Nn -́bnÂ\n¶pw `mj-bnÂ\n¶pw apà-ambn bmYmÀ°y-̄ n\p \ne-

\nÂ¡p-hm-\m-InÃ F¶v B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-À hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. kmaq-lnI

bmYmÀ°y--̄ nsâ \nÀan-Xn-bnÂ `mj-bp-sSbpw hyh-lm-c-̄ n-sâbpw

{]mapJyw A\n-hm-cy-am-sW¶v AhÀ Icp-Xp-¶p. hnÚm\w kXy-

¯nsâ {]Xn-̂ -e-\-am-sW¶pw ssZh-̄ nepw Ncn-{X-̄ nepw bpàn-bnepw

AXnsâ `{Z-amb ASn-̄ d Is−-̄ m-\m-Ip-Ibpw sN¿p-sa¶ Bi-

bs¯ \ncm-I-cn-¡p-¶-XmWv Cu kao-]-\w. ssZzX-hmZw apt¶m-«p-h-

bv¡p¶ hn]-co-X-Zz-µz-§-fnÂ H¶v Ft¸mgpw asäm-¶n-\p-]-cn-bmbn {]Xn-

jvTn-¡-s -̧«n-cn-¡p-¶p. \³a þ Xn³a, shfn-̈ w þ Ccp-«v, kXyw þ Ak-

Xyw, ]pcp-j³þ-kv{Xo, shfp-̧ v þ Idp-̧ v, A\-\yw þ A\yw, D¶-Xw þ

\nav\w, kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-bhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb hyh-lm-c-§-

fnÂ Cu Zzµz-§-fpsS hmgvNsb A«n-a-dn-¡p-hm-\p-ff Ht«sd {ia-

§Ä¡v B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-X km£yw hln-̈ n-«p-−v. kv{Xohm-Z-{]-Øm-\-

§Ä, hwio-b-{]-Øm-\-§Ä, {]Xn-kw-kvIm-c-{]-Øm-\-§Ä, DXvIr-jvS-

_-lp-P-\-kmw-kvIm-cnI hnth-N-\-̄ nsâ \ncmkw F¶n-h-sbÃmw AXn-

\p-Zm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv.

“Ahybam-b- kXy§tfbpw BZÀi-§-tfbpw shfn-s -̧Sp-̄ p-I-

bÃ XXz-im-kv{X-̄ nsâ e£y-sa¶v D¯cm[p-\n-I-À Icp-Xp-¶p. a\p-jy-

hr-̄ nbpw Pohn-X-̄ nsâ AÀ°hpw X½n-epÅ KmV-amb _Ôw hni-

Zo-I-cn-¡pI F¶ [À½-amWv \nÀhlnt¡-−-Xv. a\p-jysâ Bhn-jvIm-c-

¯nÂ\n¶pw _mly-ambn AXnÂ \n¶p thÀs]«v H¶pw Xs¶ \ne-

\nÂ¡p-¶n-Ã. F¶v D¯cm[p-\n-I-À hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶

14

a\p-jym-h-Øsb Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-hm³ A\p-̀ -h-a-Þ-e-

¯n-emWv At\z-jWw \S-t¯-−-sX¶pw AhÀ Icp-Xp-¶p. AkvXn-

Xzhpw hyh-Øbpw A§s\ c−p hncp² k¦-ev]-\-§-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-

¡-s -̧Sp-¶p. ZmÀi-\nI hyh-Ø-Isf Øm]n-s¨-Sp-¡p-hm³ {ian-¡p-¶-

hÀ BÀÖ-h-an-Ãm-̄ -h-cm-sW¶v D¯cm[p-\n-I-À Icp-Xp-¶p. AaqÀ¯

hXvIr-X-amb ka-hm-Iy-§-fn-eÃ AÀ°hpw e£yhpw Is−-t¯-−-Xv,

Ah hyh-lm-c-̄ nÂ\n¶p-cp-̄ n-cn-tb-−-XmWv; kXym-t\z-j-W-̄ n\v

AXv A\nhm-cy-hp-am-Wv.” (kp[mIc³ 1999 : 88)

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-XbnÂ kl-P-amb a\p-jym-h-Øbv¡p hncp-

²-ambn H¶p-an-Ã. apX-em-fn-̄ -̄ nsâ IS-¶m-{I-a-W-̄ nÂ tImf-\n-h-

Xv¡-cn-¡-s¸« At_m-[-̄ nsâ DS-a-bmb hyàn-bpsS kzXzw inYn-eo-

Ir-Xhpw hntI-{µn-X-hp-am-Wv. hntI-{µn-X-amb IÀXr-Xz-̄ nsâ DSa

AÀ°-̄ nsâ DXv]m-Z-I-\pw DXv]m-Z-\-hp-a-Ã. B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -cmh-Ø-

bnÂ IÀXrXzw hyh-lm-c-§-fmÂ hnfn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-Wv. hyh-lm-c-§Ä

IÀXr-Xzs¯ kmaq-ly-{I-a-̄ nÂ {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-Ibpw bmYmÀ°y-s -̄

¡p-dn-̈ pÅ Abm-fpsS ]cn-t{]-£y-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

hyh-lm-c-§Ä `n¶-X-Isf \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p. Cu hyh-lm-c-§-fmWv

AaqÀ¯-sa-¶p- s]m-Xpsh [cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ temI-̄ n\v AÀ°w \ÂIp-

¶-Xv. At¸mÄ B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c- kµÀ -̀̄ nÂ AÀ°-\n-tbm-P-\-̄ n\v

hyh-lm-c-§Ä¡v {]map-Jy-ap-s−-¶p-h-cp-¶p. IY-I-fp-sSbpw BJym-\-

§-fp-sSbpw cq]-̄ n-emWv kzXzw Ncn-{X-s¯bpw kaq-l-s¯bpw A`n-

ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p-¶-sX¶v B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-À hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.

kXyw {]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm am[y-Ø-̄ n-eq-sStbm

AXnsâ {]Xn-\n-[m-\-§Ä kwth-Z\w sN¿p¶p F¶ km{¼-Zm-bnI

k¦-ev]-\-̄ nÂ\n¶p `n¶-am-bn, bmYmÀ°y-̄ n-sâbpw kzXz-̄ n-

sâbpw \nÀan-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ {]iv\-§Ä ]mT-̄ nsâ ]qÀÆ-X-e-̄ nÂ

Xs¶ {]Xn-jvTn-¡p¶ {]h-WX B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c- cN-\-I-fnÂ ImWmw.

Ie Hcn-¡epw bmYmÀ°y-̄ nsâ I®m-Sn-bÃ F¶pw, Pohn-X-s¯-¡p-dn-

¨p-\-t½mSv kwkm-cn-¡p¶ Hcp hymP-tcJ am{X-am-sW¶pw Ah {]Jym-

]n-¡p-¶p. kXyw Imev]-\n-I-am-sW¶pw AXv hyXy-kvX-\nÀ½n-Xn-I-fnÂ

\n¶p-cp-̄ n-cn-bp-¶-Xm-sW¶papÅ \otj-bpsS kn²m-́ -̄ n-e-[n-jvTn-X-

15

amWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c- kuµ-cym-ß-I-X.(Nietzsche,Frederich 1984: 46)

B[p-\n-I-Ie sN¿p-hm³ {ian-̈ n-cp-¶-Xp-t]mse £Wn-I-X-I-fnepw

AØn-c-X-I-fnepw Ahy-b-amb bmYmÀ°ys¯ Is−-̄ p-hm-\Ã B[p-

\n-tIm-̄ -c- Ie {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. Pohn-X-̄ nsâ inYn-e-bm-YmÀ°y-§sf

BhÀ¯n-̈ p-d-̧ n-¡p-I-bmWv AXnsâ e£yw. kzbw Dev]m-Zn-̧ n-¡p¶

kXy-amWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-Iesb t]mäp-¶-Xv. “temIw AÀ°-iq-\y-am-

sW-¦nÂ AXn\v AÀ°w D−m-¡n-s¡m-Sp-¡m³ Ie-bv¡m-hp-sa¶

`mhw ths−¶pw AÀ°-iq-\yXbvs¡m¸w {IoUn-̈ mÂ aXn-sb-¶p-

amWv D¯-cm-[p-\nI ZÀi\w.” (cm[nI,kn \mbÀ 2001 : 111)

1.6 B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-Xbpw \nÀh-N-\-§fpw

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-Xsbt¸mse Xs¶ AXnsâ \nÀh-N-\-§Ä

¡pw kn²m-́ -§Ä¡pw GIm-ßI kz`m-h-an-Ã. AXn-\mÂ¯s¶ hyXy-

kvX-]-Þn-X-·mÀ hn`n-¶-§-fmb \nÀh-N-\-§-fmWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X

bv¡v \ÂIp-¶-Xv.

Iem-km-ln-Xy-cw-K-§-fnse \qX\ {]h-W-X-IÄ, sshÚm-\n-I-

a-Þ-e-̄ nse ]pXnb kao-]-\-§Ä, B[p-\n-I-X-bnÂ \n¶pw hyXy-kv

X-amb kmaq-ln-Im-h-Ø, `ua -cm-jv{So-b-¯nse ]p¯³{]-h-W-X-IÄ,

ssk²m-́ nI cwKs¯ hn¹-h-I-c-amb Nn´m-[m-c-IÄ, kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-

km[y-am-¡p¶ ]p¯³Po-hn-Xm-\p-̀ -h-§Ä, temI-sa-¼mSpw I−p-h-cp¶

]p¯³km-aq-lnI {]h-W-X-IÄ, Hcp]pXnb temI-ho-£-Ww, ]pXn-b-`m-

hp-I-Xzw, Hcp ]pXnb Ncn-{X-Im-e-L«w F¶n-h-sbÃmw kqNn-̧ n-¡m³

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X F¶ kwÚ D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. Iem-km-lnXy

cwKs¯ kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ AsÃ-¦nÂ s]mXp-hnÂ kwkvIm-cs¯

kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ kqN-\-IÄ \ÂIp¶ Hcp kwÚ-am-{X-ambn AXns\

]cn-K-Wn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. Npcp-¡-̄ nÂ B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X Pohn-X-¯nsâ

ka-kvX-ta-J-e-I-tfbpw {]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm kzm[o-\n-¡p¶

Hcp kmaq-ln-Im-h-Ø-bm-Wv.

1870 IÄ apXÂ B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X F¶ kwÚ {]Nm-c-̄ n-ep-

s−¶v Ìoh³ s_Ìpw U¥mkv sIÂ\dpw A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p.

16

(Best,Steven&Douglaskellner 1991: 5). ‘Consumer culture and

postmodernism’ F¶ IrXn-bnÂ ‘ssaIv s^-XÀtÌm¬’ B[p-\n-tIm-

¯-c-X F¶ ]Z-̄ nsâ Ncn-{Xs¯ Ah-tem-I\w sN¿p-¶p-−v. 1930

IfnÂ B[p-\n-IX-bvs¡-Xn-cmb Hcp sNdnb {]Xn-I-c-Ws¯ kqNn-̧ n-

¡m-\mWv BZy-ambn B ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-¨-sX¶v At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.

]n¶oSv 1942 Â ‘^nävkv’ F¶ hnaÀi-I³ ka-Im-en-I- emän\ta-cn-¡³

kmln-Xys¯ hnti-jn-̧ n-¡p-hm³ B ]Z-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-̈ sX¶pw

At±lw hyà-am-¡p-¶p. (Featherstone,Mike 1991: 7) {]kn-²-N-cn-{X-

Im-c-\mb ‘AÀt\mÄUv tSmbn³_n’ 1947þÂ ‘A Study of History’ F¶

IrXn-bnÂ, c−mw-tem-I-a-lm-bp-²-̄ n-\p-ti-j-apÅ ]mÝm-Xy-\m-K-cn-I-X-

bpsS ]pXpbp-Ks¯ hnti-jn-̧ n-¡p-hm³ B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-sa¶

kwÚ-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-̈ sX¶pw hnaÀi-IÀ Nq−n-¡m-Wn-̈ n-«p-−v.

Cu ]pXnb bpKs¯ hymIp-e-X-I-fp-sSbpw bpàn-cm-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâbpw

\jvS-kz-]v\-§-fp-sSbpw Ime-ambn tSmbn³_n Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. 1959

Â kn ssdäv anÂ ‘The sociological Imagination’F¶ IrXn-bnÂ temI-

N-cn-{X-̄ nse \memw bpK-̄ ns\ hnti-jn-̧ n-¡p-hm³ post modernism

F¶ kwÚbmWv D]-tbm-Kn-̈ -sX¶pw ]d-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. NmÄkv

HmÄk¬ a\p-jy-tI-{µn-X-a-Ãm¯ Hcp ]pXnb Ihn-X-bp-sSbpw Imhy-

ssi-en-bp-sSbpw DZbw \nÀh-Nn-¡m-\mbn \S-̄ nb {ia-§-fn-emWv

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X F¶ kwÚ Ata-cn-¡³ hnaÀi\ kmln-Xy-

¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡-s -̧Sp-¶-Xv. ‘Projective verse’ (1950) F¶ teJ-\-

¯n-emWv Ata-cn-¡³ Ihn-Xm-cw-Ks¯ Hcp ]pXn-b-bp-K-̧ n-d-hn-sb-¡p-

dn¨v HmÄk¬ kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. B[p-\n-I-X-bnse a\p-jy-tI-{µnX

Nn´m-co-Xnsb shÃp-hn-fn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Cu kao-]-\-sa-¶-Xn-\mÂ

HmÄk¬ ‘post the modern’F¶mWnXns\-¡p-dn¨p ]d-ª-Xv. B[p-\n-

I-Xsb ho−pw hne-bn-cp-̄ p-hm\pw ]p\À\nÀh-Nn-¡p-hm\pw {ian-¡p-

¶p-sh¶ AÀ°-̄ n-emWv HmÄk¬ B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X F¶ ]Zw

{]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS Bcw-̀ -̄ nÂ \yqtbmÀ¡v tÌäv

kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ\n¶v B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c- kmlnXy NÀ -̈IÄ¡mbn

am{Xw Hcp B\p-Im-enI {]kn-²o-I-c-W-am-cw-̀ n-̈ p. (boundary 2, a

17

journal of post modern literature) F¶Xv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c- NÀ¨-IÄ¡v

e`n-̈ n-cp¶ {]Nm-c-̄ nsâ sXfn-hm-Wv.

CÀhn§v tlmhnsâ ‘Mass society and post modern fiction’

F¶ teJ-\-̄ nÂ, B[p\n-I-km-ln-Xy-̄ nsâ DuÀÖ-kz-e-amb Kuc-h-

¯nsâ ZpÀ_-e-am-b ]n³Xp-SÀ¨-bmWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X-sb¶v A`n-

{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Iem-Im-c\v Xsâ hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-amb AIÂ¨ \jvS-s -̧

«-Xn-\m-emWv Cu ZuÀ_eyw kw -̀hn-̈ -sX-¶pw, AXn-\p-̄ -c-hm-Zn-IÄ

kmam\yP\kaqlamsW¶pambncp¶p tlmhnsâ \nKa\w. (Howe,

Irving 1959: 36) BZy-Ime B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c- cN-\-I-fnÂ hnti-jn¨pw

IYm-km-ln-Xy-̄ nÂ {]I-S-am-bn-̄ p-S-§nb kmam-\y- P-\-k-aq-l-t¯m-Sp

Å B`n-ap-Jyhpw khÀ®þ Iogmf kwkvIm-c-§Ä X½n-epÅ thÀXn-

cnhv CÃm-Xm-¡m-\pÅ {ia-§-fpsS e£-W-§-fp-amWv tlmhns\

C¯cw Hcp A`n-{]mb{]I-S-\-̄ n\v t{]cn-̧ n-̈ -Xv. lmcn-se-hnsâ ‘what

was modernism’F¶ teJ-\-̄ nÂ B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-

am-sW-¶pw, Ie-bpsS DXv]m-Z-I-sc¶ \ne-bnÂ\n¶v D]-t`m-àm-¡-sf¶

\ne-bn-tebv¡v AXv \½sf amäp-¶p-sh¶pw Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p.

B[p-\n-I-XbpsS hym]vXnbpw [\y-Xbpw A¡m-Z-an-I-fnÂ Xf-bv¡-s -̧«p-

sh¶pw kmt¦-Xn-I-amb ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-̄ n-sâbpw `uXn-I-amb D]-t`m-K-

¯n-sâbpw kaq-l-hp-ambn AXv kÔn sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw

At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. kwkvIm-c-̄ nsâ hym]\w, k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bnse

kmam-\y-h-Xv¡-c-W-¯n-\p-X-Ip¶XmsW¶pw AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ ]W-

s -̧cp¸ {]h-WXIÄ¡v hnt[-b-am-sW¶pw sehn³ A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-¶p.

(Levin,Harry 1966: 19) Cu c−v A`n-{]m-b-§-fnÂ \n¶pw B[p-\n-I-

X-bpsS B`n-Nm-c-{]-h-W-X-IÄ¡pw I]-S-amb [mÀ½nI t_m[-̄ n-\p-sa-

Xn-cmb {]Xn-I-c-W-sa¶ \ne-bn-emWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c kmln-Xy-̄ nsâ

Bcw`w F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡mw. (kp[mIc³ 1999 : 22)

kqk³skm-−mKpw Clm_v lÊ\pw B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS hyh-

Øm-]-\--[À½-̄ n-s\-Xntc Ie-ln-¡p¶ Hcp `mhp-I-Xz-ambn B[p\n

tIm-̄ -c-Xsb Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶p.(Sontag,Susan 1969: 6) _pÀjzm-bp-

18

àn-bpsS kwkvImcw Øm]n¨ AÀ°-hy-h-Ø-I-tfm-Spw, kwkvIm-c-

t¯mSpw DÅ Ah-Ú-bmWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c- Iem-Im-c³amÀ ]¦p-h-

bv¡p-¶-Xv. IebpsS Øm]-\-hÂ¡-c-W-¯n-s\-Xn-cmb Iem-]-am-W-h-cp-

tS-Xv. Ie-bpsS Øm]-\-hÂ¡-cWw hmb-\-¡msc Akz-Ø-cm-¡p-hm-

\p-ff B[p-\nI cN-\-I-fpsS £a-Xsb £bn-̧ n-̈ p-sh¶pw AhÀ A`n-

{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.(Hassan,Ihab 1985: 31) Fenbän-sâ-bpw, tPmbvkn-sâ-

bpw, ]n¡m-tkm-bp-sSbpw aäpw cN-\-IÄ C¶v acn¨ Hcp ]äw ¢mkn-¡p-

I-fmbn XoÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v AhÀ ]d-ªp. A§s\ B[p-\n-IX

kwkvImcw _qÀjzm kwkvIm-c-ambn XoÀ¶p. {]Xn-]£ Øm\-̄ p-

\n¶v A[o-i-Øm-\-t¯-bv¡p-am-dnb B[p-\nI ¢mÊn-¡p-IÄ A¡m-Z-an-

I-fnepw ayqkn-b-§-fnepw Kyme-dn-I-fnepw Øm\w ]nSn-¡p-¶p. Bkzm-Z-

\s¯ \nc-kn-¡p¶ B[p-\nI Ie-bnÂ \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn,

hymJym-\-hn-cp-²-am-bn, hymJym\w Bh-iy-s -̧Sm¯ D]-cn-X-e-̄ nsâ

Ie-bmWv B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS \ntj-[m-ßI kuµ-cy-im-kv{X-¯n-\pÅ

adp-]-Sn- F¶v skm−mKv ]d-bp-¶p. AtXm-sSm¸w B[p-\nI Ie-bp-sS

AXm-cy-X-bn-Â \n¶pw `n¶-ambn B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-Ie -kp-Xm-cy-am-sW¶v

kqk³ skm−mKv A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-¶p.(Sontag,Susan 1969: 7,8)

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c- `mhp-I-Xzs¯ Hcp ]t£ BZy-ambn ssk²m-

´n-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¨Xv skm−m-Km-bn-cn¡pw. ‘Against Interpretation’

F¶ IrXn-bnÂ hymJym\w Bh-iy-s -̧Sp¶ B[p-\nI Iem-cq-]-§-fnÂ

\n¶pw hyXy-kvX-ambn D¯-cm-[p-\nI Ie C{µnbm-\p-̀ q-Xn-bpsS kuµ-

cy-imkv{Xw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p-sh¶v AhÀ ]d-bp-¶p. Ie-tbm-SpÅ [n

j-W-bpsS {]Xn-Im-c-amWv hymJym-\w, AXv A§s\ temI-t¯mSp X

s¶bp-ff {]Xn-Im-c-am-Wv. GsXmcp Iem-cq-]hpw C{µn-b-§-fn-eqsS A

\p-̀ -hn¡p-hm\pw Bkz-Zn-¡p-hm\pw Bkzm-Z-Is\ A\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-

cn¡Wsa¶hÀ \njvIÀjn¨p. skm−mKnsâ `mjbnÂ hymJym\¯n

sâ kuµ-cy-im-kv{X-¯nÂ \n¶v C{µnbm-\p-̀ p-Xn-bpsS kuµ-cy-im-kv{X-

¯n-te-bv¡pÅ ]cn-hÀ -̄\-amWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X.Clm_vlks\

kw_-Ôn-̈ n-S-t¯mfw B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-Xbpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw ka-Im-em

I k¶n-Kv²m-h-Ø-I-tfm-SpÅ hyXy-kvX- ho-£-W-§-fpsS {]Im-i-\-am-

19

Wv. ‘B[p\nIX AXnsâ Gähpw {]h-N-\m-ß-I-amb \nan-j-§-fnÂ

am{Xw ZÀin¨ Ahn-IÂ]n-X-am-b-Xn-t\m-SpÅ {]Xy-£tam ]tcm-£tam

Bb {]Xn-I-c-W-amWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X’(Hassan,Ihab 1975: 12) F¶v

paracriticism F¶ IrXn-bnÂ At±lw kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -

c-Xsb Hcp ]pXnb Adn-hmbpw hnaÀi-\-co-Xn-bmbpw DZvtLm-jn-¡p¶

lk³ AXns\ Hcp ImenI k¦-ev]-\-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶n-Ã. B[p-\n-

I-X-tbbpw B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-Xtbbpw hyà-ambn hnth-Nn-¡p¶ ]«n-I-

IÄ At±lw \nc-̄ p-¶p. B[p\nIX tI{µn-X-am-sW¶pw A\n-Ýn-X-

Xzhpw hnImcw A\y-am-Ip¶ Ah-Øbpw B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-XbpsS

khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-sW¶pw lk³ ]d-bp-¶p. “bpànbv¡pw. Ncn{X¯n-

\pw, imkv{X-̄ n-\p-sa-Xn-cmb {]amW hncp-²-am-sbm-cm-{I-a-W-amWv

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c- IYm kmln-Xy-sa-¶pw, Acm-P-I-Xz-̄ nsâ Bhn-jvIm-

c-hpw, A]-kr-jvSn-¡m-bpÅ Bth-Khp-am-WXv” F¶pw lk³ kqNn-̧ n-

¡p-¶p. ‘B[p-\n-tIm-¯-cX- Hcp kmlnXy {]Xn-̀ mkw am{X-aÃ Hcp

kmwkvIm-cnI {]Xn-I-cWw IqSn-bm-sW’¶pw At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-

¶p. (Hassan,Ihab 1975: 25)

Ncn-{X-]-chpw ssk²m-́ n-I-hp-amb k¦-ev]-\-sa¶ \ne-bnepw

XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-§-fmb Hcp ]äw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hr-̄ n-I-sf¶ \ne-

bnepw cmjv{So-bhpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb kao-]-\-§-sf¶ \ne-bnepw

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X hfsc k¦oÀ®hpw sshhn-[y-]qÀ®hpw sshcp-²y-

]qÀ®hpw At\Iw am\-§-fp-Å-Xp-amb Hcp ssPh ]cn-k-c-am-Wv. ‘ap³

Ime-L-«-§-fnÂ \n¶pw `n¶-amb, Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn XnI¨pw \qX-\-sa¶p

hnti-jn-̧ n-¡m-hp¶ Pohn-X-bm-YmÀ°y-§fpw Ah {]P-\\w sN¿p¶

hnNm-c-L-S-\-Ifpw krjvSn¡p¶ Hcp ]pXnb Ncn-{X-Im-e-L-«-amWv D¯-

cm-[p-\n-I-X.Cu Ime-L-«-̄ nsâ krjvSn-bm-b, AXp-\nÀh-Nn-¡p¶ khn-

ti-j-amb kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hpw ZmÀi-\n-I-hpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-

amb {]Im-c-§-tfbpw kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶-XmWv D¯-cm-[p-\n-IX F¶ kw

Ú.’ (kp[mIc³ 1999 : 17)

20

1.7 {]apJ B[p-\n-tIm-¯c ssk²m-ń-Icpw kn²m´§fpw

1.7.1 Po³ {^m³kzm temXymÀ (Jean-Francois Lyotard)-

1924-þÂ {^m³knÂ P\n¨ temXymÀ B[p\ntIm¯c ssk²m-

ń-I-cnÂ {]ap-J-\m-Wv. 1979-þÂ At±-l-¯nsâ ‘The Post Modern

Condition: A Report on Knowledge’ F¶ IrXn {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ -tXm-sS-

bmWv ‘B[p-\n-tIm-¯cX’ F¶ kwÚ kmaq-lnI kn²m-́ -§-fpsS

Úm\-a-WvU-e-̄ n-te¡v F¯-s -̧Sp-¶-Xv.

bqtdm-̧ nÂ bp²m-\-́ c ]p\À\nÀ½m-W-̄ n-\p-tijw imkv{X-km-

t¦-XnI hnZy-bpsS klm-b-t¯msS sshÚm-\nI aWvU-e-̄ nÂ kw -̀

hn¨ amä-§-fpsS ê-ambn kmwkvIm-cnI cwK-̄ p-−mb ]cn-hÀ¯-\-

§Ä¡mWv temXymÀ ‘B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c’sa¶ hnti-jWw \evIp-¶-Xv.

‘_rl-ZmJym\§-fn-epÅAhn-izm-kyX’(Nicol,Bran(Ed.)2002 :73) bmbn-«mWv At±lw B[p-\ntIm--̄ -c-Xsb \nÀÆ-Nn-¡p-¶-Xv. {][m-\-ambpw

c−p-Xcw _rl-ZmJym\§-sf¡p-dn-̈ mWv temXymÀ kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv.

H¶v cmjv{Sob _rl-ZmJym\hpw asäm¶v ZmÀi-\nI _rl-ZmJym\hpw.

]ptcm-K-a-\m-i-b-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-Xpw kmaq-ln-I-amb ]oU\-§-fnÂ

\n¶pw km¼-̄ n-I-amb AkaXz§-fnÂ \n¶pw k¼qÀ®-amb

tamN\w e£y-am-¡p-I-bpw BXy-́ n-I-ambn a\p-jy-cm-insb kzmX-{ý-

¯n-te¡p \bn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-sa-¶pÅ hmKvZm\w \evIp-¶-XmWv

cmjv{Sob_rl-ZmJym\w. DZm-c-Xm-hm-Zw, {InkvXo-b-X, amÀIvkn-kw,

kmÀÆ-eu-In-I-Xm-hm-Zw, am\-hn-I-Xm-hmZw apX-emb almJym\-§-fpsS

XIÀ¨sb kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ cX F¶v temXymÀ hni-

Z-am-¡p-¶p. Ch-sbÃmw hntam-N-\-]-chpw D¶-Xm-ZÀi-]-c-hp-amWv F¶-

Xp-t]mse {][m-\-amWv Ah-bpsS \io-I-cW hmRvObpw F¶v

temXymÀ Nq−n-¡m-«p-¶p. bp²w, tkzÑm-[n-]-Xyw, DÅ-h\pw CÃm-̄ -

h\pw X½n-epÅ A´-cw, XpS-§n-bh cmjv{Sob _rl-ZmJym\§-fp−m-

¡p¶ Zpc-́ -̂ -e-§-fm-sW¶pw AXn-\mÂ Ahsb XÅn-¡-f-b-W-

sa¶pw temXymÀ A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. hnZym-̀ ym-k-̄ nepw ]cn-Øn-Xn-

21

bnepw sXmgn-enepw D−m-hp¶ XIÀ¨-IÄ¡v _rl-ZmJym\§-fmWv

Imc-Ww. AXn-\mÂ Ah XoÀ¨-bmbpw Xnc-kvI-cn¡s¸tS−Xm-

sW¶pw temXymÀ ]d-bp-¶p. ZmÀi-\nI _rl-ZmJym\w Dulm-

ßIamWv. CXnÂ hnÚm\w apJy ]¦phln-¡p-¶p. Úm\-k-¼m-Z-\-

¯n\pw imkv{Xo-b-kw-hm-Z-̄ n\pw km[q-I-cWw \evIp¶ Cu BJym-

\w, imkv{X-im-J-I-fpsS GI-Xzs¯ ZmÀi-\n-I-ambn Øm]n-s¨-Sp-¡p-

hm³ {ian-¡p-¶p. Adn-hn-sâbpw kXy-̄ n-sâbpw A´n-ahpw B[n-Im-

cn-I-hp-amb {]Jym-]-\-§-fmbn Ah F¶pw hmgv¯-s¸-Sp-¶p. CXv \s½

I_-fn-̧ n-¡p¶ Hcp {]{In-b-bm-sW-¶mWv temXym-dnsâ ]£w. \½psS

Ime-L-«-̄ nÂ kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-hn-Úm-\-s¯-¡p-dn-t¨m, bpàn-bpsS ka-{K-

h-XvI-cn-¡p¶ Bi-b-s¯-¡p-dnt¨m kqNn-̧ n-¡p-hm-\m-In-Ã. ImcWw

\ap¡v bpàn-b-Ã, bpàn-I-fm-Wp-Å-sX¶p temXymÀ A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-

¶p.

A]-I-S-I-c-amw-hn[w B[n-]Xyw Øm]n-̈ p-sIm−v ]SÀ¶p-\n¶

alm-Jym-\-§Ä \ho-\-tem-I-̄ nsâ Zpc-́ -am-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-sbm¶pw

{]Jym-]n-¡-s -̧«-Xp-t]mse \njv]-£-§fpw hnI-k-t\m-·p-J-hp-am-bn-cp-

¶n-Ã. ]£-]m-X-]-chpw taÂt¡m-bvam-t_m[w ]peÀ¯p-¶-h-bp-am-bn-cp-

¶p. alm-Jym-\-§-sfÃmw Hcp-Xcw `mjm-tI-fn-I-fm-Wv. kmaq-ln-I-_-Ô-

§Ä t]mepw Hmtcm Xcw Ifn-I-fm-Wv. Cu _Ô-hn-\n-a-b-̄ nsâ Ifn-

sam-gn-I-fm-bmWv alm-Jym-\-§Ä `mj-bnÂ cq]-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw \ne-\n-ev¡p-

¶-Xpw. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ Hmtcm alm-Jym-\-hpw Adn-hnsâ Hmtcm cq]-

am-Wv. AXn-\mÂ kmaq-ln-I-_-Ô-§-fn-ep-−m-Ip¶ GXp amähpw alm-

Jym-\-§fpsS `mh-cq-]-§-fnepw amä-§Ä krjvSn-¡pw.

FÃm kaq-l-§fpw GIm-ßI-am-sW¶pw Ah-bv¡p-Ånse hwio-

bhpw kzXz-]-c-hp-amb {]iv\-§Ä H¶p-t]m-se-bm-sW-¶p-am-bn-cp¶p B

alm-Jym-\-§Ä {]N-cn-̧ n-̈ -Xv. C¯cw GI-in-em-ßI alm-Jym-\-§Ä

a\p-jy-\-·-bpsS hnP-b-̄ nÂ bmsXmcp ]¦pw hln-¡m-̄ -hbpw \oXn-

]qÀÆ-I-a-Ãm¯ e£y-t_m-[-§-fp-Å-h-bp-am-sW¶v At±lw Icp-Xn.

Ah kaq-ls¯ A]-cn-lm-cy-amb B]-̄ p-I-fn-te¡pw \mi-̄ n-

te¡pw XÅn-hn-Sm³ am{Xta D]-I-cn¡q F¶m-bn-cp¶p At±-l-̄ nsâ

Is−-̄ Â. kmaq-ln-I-amb \ne-\n-ev]n\v \½Ä ]pXnb Adn-hp-Isf

22

DXv]m-Zn-̧ n-t¡-−-Xp-s−¶pw At±lw hmZn-̈ p.

]e coXn-bnÂ NnX-dn-s¯-dn¨ kaq-l-̄ nsâ ka-Im-en-I-Xsb

Nq−n-bmWv temXymÀ alm-Jym-\-§tfmSpÅ Xnc-kv¡m-chpw ktµ-l-

hp-ambn B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-Xsb \nÀÆ-Nn-¡p-¶-Xv. hyh-km-bm-\-́ -c-k-

aqlw Adn-hns\ kmt¦-Xn-I-ambn ]cn-hÀ¯-\-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

Adn-hnsâ kz`m-h-̄ nÂ¯s¶ amä-§Ä hcp-¶p. CXv Adn-hns\ DXv]-

¶-am-¡n-̄ oÀ¡p-¶p. Adn-hnsâ kpK-a-amb hn\n-a-b-̄ nepw DXv]m-Z-\-

¯nepw taÂt¡m-bva-bpÅ h³ cmjv{S-§Ä Xmc-X-tay\ ZpÀº-e-cm-jv{S-

§sf ]n³X-Ån-s¡m-t−-bn-cn-¡pw. CXv Ncn-{X-̄ nse Gähpw henb

Ak-a-Xz-̄ n\v Imc-W-am-bn-̄ o-cpw. A§s\ cq]w sImÅp¶ Hcp hnh-

c-k-aq-l-̄ nÂ Xocp-am-\-§-sf-Sp-¡p-¶-hÀ tImÀ¸-td-äp-ap-X-em-fn-amcpw

D¶-tXm-tZymK-Øcpw sXmgn-em-fn-þ-cm-jv{Sob aX-kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS Xe-h-

·m-cp-am-bn-cn-¡pw. FÃm-̄ cw DZm-c- B-i-b-§fpw A{]-k-à-am-bn-̄ o-

cpw.

alm-Jym-\-§sf Xnc-kv¡-cn-¡p¶ temXymÀ B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c- bp-

K-̄ nsâ cmjv{So-b-k-hn-ti-j-X-bmbn Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xv kq£va-cm-

jv{So-b-s¯-bm-Wv. kam-[m-\-{]-Øm-\-§Ä, ]ucm-h-Im-i-kw-c-£W {]-

Øm-\-§-Ä, ]cn-ØnXn {]-Øm-\-§Ä, kv{XohmZ {]-Øm-\-§Ä, ZfnXv

{]-Øm-\-§Ä C¯cw \nc-h[n kq£va-cm-jv{Sob {]-Øm-\-§Ä Cu

L«-̄ nÂ hfÀ¶p-h-¶n-«p−v. (Nicol,Bran(Ed.)2002: 72-87)

1.7.2 Po³ t_m{Zn-bmÀ (Jean Baudrillard)

am[y-a-§-fpsS AXn-{]-k-c-hpw hnh-c-km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpw I½yq-

Wn-t¡-j³ irwJ-e-I-fpw A\p-I-c-W-§fpw tNÀ¶v Hcp ]pXnb A\p-̀ -

h-a-WvU-e-̄ n\pw Hcp ]pXnb Ncn-{X-Im-e-L-«-̄ n\pw cq]w \evIn-bn-cn-

¡p¶p, F¶ ASn-Øm\ [mc-Wsb B[m-c-am-¡n-bmWv {^©p-Nn-́ -I-

\mb t_m{Zn-bmÀ B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c- k-aq-l-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ Xsâ

kn²m´w cq]-s -̧Sp-¯n-b-Xv. B[p-\n-I- Im-e-L«¯nÂ \n¶pw XnI¨pw

`n¶-ambn ka-Im-enI kaq-l-̄ nÂ am[y-a-§fpw ssk_Às\-änIv

tImUp-Ifpw I½yq-Wn-t¡-j³ irwJ-e-I-fpw kmaq-lnI \nb-{´-W-

23

¯nsâ D]m-[n-I-fmbn amdp-¶p. B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X-bpsS - {][m-\-k-hn-

ti-j-X-IÄ A´Àkvt^m-S-\w, A]-̀ n-¶-h-XvI-c-Ww, AXn-b-YmÀ°

amXr-I-I-fpsS ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\w, \njv{In-b-X, PUX F¶n-h-bm-sW¶v

t_m{Zn-bmÀ A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X- ]IÀ¸p-I-fpsS Ime-

am-sW¶v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. B[p\ntIm-̄ -c-temIw ]IÀ¸p-

I-fpsS Hcp temI-am-Wv. kaq-l-̄ nÂ H¶pw bmYmÀ°y-ambn Ah-ti-

jn-¡p-¶n-Ã. sSen-hn-j-\pw I¼yq-«dpw hoUn-tbm-sKbnapw Ne-̈ n-{X-hpw

]c-ky-§fpw \nc¶pInS-¡p¶ A\p-̀ -h-tem-I-§Ä bmYmÀ°y-§sf-

bÃ `mh-\-I-sf-bmWv Xcp-¶-Xv. Ch-bv¡n-S-bnÂ bmYmÀ°y-sa¶Xv Hcp

an¯m-Wv. `mj t]mepw bmYmÀ°y-̄ nÂ \n¶v AI¶p \nev¡p-¶p.

hnZq-c-amb Hcp kXy-ambn bmYmÀ°yw D−v F¶v I_-fn-̧ n-¡m³ {ian-

¡p¶ _nw_-h-XvIr-X-amb Hcp temI-̄ nÂ Hgp-In-\-S-¡p-¶-h-cmWv P\-

§Ä. _nw_-§-fp-sSbpw NnÓ-§-fp-sSbpw ap{Z-I-fp-sSbpw ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-

\-̄ n-teÀs -̧«n-cn-¡p¶ A\p-I-c-W-b-{´-§fmWv am[y-a-§Ä. Cu

_nw_-§-fp-w NnÓ-§-fp-w ap{Z-I-fpw AXnbm-YmÀ°y-̄ n-tâ-Xmb Hcp

kzÑ-µ-a-WvUew krjvSn-¡p-¶p. Ah bmYmÀ°ys¯ {]Xn-̂ -en-̧ n-¡p-

Itbm {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p-Itbm sN¿p-¶n-Ã. adn¨v Ah

AXnbmYmÀ°yw krjvSn-¡p-¶p. bmYmÀ°ys¯¡mÄ bYmÀ°amb

bmYmÀ°yw. efn-X-ambn ]d-ªmÂ bmYmÀ°ys¯ Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-hm³

AXnsâ _nw_-§-fpsS klmbw thW-sa¶ Ah-Ø. AXn-bm-

YmÀ°yw krjvSn-¡p¶ amb-I-fpsS _l-f-amWv C¶s¯ temIw.

AÀt°m-Xv]m-Z-\-hy-h-Ø-bpsS Ncn-{Xs¯ asämcp coXn-bn-emWv

t_m{Zn-bmÀ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. AXn-\p-th−n ]IÀ¸p-IÄ (simulacra),

A\p-I-cWw (simulation), AXn-bm-YmÀ°yw (hyper reality) F¶o k¦-

ev]-\-§Ä At±lw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. A\p-I-c-W-§-fpsS kaq-l-ambn

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c kaq-ls¯ t_m{Zn-bmÀ Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶p. hnI-kn-X-

]m-Ým-Xy-tem-I-̄ nse ssZ\w-Zn-\-Po-hnXw hÀ²n¨ coXn-bnÂ AXn-bm-

YmÀ°y-am-bn-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-̄ nsâ taJ-e-

IÄ Hs¶m-¶mbn amXr-I-I-fpsS ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-§-fmbn XoÀ¶p-sIm-−n-

cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶p t_m{Zn-bmÀ kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-̄ nsâ

X\n-asb A]-l-cn-¡p¶ D]-t`m-KkwkvImc-̄ nsâ CS-s]-S-ep-I-sf-¡p-

24

dn¨pw t_m{Zn-bmÀ hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p-−v. am[y-a-§Ä krjvSn-¡p¶ D]-cn-¹-

h-amb Hcp Pohn-X-coXn D]-t`m-K-hm-Zs¯ t{]mÕm-ln-̧ n-¡p-¶Xpw \ne-

\nÀ¯p-¶-Xp-am-Wv. DXv]-¶-§Ä¡v Ah-bpsS ùXn-I-amb AÀ°hpw

AkvXn-Xzhpw \jvS-s -̧Sp-Ibpw Ah _nw_-§-fn-eqsS am{Xw \ne-\n-

ev¡p-¶-hbpw Bbn-̄ o-cp-¶p. Cu _nw_-§Ä ]c-ky-§-fn-eq-sSbpw

aäpw kaq-ls¯ D]-t`m-K-hÀ¤-§-fpsS tIh-e-amb Iq«-am-¡n-¯oÀ¡p-

¶p.

am[y-a-§-fn-eqsS {]k-cWw sN¿-s -̧Sp¶ hnh-c-̄ n-sâbpw

_nw_-§-fp-sSbpw AXn-{]-kcw kaq-ls¯ \nÊw-K-X-bn-tebv¡pw DZm-

ko-\-X-bn-tebv¡pw \bn-¡p¶p F¶v t_m{Zn-bmÀ A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-¶p.

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c kaq-l-̄ nÂ {]I-S-am-Ip¶ Cu \nÊw-K-X-bpw, DZm-ko-

\-X-bpw, AXm-cy-X-bpw, PU-X-bp-saÃmw kmaq-ln-I-X-bpsS Aý-̄ nsâ

kqN-\-I-fm-sW¶v t_m{Zn-bmÀ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. \½psS kaqlw kmaq-

ln-I-Xsb Ah-km-\n-̧ n-¡p¶ {]{In-b-bnÂ GÀs -̧«n-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW¶pw

At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. AÔhpw Ak-́ p-en-X-hp-amb apX-em-fn-̄ -hn-Im-k-

¯nsâ krjvSn-bmWv Cu AhØ F¶ Imcy-̄ nÂ t_m{Zn-bm-dn\p

kwi-b-an-Ã. apX-em-fn¯w t{]mÕm-ln-̧ n¨ hkvXp-h-Xv¡-c-Whpw inYn-

eo-I-c-W-hp-amWv AÀt°m-ev]m-Z\ {]{In-bsb XIÀ¯Xpw ]IÀ¸p-I-

fpsS Hcp temI-̄ n\v P·w \evIn-b-Xp-sa¶ kXyw t_m{Zn-bmÀ a\-Ên-

em-¡p-¶p. ]t£ B in-Yn-eo-I-c-W-i-àn-IÄs¡-Xn-cmbn kPo-h-amb

Hcp cmjv{Sob {]Xn-tcm[w DbÀ¯p-¶-Xn-\p-th-−-\nÀt±-i-§-sfm¶pw

At±lw apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p-¶n-Ã. (Nicol,Bran(Ed.)2002: 91-108)

1.7.3.{Û-dnIv Pbnw-k¬ (Frederic Jaemson)

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X-sb-¡p-dn v̈ \S-¶n-«pÅ ssk²m-́ nI NÀ -̈I-

fnÂ Gähpw ka-{K-sa¶phnti-jn-̧ n-¡m-hp-¶Xv, Ata-cn-¡³ amÀIvkn

Ìv Nn´-I-\mb {Û-dnIv Pbnw-k-sâ]T\§fmWv. Gähpw Xo{h-amb

cmjv{So-b-apJw B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-Xm-hm-Z-¯n\p \ÂIn-bXpw At±lam-

Wv. ‘t]mÌv tamtU-Wn-kwþ HmÀ Zn IÄ¨-dÂ temPnIv Hm^v teäv Iym¸n-

ä-enkw’, ‘Zn koUvkv Hm^v ssSw’, ‘Zn IÄ¨-dÂ tS¬’ XpS-§nb IrXn-I-

25

fn-seÃmw Pbnw-k¬ B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶p-−v.

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X-sb hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb Hcp kmaq-ln-Im-h-Ø-

bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-̈ p-sIm−v AXnsâ kmaq-ly, km¼-̄ n-I, kmwkvIm-cn-

I-h-i-§sf At±lw Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶p. At±-l-

¯nsâ ho£-W-̄ nÂ AXv Ncn-{X-̄ nse Hcp ]cn-hÀ¯\ Zi-bm-Wv.

hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§-fpsS Hcp khn-ti-j-L-«-̄ nÂ F¯n-\n-ev¡p¶

aqe-[\ k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bpsS ]nÂ¡m-em-h-Ø-bp-ambn _Ô-s -̧Sp-̄ n-

bmWv At±lw B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X-sb \nÀÆ-Nn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXn-\m-emWv

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X-sb ‘]nev¡m-e-ap-X-em-fn-̄ -̄ nsâ kmwkvIm-cn-I

bpàn’ F¶v At±lw \nÀh-Nn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]nÂ¡me apX-em-fn-¯s¯

_lp-cm-jv{S-ap-X-em-fn¯w (Multinational capitalism), sI«p-Imgv¨m kaqlw

AYhm _nw_-k-aqlw(Image society), am[ya apX-em-fn¯w (Media

Capitalism) XpS-§nb ]Z-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨pw At±lw ]cn-N-b-s -̧Sp-̄ p-

¶p.

B[p-\n-I-h-Xv¡-c-W-{]-{Inb ]qÀ¯n-bmbn {]IrXn A{]-Xy-£-am-

Ip-t¼m-gmWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c- AhØ kwPmX-am-Ip-¶-sX¶pw Pbnw-

k¬ kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. kmwkvIm-cn-I-a-WvUew A`q-X-]qÀÆ-ambn

hnImkw {]m]n¨ Cu Ime-L-«-̄ nÂ bmYmÀ°yw emh-Wy-h-Xv¡-cn-¡-

s -̧Sp-Ibpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-h-Xv¡-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ChnsS

kwkvImcw Hcp DXv]-¶-am-Wv. hnev¡-s -̧Sp¶ atä-sXmcp Nc-¡n-s\bpw

t]mse kwkvIm-chpw Hcp hnÂ -̧\-N-c-¡mbn. Nc-¡p-h-Xv¡-cWw Hcp

{]{In-b-sb-¶-t]mse D]-t`m-K-̄ n\p hnt[-b-am-Ip¶ Ime-L-«-amWv

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X. Pbnw-k¬sâ ImgvN-̧ m-SnÂ B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X Hcp

ssientbm kwhÀ¤tam AÃ. Ime-K-W-\sb kqNn-̧ n-¡p¶ B

kwÚ, kmwkvIm-cn-I-a-WvU-e-̄ nse cq]-]-c-amb ]pXnb khn-ti-j-X-

I-fpsS BhnÀ`m-h-̄ n-sâbpw kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-̄ nse ]pXnb {]h-W-

X-I-fp-sS-bpw ]pXnb km¼-̄ n-I-{I-a-̄ nsâ BhnÀ`m-h-̄ n-sâbpw

A\p-_-Ô-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.

GWÌv am³U-ensâ ‘]nev¡me-ap-X-em-fnXzw’ (Late Capitalism)

26

F¶ ]pkvX-Is¯ B{i-bn-̈ p-sIm−v apX-em-fn¯ hnIm-k-̄ nsâ

aq¶p [mc-Isf Pbnw-k¬ Nq−n-¡m-«p-¶p. AXnÂ BZy-t¯Xv

hn]Wn apX-em-fn-̄ -amWv (Market Capitalism). 1700 apXÂ 1800 hsc-

bmWv AXnsâ Ime-b-f-hv. tZio-b-hn-]-Wn-bnÂ hyh-km-b-aq-e-[-\-

¯nsâ hfÀ -̈bmWv B L«-̄ n\p t{]c-Iw. c−m-a-t¯Xv B[n-]-Xy-ap-

X-em-fn-̄ -am-Wv (Monopoly Capitalism) km{am-Py-Xz-bp-K-t¯mSptNÀ¶p-

h-cp-¶-Xm-W-Xv. hn]-Wn-IÄ temI-hn-]-Wn-I-fmbn Xocp-¶Xv Cu Ime-

¯m-Wv. aq¶m-a-t¯Xv _lp-cm-jv{S apXem-fn¯w AYhm ]nev¡me ap-

X-em-fn-̄ -w (Late Capitalism). A´m-cmjv{S Ip¯-I-I-fpsS s]s«-¶pÅ

hfÀ¨bpw tZim-XnÀ¯n-I-fpsS XInSw adn-bepw AS-bm-f-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶

ap-X-em-fn-̄ -̄ nsâ B aq¶mw apJ-amWv ]nev¡me ap-X-em-fn-¯w. ap-X-

em-fn-̄ -w AXnsâ hfÀ¨ ]qÀ¯o-I-cn¨ L«-am-Wn-Xv. CXp-X-s¶-bmWv

‘D]-t`mK ap-X-em-fn-¯w’ F¶pw Adn-b-s -̧Sp-¶-Xv. CXp-hsc hnev]-\-̈ -c-

¡m-Im¯ taJ-e-I-fn-te-¡p-t]mepw aqe-[\w ià-ambn IS-¶p-sN-Ãp-

¶p. AXn\v DZm-l-c-W-amWv kmwkvIm-cn-I- ta-Je.

]pXnb ap-X-em-fn-̄ -temI-{Iaw AXnsâ e£-W-§-fn-eqsS Xncn-¨-

dn-bm-\m-Ipw. sXmgn-ensâ A´ÀtZ-iob Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-IÄ, _m¦n-§n-epw

Hml-cn-hn-]-Wn-bnepw D−mb h³ IpXn-̈ p-Nm-«-§Ä, h³In-S-bm-{Xm-ku-

I-cy-§Ä, I¼yq-«Àh-ev¡-c-W-̄ nepw Dev]m-Z-\-ta-J-e-I-fnepw D−mb

IpXn-̈ p-Nm-«w, FÃm-än-\p-sam¸w Ønc-]-cn-Nn-X-§-fmb kmaq-ln-I-{]-iv\-

§Ä, ]mc-¼-cy-sXm-gn-ep-IÄ t\cn-Sp¶ {]Xn-k-Ôn, ]p¯³a-[y-hÀ¤-

¯nsâ s]cp¸w, D]cnhÀ¤-cp-Nn-Isf Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp-̄ p¶ ]pXn-b-tem-I-

{I-ao-I-cWw XpS-§n-b-h-sbÃmw ]nÂ¡me apX-em-fn-Xz-̄ nsâ BtKm-f-

e-£-W-§-fm-sW¶v Pbnw-k¬ ]d-bp-¶p.

kmaq-ln-I-cw-K-̄ v, Xt±-io-b-X-e-̄ nepw {]mtZ-in-I-X-e-̄ nepw

BhnÀ`-hn-¡p¶ kq£va-X-e-{]-Øm-\-§Ä, B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X-bpsS

khn-ti-j-{]-h-W-X-bmbn Pbnw-k¬ ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ B[p-\n-

I-Im-es¯ kmaq-ln-I-hÀ¤-§Ä Xntcm-̀ -hn¨ kml-N-cy-̄ n-emWv Cu

]pXnb kq£va-X-e-kmaqly{]-Øm-\-§Ä BhnÀ -̀hn-̈ Xpw hfÀ¶Xpw

F¶ B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-Xm hàm-¡-fpsS hmZw Hcp-Xcw \nKq-V-h-ev¡-c-

27

W-am-sW¶v At±lw Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X DbÀ¯p

¶ Gähpw A]-I-S-I-c-amb `oj-Wn-I-fn-sem¶v kmwkvIm-cnI km{am-

PyXz-̄ n-tâ-Xm-sW¶v Pbnw-k¬ kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c

kmwkvIm-cn-I- cq]§Ä B[p-\n-I-Im-e-L-«s¯ At]-£n¨v IqSp-XÂ

P\m-[n-]-Xy-h-ev¡-cn-¡-s -̧«-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm−v kmwkv¡m-cn-Im-\p-̀ hw

IqSp-XÂ P\§fnse-̄ p-¶p. B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-X-sb Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Hc-

h-Ø-bmbn I−p-sIm−v {Inbm-ß-Ihpw kwL-Sn-X-hp-amb ]cn-{i-a-§-fn-

eqsS B Ah-Øsb ]cn-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡p hnt[-b-am¡mw F¶-ÃmsX

AXnÂ \n¶pw c£-s]-Sm³ \ap-¡m-In-sÃ¶pw Pbnw-k¬ ]d-bp-¶p.

(Nicol,Bran(Ed.)2002: 20-39)

1.8 B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-Xbpw ae-bm-f-\n-cq-]-Icpw

]mÝmXy ssk²m-́ n-I- \n-cq-]WtemI-s¯¶ t]mse ae-bm-f-\n-

cq-]-W-tem-I¯pw B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-Xsb kw_-Ôn¨v sshcp-²y-]qÀ®-

amb \ne-]m-Sp-I-fmWv ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xv. ]mÝm-Xy-kn-²m-́ -§-fpsS

]n³_-e-̄ nÂ tIc-fhpw B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-kaq-l-am-sW¶v Øm]n-

¡p¶ \ncq-]-I-scbpw CXn\p hncp-²-amb A`n-{]m-b-apÅ \ncq-]-I-

scbpw \½psS \ncq-]-W-tem-I¯v ImWmw. hnhn[ \ncq-]-I-cpsS hyXy-

kvX-§-fmb A`n-{]m-b-§sf Nq−n-¡m-Wn-¡p-I-bmWv ChnsS sN¿p-¶-

Xv. Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-−nsâ BZy ]Ip-Xn-bnÂ IS-¶p-h¶ kmlnXy

kmwkvIm-cnI Iem{]Øm-\-amWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X. FÃm taJ-e-I-fn-

ep-apÅ kp\n-Ýn-X-Xz-̄ nsâ \ntj-[-amWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X.

ebmf¯nÂ D -̄cm-[p-\n-I-X, \hot\m¯c-X, B[p-\n-Im-\-́ -cw, B[p-

\n-tIm-̄ -c-X F¶n-§s\ hnhn[ kwÚ-I-fnÂ CXv Adn-b-s -̧Sp-¶p.

kwÚm-]-c-amb Cu `n¶-X-t]mse B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-XbpsS \nÀh-N-\-

§Ä¡pw kn²m-́ -§Ä¡pw GIm-ß-I-kz-̀ m-h-an-Ã.

1979-þÂ A¿-̧ -̧ -Wn-¡-cmWv B[p-\n-I-Im-e-̄ n\p tijw h¶

{]h-W-X-Isf H¶n¨v kqNn-̧ n-¡m³ ‘B[p-\n-Im\-́ cw’F¶ {]tbmKw

BZy-ambnae-bm-f-̄ n-tebv¡p sIm−p-h-¶Xv. (cho{µ³ 1999: 37)

{]Øm-\-\m-a-ambn ‘B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -cw’ F¶ hm¡v BZyw D]-tbm-Kn-

28

¨Xv 1979-þÂ ImkÀtKmUv sNbvX Hcp {]kw-K-̄ nÂ sh¨v A¿-̧ -̧ -Wn-

¡-cm-Wv. ({ioP³ 1999: 29) kmaq-ln-I-kn-²m-´-̄ nsâ aWvU-e-̄ n-emWv

temXymdpw aäpw B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -cw F¶ kwÚ {]tbm-Kn-̈ -sX-¦nÂ

A¿-̧ -̧ -Wn-¡À ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-̄ nse Nne ]pXnb {]h-W-X-Isf

hnti-jn-̧ n-¡p-hm-\mWv B ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-̈ -Xv. 1975-þ77se ASn-b-́ -cm-h-

Øbv¡p tijw ]pXn-sbmcp `mhp-IXzw \ne-hnÂ h¶p F¶pw amdnb

`mhp-I-Xz-̄ nÂ Bcw-̀ n-¡p-¶Xpw F¬]XpI-fnse hnIm-ks¯

ap³Iq«n ImWp-¶-Xp-amb Ihn-X-bmWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-Ihn-X-sb¶pw

]Wn-¡À ]d-ªp-sh-̈ p. (A¿-̧ -̧ -Wn-¡À 1985: 140) 1986 Â tIc-f-kw-

kvImcw amkn-I-bnÂ Hcp sNdp-te-J-\-̄ nÂ Un.-hn-\-b-N-{µ³, knhnIv

N{µ³ F¶n-h-cpÄs¸« Hcp kwLw Ihn-I-sfbpw hn.-]n.-in-h-Ip-amÀ,

Fw.-kp-Ip-am-c³, Fkv.-hn.-th-Wp-tKm-]³ \mbÀ F¶o IYm-Ir-̄ p-¡-

sfbpw Nq−n-¡m-Wn-̈ p-sIm−v “BÀs¡Ãmw CjvS-s¸-«mepw CsÃ-

¦nepw B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c- kmlnXyw ae-bm-f-̄ nÂ BhnÀ -̀hn¨p Ign-

ªp-sh¶pw Fhn-sS-sb¶v Iwk-·mÀ Xnc-sª-Sp-¡s«”(kp[mIc³

2001 : 19----- ---- -þ20) F¶pw ]Wn-¡À ]d-bp-I-bp-−m-bn. BZyw Ihn-Xsb am{Xw

]cm-aÀin¨ ]Wn-¡À, BäqÀ chn-hÀ½, k¨n-Zm-\-µ³, IS-½-\n-«, _me-

N-{µ³ NpÅn-¡m-Sv, Xsâ Xs¶ ]nev¡m-e-c-N-\-IÄ Chsb ap³\nÀ¯n-

bmWv B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-Xsb¡pdn¨v Nn´n-¡p-¶-Xv. “{]`m-j-W-̄ n-tâ-X-

Ãm¯ ssien-bpw, ka-Im-en-I-Po-hnX ]cm-aÀi-̄ nÂ AXn-i-tbmàn

IeÀ¯m-Xn-cn-¡m-\pÅ hy{K-X-bpw, \nXy-Po-hn-X-̄ nÂ I−p-ap-«p¶

Bfp-I-sfbpw kw`-h-§-sfbpw an¯m-¡n-am-äp¶ {]{In-b-bpw-” (A¿-̧ -̧ -

Wn-¡À 1996: 25) Cu ]pXp-I-hn-X-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fmbn At±lw

Nq−n-¡m-«p-¶p.

1996-þÂ amXr-̀ qan BgvN-̧ -Xn-̧ nÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ teJ-\-̄ nÂ

kmln-Xy-̄ nÂ am{X-aÃ Nn{X-I-e-bn-epw, hmkvXp-in-ev]-̄ nepw Pohn-X-

¯nsâ Xs¶ ]e taJ-e-I-fnepw B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-{]h-W-X-IÄ {]_-e-

am-bn-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v ]Wn-¡À kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. “C´y-bnse

D¯cm[p-\nIXbpw bqtdm-̧ n-sebpw Ata-cn-¡-bn-sebpw P¸m-\n-sebpw

D-̄ cm[p-\n-I-Xbpw ka-Im-en-I-am-sW¶pw Cu AÀ°-̄ nÂ AXv Hcp

29

BtKm-f-k-hn-ti-j-Xbpw BtKm-f-{]-Øm-\-hp-am-sW¶pw, hniz-km-ln-

Xy-̄ nÂ BsI-¡q-sS-Im-Wp¶ Hcp {]h-W-X IqSn-bm-sW¶pw At±lw

kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. Hcp Ncn-{X-L-«s¯ kqNn-̧ n-¡p¶ Ime-kq-N-I-sa¶

\ne-bnepw Hcp khn-ti-j-km-lnXy amXrI F¶ \ne-bnepw c−v

AÀ°-X-e-§-fn-emWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ cw F¶ {]tbmKw ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s -̧

Sp-¶-sX¶pw At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-Xbv¡v {]Xn-tem-a-]-c-

Xbpw {]Xn-tcm-[-]-c-X-bp-ap-s−¶v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. {]Xn-

tem-a-]-c-X -\h-I-ev]-\n-I-X-bp-ambn IeÀ¶v It¼m-f-kw-kvIm-c-ambn

]cn-W-an-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw {]Xn-tcm-[-]-cX ZfnXv {]Øm-\hpw kv{Xo hmZ-

hp-ambn tNÀ¶v BZÀi-]-c-X-bp-sS, kXy-k-Ô-X-bpsS hn]-Wn-h-ncp-

²hpw D]-t`m-K-hn-cp-²-hp-amb Hcp emh-Wy-ZÀi-\-̄ n\v hgn-sbm-cp-¡p-

sa¶pw At±lw kqNn-̧ n-¡p¶p”. (kp[mIc³ 2001 : 19þ20)

“tIc-fo-b-amb B[p-\n-tIm-̄ cX ]mÝmXy B[p-\n-tIm-

¯cXbpsS ]IÀt¸m Cd-¡p-a-Xntbm AsÃ¶pw AXp-sIm−v ]mÝmXy

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ cXbpsS e£-W-§Ä NnIªp \S-¡msX B[p-\n-tIm-

¯cXbpsS tIc-fo-b-amb A\p-̀ -h-Xew Is−-̄ p-I-bmWv \ncq-]-I-cp-

tSbpw Nn´-I-cp-tSbpw IS-a-sb¶pw” (i-in-[-c³ 2001 : 3) F³.-i-in-[-

c³ HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p. “Pohn-X-\ntj[]c-amb cq]-§-fnepw DÅ-S-¡-

¯nepw Fgp-X-s -̧Sp¶ ]mÝm-Xy-km-lnXy krjvSn-I-sf-t¸m-se-bÃ ka-

Im-eo\ ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-sa¶pw At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. _rl-Zm-Jym-\-§-

fpsS XIÀ¨, Ncn-t{Xm-̄ -cX XpS-§nb k¦-ev]-\-§Ä¡v tIc-fo-b-Po-

hn-X-km-l-N-cy-̄ nÂ ]qÀ®-km-²y-X-bn-sÃ-¦nepw {]Xyb-im-kv{X-̄ n-

sâbpw Ncn-{X-̄ n-sâbpw hnIm-k-̄ nÂ ap¼n-Ãm¯ Hcp IqSn-¡-e-cÂ

kw`-hn-̈ p-s−-¶Xv \ntj-[n-¡m-\m-hn-sÃ¶pw” (i-in-[-c³ 2001 : 3)

At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Ime¯v \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ Úm\-

s¯-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ htc-Wy-k-¦ev]w XIÀ¶p F¶-XmWv B[p-\ntIm-

¯cX tIc-fob kaq-l-̄ nÂ hcp-̄ nb ]cn-hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ Gähpw

{][m-\-s -̧«-Xv. Adn-hnsâ hnX-c-W-̄ nepw kzoI-c-W-̄ nepw \S¶ P\m-

[n-]Xy hn¹hw Úm\-s¯bpw AXp-hgn Ie-sbbpw kw_-Ôn¨p cq]-

s -̧Sp-̄ nb ]g-©³ k¦-ev]-§Ä ]msS s]mfn-s -̈gp-Xp-I-bp-−m-bn.

30

Fgp-̄ p-Im-csâ ]cn-th-j-\-jvS-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Ah-t_m[w ae-bm-fn-

IÄ¡v \evIn-bXv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c Iem-Im-c-·m-cm-Wv. (i-in-[-c³ 2001

: 13þ14)

Ignª c−p Zi-I-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ \½psS Pohn-X-hy-h-lm-c-

§fnÂ h¶p-s]« A¼-cn-̧ n-¡p¶ hyXn-bm-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw kq£va-

¯nÂ \n¶v Øqe-̄ n-tebv¡pw Bg-§-fnÂ\n¶v AXn-cp-I-fn-tebv¡pw

]cn-W-an¨ A\p-̀ -h-ta-J-e-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw hni-I-e\w sN¿msX ae-bm-fn-

bpsS hÀ¯-am\ kmkvIm-cn-I-kzXzw \nÀ®-bn-¡m³ km[y-a-Ã. BtKm-

f-h-ev¡-c-W-sa¶pw D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-sa¶pw \mw hnti-jn-¸n-¡p¶

sshtZ-in-I-hn-]-̄ pIÄ {]Ñ-¶-amb km¶n²yw sIm−mWv tIc-fo-bsc

Iog-S-¡p-¶-Xv. kwkvImcw N´-I-fn-tebv¡v hen-̈ n-g-bv¡-s -̧Sp-¶X,v

Hmtcm ]uc\pw D]-t`m-K-̄ nsâ Ccbpw ZÃm-fp-am-hp-¶-Xv, a\-Êp-IÄ

aen\-am-hp-¶Xv, Hmtcm a\-Ênepw Ccp-«nsâ cmh-W³ tIm«-IÄ hf-cp-

¶Xv \mw Adn-bpI t]mepw sN¿p-¶n-Ã. DZm-c-h-ev¡-c-W-̄ nsâ anYym-

hm-KvZm-\-§fpw am[y-a-a-en-\o-I-c-Whpw At\Iw {]tem-̀ -\-§-fn-eqsS

\s½ \mw Adn-bmsX Iogvs¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. “hntam-N-\-{]-Xyb-im-

kv{X-§-fpsS GI-kz-cX XIÀ¶v {]tem-̀ \ hWnIv X{ -́§-fpsS _lp-

kz-c-X-bnÂ \bn-¡-s -̧Sp¶ Hcp ZÀi-\-Xew apJy-[m-c-bn-te¡p h¶n-cn-

¡p-¶p. D]-cn-¹-h-X-bp-tS-Xmb Cu [mc-bnÂ Bg-§fpw aqÀ¯-XIfpw

ka-{K-X-Ifpw A{]m-]y-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-−p-Xs¶ Hcp bmYmÀ°y-

¯n\pw GI-tI-{µn-Xhpw kpL-Sn-X-hp-amb \ne-\nev]v Akm-[y-am-bn-̄ o-

cp-¶p. ka-kvX-Po-hnX taJ-e-I-fnepw ae-bm-fn-IÄ Cu _lp-ap-Jm-hØ

t\cn-«p-sIm-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. Hcp taJ-ebv¡pw AYhm Hcp bmYmÀ°y-

¯n\pw ]g-b-Xp-t]mse \ne-\n-ev¡m-\m-hnÃ F¶p kmcw. Hmtcm-¶n-

sâbpw sshcp-²y-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv AXnsâ hnIm-khpw ]cn-Wm-ahpw

\nÀ®-bn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.'' (i-in-[-c³ 2001 : 13þ14)

Hmtcm Ime-s¯bpw kmln-Xy-\nÀ½n-Xn-Isf cq]-s -̧Sp-̄ p-

¶Xv AXXp Imes¯ Pohn-X-am-Wv. ap³Im-e-§-fnÂ \qäm-−p-IÄ

sIm−mWv Pohn-X-¯nsâ cq]-̀ m-h-§Ä amdn-a-dn-ª-sX-¦nÂ C¶v

GXm\pw hÀj-§Ä sIm−p Xs¶ AXv kw`-hn-¡p-¶p. “bqtdm-]y-·mÀ

31

t]mÌv tamtU¬ F¶ hm¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ AÀ°-̄ nÂ Xs¶

\mw ChnsS ‘B[p-\n-tIm-̄ cX’ F¶ hm¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡Ww F¶p

iTn-¡p-¶-XnÂ HcÀ°-hp-an-Ã. GXp ]pXnb ]cn-I-ev]-\bpw P\X

DÄs¡m-Åp-¶Xv kz´w kml-N-cy-§-fpsS ]Ým-̄ -e-̄ n-em-Wv. AÃm-

XpÅ FÃm ta\n-\-Sn-̧ p-I-sfbpw Imew \nÀho-cy-am-¡n-s¡mÅpw”

({]`mIc³ 2003 : 48þ50) F¶ F³.-{]-̀ m-I-csâ A`n-{]mbw hfsc kwK-

X-am-Wv. \½p-tSXv Hcp hym]m-c-hÂIr-X-k-aq-l-am-sW-¶Xv BÀ¡pw

Xncn-̈ -dn-bm-hp¶ efn-X-amb hmkvX-h-am-Wv. “hyh-km-b-h-Xv ¡-cW-an-

ÃmsX Xs¶ It¼m-f-\m-K-cn-I-X-bn-tebv¡v IpXn-s¨-̄ nb kw Øm\-

amWv tIc-fw. Btfm-lcn hcp-am\w Gähpw Ipd-hm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw

am\-h-hn-I-k\ kqNn-I-bnÂ Gähpw ap¶nÂ \nev¡p¶ tIc-f-̄ nÂ

Gähpw ASn-̄ -«n-ep-Å-hÀ t]mepw D]-t`m-Km-k-àn-bp-sSbpw It¼m-f-

Iu-Xp-I-̄ n-sâbpw ]nSn-bn-em-Wv. ChnsS asäÃm am\p-jn-I -Kp-W-§-

sfbpw ]pd-́ Ån hkvXp-¡Ä¡v ]mÀ¸n-S-am-bn-̄ o-cp¶ a\-Êp-IÄ \nc-

h-[n-bm-Wv. It¼m-f-\m-K-cn-I-X-bpsS Cu tIcfobmhØ \½psS kmln-

Xy-̄ nse KWy-amb Hcp hn`m-K-am-Wv.” ({]`mIc³ 2003 66)

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ cX \½psS cmjv{So-b- km-l-N-cy-§-sf-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ

IrXy-amb [mc-W-tbmsS bmsXmcp ZmÀi-\nI \mSy-§-fp-an-Ãm-sX-bmWv

]pXnb Pohn-X-bm-YmÀ°y-§-fpsS hymJym-\-̄ n\p {ian-̈ -Xv. AXp

tIh-e-amb Bßm-hn-jv¡m-c-§Ä¡pw P\-Po-hn-X-̄ nsâ Xev¡m-em-h-

Øsb kv]Àin-¡m¯ ZÀi-\-§Ä¡pw Acm-jv{So-b-X-IÄ¡p-saÃmw

FXn-cm-bn-cp-¶p. ae-bm-f-̄ nse B[p-\n-tIm-̄ cXsb-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ

]n.-]n.-c-ho-{µsâ \nco-£-W-§Ä C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. “tImf-\n-hm-gvN-bpsS

inãNnÓ-§sf ]mT-h-Xv¡-cn¨ B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-̄ nsâ ]pXnb coXn-

bn-epÅ BhÀ¯-\-aÃ ae-bm-f-̄ nse B[p-\n-Im-\-́ -c-{]-h-W-X-IÄ.

]mÝm-Xy-km-ln-Xy-̄ nse iI-eo-I-c-W-̄ n-sâbpw hnhr-X-co-Xn-bp-sSbpw

KWm-́ -c-X-bp-sSbpw tIc-fo-b-cq-]-§-sf-bÃ Ah {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p-

¶-Xv. adn¨v sImtfm-Wn-bÂ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS aÀ½-Øm-\-̄ p-−m-bn-

cp¶ emh-Wy-hm-Z-{]-Xy-b-im-kv{X-̄ nsâ \ncm-I-c-W-amWv Ah-bpsS

tI{µ-X-Xzw. asämcp Xc-̄ nÂ -̧d-ªmÂ kmwkvIm-c-nI-amb A]-tIm-f-

32

\o-I-c-W-amWv ae-bm-f-̄ nse B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c `mhp-I-Xz-̄ nsâ Gä

hpw apJy-amb khn-ti-jX.” (cho{µ³ 1999: 45)

B[p\ntIm -̄c-amb Hc-hØ tIc-f-̄ nÂ Ds−¶ sI.-]n.-A-

¸sâ \nco-£-Whpw {it²-b-am-Wv. “s]s«¶v \nÀÆ-Nn-¡m³ Ign-bm¯

Ah-Ø-bn-te¡v kmaq-lnItIcfw amdn-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. amdn-s¡m-−n-

cn-¡p-¶ kmaq-ln-I-_-Ô-§Ä {]iv\-cq-]-§Ä ssIs¡m-Åp-¶p. hyàn-

bpsS taepÅ IpSpw-_-̄ n-sâbpw aX-̄ n-sâbpw \nb-{´Ww ZpÀº-e-

am-bn-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ aX-s¯bpw IpSpw-_-s¯bpw ]qÀ®-

ambpw XÅn-¡-f-bm³ AbmÄ¡p Ign-bp-¶n-Ã. ]g-b-Xp-t]mse \ne-

\nÀ¯m\pw Ign-bp-¶n-Ã. aX-]m-c-¼-cy-̄ nÂ \S-̄ p¶ NS-§p-IÄ

t]mepw {]I-S-\-§-fmbn amdp-¶p. AXv ImÀWn-h-ensâ Hcp JWvU-ambn

amdp-¶p. a\p-jy-{]-Xn-`bpw A`n-{]m-b-§fpw It¼m-f-̈ -c-¡mbn amdn-s¡m-

−n-cn-¡p-¶p. kaq-l-̄ nÂ hyàn D]-t`m-àm-hmbn Npcp-§m³ XpS-§n-

bn-«p-−v. Dd¨ hnizm-k-§Ä, A\p-c-RvP-\-̄ n\p X¿m-dm-Im¯ D¶-X-

amb \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ Ch-sbÃmw Ime-̄ n\v CW-§m-̄ -h-bm-bn-¯o-cp-¶p.

`b-¦-c-amw-hn[w iI-en-X-am-bn-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p¶ A\p-̀ -h-̄ n-tebv¡v

\½fpw \o§n-s¡m-−n-cn-¡p¶p”. (A¸³ 1997: 10) C§s\ ]mÝm-Xy-

cpsS t]mÌv tamtU-WnÌv Ah-t_m[w tIc-f-̄ n-ep-ap-s−¶v sI.-]n.-A-

¸³ kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. AtXm-sSm¸w \½-sfmcp am[y-a-k-aq-l-ambn- amdp-¶-

Xmbpw At±lw Fgp-Xp-¶p. “b{´§fp-sSbpw I¼yq-«-dp-I-fp-sSbpw

kwkvImcw \½psS A´-co-£-̄ nepw F¯n-¡-gn-ªp. AXnsâ Xm]-

{]-k-cWw \½psS Nne Fgp-̄ p-Im-cpsS-sb-¦nepw sk³kn_nenänbpsS

{]hÀ¯\tijnsb _m[n¨p XpS§nbn«p−v”. (A¸³ 1997: 27)

]cn-Øn-Xn-t_m-[w, kv{Xokzm-X-{´y-t_m-[w, tZiob P\-Io-b-

t_m[w XpS-§n-bh AS-bm-f-an« Ihn-X-sb-bmWv k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ ‘D¯-c-þ-

B-[p-\nIw’ F¶p hnti-jn-̧ n-̈ -Xv. ""F¬]Xp-I-fnÂ ae-bm-f-I-hnX

AXnsâ kzm`m-hn-I-amb cpNn-Ifpw ioep-Ifpw Xncn-̈ p-t\Sn kzbw \ho-

I-cn-̈ p-sIm−v Hcp tZiob P\-Iob Ihn-Xm-[m-cbv¡p XpS¡w Ipdn-¡p-

Ibpw A§s\ D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS L«-¯n-te¡v {]th-in-¡p-Ibpw

33

sN¿p¶p” (k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ 1993: 35) F¶v k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p.

A[n-th-i-I-cnÂ \n¶pÅ apàn, ]mc-¼-cy-̄ nsâ ]p\-cm-hn-jv¡m-cw,

XpS§n Ht«sd LS-I-§Ä CW-§n-b-XmWv k¨n-Zm-\-µsâ ho£-W-

¯nse B[p-\n-tIm-̄ cX.

tIcf¯nsâ kmaqlnIhpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb aWvUe¯nÂ

{ZpXKXnbnÂ kw`hn¨psIm−ncn¡p¶ ]cnWma§sfÃmw B[p\ntIm

¯cX sIm−p h¶ ZnimhyXnbm\§fmsW¶mWv ]n.sI.t]m¡À

\nco£n¡p¶Xv. hyhkmbm\´c kmwkvImcnIm\p`hamWv B[p\n

tIm¯cXsb¶v AwKoIcn¨psIm−p Xs¶ hyhkmbhXv¡cW

¯nsâ ]XnhpNm\epIfneqsS tIcfNcn{Xw IS¶ph¶nsÃ¶XmWv

hkvXpX F¶v At±lw ]dbp¶p−v. tIcfobkmaqlnI {Ia¯nse

^yqUÂ B[n]Xy kz`mhs¯ A«nadn¨ [mc PmXn\thm°m\ {]

Øm\§fpw Ahbmcw`n¨ \S]Sn{Ia§fpsS ]qÀ¯oIcWsa¶

\nebnÂ BZys¯ I½yqWnÌv a{´nk`bpsS hchpw AhÀ \S¸n

em¡nb `q]cnjv¡cW_nÃpIfpambncp¶p. F¶mÂ F¬]XpIÄ

¡ptijw tIcfw AhnsS\n¶v ]msS hyXykvXamb Hcp Xe¯n

te¡mWv F¯nt¨À¶Xv. KÄ^v ]W¯nsâ Hgp¡pw hymhkmbnI

amb ]nt¶m¡mhØbpambncn¶p CXnsâ ImcW§Ä. DXv]mZ\s¯

B{ibn¡m¯ hn]Wn_Ô§fpw hmÀ¯mam[ya§fpsS hym]\hpw

kaImenI tIcfob PohnXmhØbpsS A]qÀÆXbmWv F¶ t]m¡

dnsâ \nco£Ww taev]dª kmaqlnI kmlNcy¯nsâ XpSÀ¨sb

bmWv ImWn¡p¶Xv. (t]m¡À 2001: 106þ107)

B[p\ntIm¯cX kmlnXobamb khntijXIfmÂ \nÀ®bn

¡s¸Sp¶ Hcp {]Xn`mkw am{XaÃ F¶pw AXv kmaqlnIhpw Ncn{X

]chpamb HchØbmWv F¶pw IcpXp¶hcnÂ HcmfmWv ]n.sI.t]m

¡À. ASp¯Ime¯mbn tIcfob PohnXmhØbnÂ kw`hn¨ amä

§Ä ]mÝmXy cmPy§fnÂ kw`hn¨ ]cnhÀ¯\§tfmSv kmZriyap

ÅhbmsW¶pw Ah B[p\ntIm¯cXbnte¡pÅ amä§fmsW

¶pw t]m¡À kaÀ°n¡phm³ {ian¡p¶p. “{Ko³_vfmäpw NpÅn¡m

34

Spw” F¶ am[yaw BgvN¸Xn¸nse teJ\¯nÂ Cu amä§Ä¡v sX

fnhmbn ]¯p LSI§sf At±lw AhXcn¸n¡p¶p.

1. tkh\taJebpsS hnImkw AXmbXv hnZym`ymkw,

BtcmKyw, am[yaw, Bibhn\nabw F¶o taJeIfpsS

hnImkw PohnX¯nsâ s]mXpLS\bnÂ amäw hcp¯p¶p.

2. AkwLSnX sXmgnÂtaJe hnIkn¨v sXmgnÂØncX CÃm

Xmhp¶p.

3. sSenhnj³, hoUntbm F¶nhbpsS hym]\w.

4. tIcfw hensbmc§mSnbmbn¯oÀ¶ncn¡p¶p.

5. D]t`mKkwkvImct¯mSpÅ sNdp¯p\nev]v ZpÀºeambncn

¡p¶p.

6. aX]p\cp°m\hmZw, PmXnNn´, ]mc¼cyhmZw Ch iàn

s¸Sp¶p.

7. kv{XohmZw iàn {]m]n¡p¶p.

8. Acmjv{Sobamb kmaqlnIcq]hXv¡cWw \S¡p¶p.

9. kmwkvImcnIap{ZIfpw NnÓ§fpw ]pXnb Bhnjv¡mc

BkzmZ\ e£W§Ä {]t£]n¡p¶p.

10. \mw Atacn¡³ km¼¯nIm[n]Xy¯nsâ CcIfmbn amdn

s¡m−ncn¡p¶p. (t]m¡À 2001: 149þ150)

BtKmf {]Xn`mkambn¯oÀ¶ncn¡p¶ ]pXnb km¼¯nI {I

aoIcW§fpsS ^e§Ä Gdnbpw Ipdªpw FÃm cmPy§Ä¡pw

_m[IamsW¶pw At±lw ]dbp¶p. _lpcmjv{SI¼\nIfpsS

hym]\hpw AXp−m¡p¶ kwkvImchpw BtKmfXe¯nÂ¯s¶

Hcp bmYmÀ°yambn amdnbncn¡p¶p F¶ t]m¡dpsS \nco£Ww

A\ntj[yamb hkvXpXIfpsS ]n³_eapÅ H¶mWv.

35

B[p\ntIm¯cXsb kw_Ôn¨v hniZambn {]Xn]mZn¡p¶

{KÙ§fpsS IÀ¯mhmb kn._n. kp[mIcsâ \nco£W§fpw

{it²bamWv. Ncn{X]cambn B[p\ntIm¯cXbpsS Gähpw khnti

jamb {]tXyIXIfmbn Nq−n¡mWn¡mhp¶Xv BtKmfhXv¡c

Whpw hnhckmt¦XnIhnZybpw kmt¦XnIhnZybnÂ \n¶p thÀ

s]Sp¯m\mhm¯ Hcp kmwkvImcnI ]cnkchpamWv. PohnX¯nsâ

kakvXtaJeIfnepw B[p\nIXbpsS ImeL«¯nÂ \n¶p `n¶amb

A\p`h§Ä B[p\ntIm¯cX {]Zm\w sN¿p¶p. CXp tIcf

¯nepw Hcp bmYmÀ°yamWv.hntijn¨pw km¼¯nI kmwkvImcnI

taJeIfnÂ DZmchXv¡cW¯nsâbpw BtKmfhXv¡cW¯nsâbpw

sISpXnIÄ Gähpa[nIw A\p`hs¸Sp¶ {]tZiamWv tIcfw. BtKm

fhn]WnbpsS hym]\s¯ t{]mÕmln¸n¡p¶Xn\p th−nbmWv

s]mXphnXcW k{¼Zmb¯n\p ISnªmWnSp¶Xpw kmaqlyt£a

taJebnÂ kÀ¡mÀ k_vknUnIÄ \nÀ¯em¡p¶Xpw s]mXptaJe

kzImcy hXv¡cn¡p¶Xpw [\ImcytaJebnÂ hntZiI¼\nIfpsS

BKa\¯n\p hgnsbmcp¡p¶Xpw temI hym]mc kwLS\IfpsSbpw

A´mcmjv{S [\ImcyØm]\§fpsSbpw \nÀt±i§Ä¡phg§n

\½psS k¼ZvLS\sb apXemfnt¯m·pJamb ]p\xkwLmS\¯n\p

hnt[bam¡p¶Xpw B[p\ntIm¯cXbpsS k¦ev]\§Ä¡\pkrX

ambmWv. (kp[mIc³ 2001 : 8,13,)

Um\nbÂ s_Ãnsâ ‘hyhkmbm\´ckaqlw’ F¶ Bib

s¯ hniZoIcn¨p sIm−v A¯csamcp kmlNcy¯nte¡v tIcfw

F¯nt¨À¶n«nÃ F¶v hyàam¡m\mWv hn.kn.{ioP³ ‘B[p\ntIm

¯cwþhnIe\hpw hnaÀi\hpw’ F¶ IrXnbnÂ {ian¡p¶Xv. hyh

kmbm\´c kaql¯nsâ s]mXpkz`mhamb tkh\taJebpsS

B[n]Xyw tIcf¯nensÃ¶pw AXpsIm−v B[p\ntIm¯camb Hcp

tIcfob kmlNcyw CsÃ¶pamWv At±l¯nsâ ]£w. CXns\

]mtS \ncmIcn¨psIm−mWv kn._n.kp[mIc³ B[p\ntIm¯cXsb

hniIe\w sNbvXXv.

36

‘Fgp¯pw hmb\bpw’ F¶ hn.kn.lmcnknsâ ]pkvXI¯ns\

gpXnb ]n³Ipdn¸nÂ _n.D®nIrjvW³ B[p\ntIm¯cXsb¡pdn¨v

C{]Imcw ]dbp¶p.

‘kÀh hym]nbmb sImtfmWnbÂ B[p\nIhXv¡cWt¯mSp

{]XnIcn¡p¶, AXns\ sNdp¡p¶ AXn\p kaImeo\amb Hcp hyh

lmccq]ambmWv ChnsS D¯cm[p\nIX shfns¸Sp¶Xv. AÃmsX

B[p\nIXbv¡p tijw kw`hn¡p¶ Hcp kwthZ\ hyXnbm\amb

Ã’.(lmcnkv 1999 : 164) XoÀ¨bmbpw B[p\ntIm¯cX F¶Xv Hcp

A[oi{]Xybimkv{X¯nsâ AhktcmNnXamb Nn´m]²XnbmWv.

kmt¦XnI ]cnÚm\¯nepw [\kamlcW¯nepw ap³]ńbnÂ

\nev¡p¶ Ip¯I cmjv{S§fpsS \nb{´W¯nÂ \n¶p hnSpXÂ

t\Snb Hcp B[p\ntIm¯cXsb¸än Nnń¡pI km[yaÃ. AXp

sIm−mWv hn.kn.{ioPsâ \nco£W§sf hensbmcfthmfw XÅn

¡fªpsIm−v _n.D®nIrjvW³ C{]Imcw ]dbp¶Xv. ‘D¯cm[p

\nIXsb kmlnXytI{µnXamb cq]hmZ¯nÂ \n¶p tamNn¸n¨v,

apXemfn¯¯nsâ hnIk\t¯mSpw aqe[\ hym]\t¯mSpw PmXnþ

tZiobþ`mjm sshcp²y§tfmSpw _Ôs¸Sp¯n Nnń¡p¶Xn\p

]Icw “ChnsS F{XbmfpIÄ¡v Unjv Bân\bp−v,” “F{Xbmfp

IÄ¡v b¸n^vfq hcp¶p−v” XpS§nb tNmZy§fneqsS” “ChnsS

D¯cm[p\nIXbnÃ” F¶ D¯c¯nse¯nt¨cp¶ IWs¡Sp¸pIÄ,

A[oi{]Xymimkv{Xsat¸mgpw Hcp alm\yq\]£¯nsâ \nb{´W

¯nembncn¡psa¶ efnX]mTw adbv¡p¶hcmWv”.(lmcnkv 1999 : 163)

b{´hXvIrX kaqls¯¡pdn¨v B[p\nIX ]peÀ¯nb `bm

i¦IÄ¡p]Icw b{´s¯ BtLmj]qÀÆw kzoIcn¡p¶hcmWv

B[p\ntIm¯ckaqlw. AsXmcp am[yakaqlamWv. sSenhnj\pw

CâÀs\äpamWv AXnsâ hn{Kl§Ä. bmYmÀ°yhpw Zriy{àhpw

X½nepÅ AXnÀ¯nIÄ ambp¶ Hcp temIamWv ]p¯³ am[ya§Ä

sIm−ph¶Xv. tIcfob kaql¯nÂ B[p\nIX ap{ZW am[ya

¯ntâXpw ihy am[ya¯ntâXpambncp¶p. B[p\ntIm¯cXbnÂ

37

AXv CeIvt{SmWnIv kwkvImc¯nte¡p amdn. sSenhnjsâbpw

I¼yq«dnsâbpw hchv B[p\ntIm¯camb kmlnXy`mh\bpsS

hnImk¯nÂ \nÀ®mbIamb ]¦p hln¨p. B[p\nIXbptSXp

t]mepÅ D]t`mKkwkvImcaÃ B[p\ntIm¯cbptSXv. kwkvImc

s¯bpw Iesbbpw cmjv{Sobs¯bpw Iq«p]nSn¨p sIm−v hnIkn

¡p¶ It¼mfamWXv. hnt\mZhyhkmbhpw kwkvImchyhkmbhpw

hnhc hyhkmbhpw AXnsâ `mKamWv. A`ncpNnIÄ cq]s¸Sp¯p

¶Xn\v IebpsS kma{KnIsfÃmw AhnsS It¼mfw D]tbmKs¸Sp

¯p¶p. ‘It¼mfhpw Iebpw X½nepÅ _mÔh¯n\v kmt¦XnI

hnZy ImÀ½nIXzw hln¡p¶ kmkvImcnI hnhmlamWv D¯cm

[p\nIXzw.’ (cmPtiJc³ 2007: 21) F¶n§s\bpÅ ]n.sI.cmPti

Jcsâ \nco£W§fpw {it²bamWv. D]t`mKmkànbpw iàambn

Xncn¨p hcp¶ PmXnt_m[hpw `ojWmImcambn \ne\nev¡p¶

aXauenIhmZhpw kmapZmbnI{]oW\hpw PmXnaX cmjv{Sobhpw

k¦pNnXambncp¶ kzXzcmjv{Sobhpw kaImenI tIcfob bmYmÀ

°y§fmsW¶v At±lw ]dbp¶p.

1.9 B[p\ntIm¯c {]hWXIÄ

am[ya§fnepw kmt¦XnIhnZybnepw A[njvTnXamWv B[p\n

tIm¯cXbpsS {][m\ khntijXIÄ FÃmw Xs¶. F¦nepw

AXnÂ \n¶pw hyXykvXambn enwKkzXzw, PmXnkzXzw XpS§nbhbp

sS DbÀs¯gpt¶ev]pw B[p\ntIm¯cXbpsS khntijXbmbn

IS¶phcp¶p−v. ImcWw GIinemßI cq]aÃ B[p\ntIm¯cX

bv¡pÅXv. AXv kaql¯nÂ s]mSp¶s\ {]Xy£s¸Sp¶ H¶paÃ.

PohnXmhØbpsS ]cnhÀ¯\t¯msSm¸w IS¶phcp¶ H¶mWXv.

AXv ]cnhÀ¯\hnt[bhpamWv. AXn\mÂ CXv {]hWXIfmbn«mWv

kaql¯nÂ {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xv. B AÀ°¯nemWv B[p\ntIm¯

c{]hWXIÄ F¶v {]_Ô¯nÂ {]tbmKn¨ncn¡p¶Xv.

‘{]hWX’F¶ ]Z¯n\v ‘Indication, tendency,interest’ F¶o

AÀ°§fmWv ‘iÐkpc`nbnÂ’ \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xv. (_meIr

38

jvW³ (FUn.) 2005: 1235) ‘indication’F¶ ]Z¯n\v ‘ASbmfw,

kqN\, e£Ww, sXfnhv’ F¶o AÀ°§fmWv ‘Cw¥ojv aebmfw

iÐtImi’¯nÂ \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xv. (Zacharias, Tobia(Ed.) 1999: 398)

AXnsâ ASnØm\¯nÂ B[p\ntIm¯cXbpsS ASbmf§Ä F¶

AÀ°¯nemWv {]_Ô¯nÂ B[p\ntIm¯c{]hWXIÄ F¶v

{]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. At\Iw B[p\ntIm¯c{]hWXIÄ DÅXnÂ

tIcfobkmlNcy¯nÂ {]kàambhsbbmWv ChnsS hniIe\w

sN¿p¶Xv.

1.9.1 am[ya B[n]Xyw

B[p\ntIm¯c AhØbnÂ kmwkvImcntImev]mZ\¯nÂ

GÀs¸«ncn¡p¶ Hcp {][m\ LSIw CeIvt{SmWnIv am[ya§fmWv.

ChÀ kwkvImcw krjvSn¡p¶hcÃ adn¨v AXv t{]jWw sN¿p¶

hcmWv.Fgp¯pImÀ, B\pImenI§fpsS FUnäÀamÀ, kwKoXÚÀ,

kn\nam\nÀ½mXm¡Ä, A`nt\Xm¡Ä XpS§nbhÀ DÄs¸Sp¶ Cu

hn`mKw _lpP\kwkvImc¯nsâ D]t`màm¡Ä¡mhiyamb Dev]

¶§Ä krjvSn¡p¶p. Cu hyhkmb¯nteÀs¸«ncn¡p¶hcmWv ]

e Bib{à§fpw ^mj³{à§fpw, A`ncpNnIfpsS {à§fpsaÃmw

krjvSn¡p¶Xv. am[yahyhkmbsa¶pw CXns\ hntijn¸n¡mw.

]nev¡me apXemfn¯w AXnsâ hnIk\¯n\mbn CeIvt{Sm

WnIv am[ya§tfbpw I½yqWnt¡j³ irwJeItfbpw hnhckmt¦

XnI hnZysbbpw aäpw AanXambn B{ibn¡p¶p. B taJeIfnÂ

{]hÀ¯n¡p¶ AXnsâ Dev]mZIcpw D]t`màm¡fpw AS§p¶

Hcp ]pXnb sXmgnemfnhn`mKw B[p\ntIm¯c kaql¯nÂ BhnÀ

`hn¡pIbpw iàamb km¶n²yambn¯ocpIbpw sNbvXn«p−v. sXm

gnemfnhÀKw Hcp Ime¯v {]ISn¸n¨ncp¶ GImßI kz`mhw C¶v

A{]Xy£ambncn¡p¶p. tkh\taJebnÂ kw`hn¨ Ahnizk\ob

amb hnImkw Hcp ]pXnb kmaqlnI hn`mK¯nsâ hfÀ¨bv¡p Imc

Wambn. hymhkmbnI kaql¯nÂ \n¶v C³^Àtaj³ kaql¯n

te¡pÅamähpw B[p\nIXbnÂ \n¶v B[p\ntIm¯cXbnte¡pÅ

39

kmwkvImcnI amähpamWv B[p\ntIm¯c temI¯nsâ khnti

jX.

I¼yq«dpIÄ, CâÀs\äv kwhn[m\§Ä, sSenhnj³ irwJ

eIÄ F¶nh {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯n _lpcmjv{S tImÀ¸tdj\pIÄ

kz´w `mjWw krjvSn¡p¶p. Cu tImÀ¸tdäv `mjW¯nÂ s]mXp

aWvUe¯n\p th−nbpÅ _nw_§Ä a§nt¸mIpIbpw sN¿p¶p.

tImÀ¸tdäv `mjW¯nÂ {][m\ambpw apg§nt¡Ä¡p¶Xv C³^À

tajsâ kpKaamb {]hmlamWv. _lpcmjv{S¡¼\nIfpsS em`Ic

amb {]hÀ¯\§Ä kpKaam¡phm³ klmbn¡p¶sXÃmw Cu {]

hml¯nepÄs¸Sp¶p. am[ya§Ä hmWnPy hev¡cn¡pIbpw kw

kvvImcw hyhkmb hev¡cn¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXtXmsS Ah km¼

¯ntImev]mZ\¯nsâ bpàn¡pw \nb{´W¯n\pw hnt[bamIpI

bpw It¼mf¯nsâ hn\nab hyhØbv¡pÅnÂ am{Xw {]hÀ¯n

¡phm³ \nÀ_ÔnXamhpIbpw sN¿p¶p.

CeIvt{SmWnIv am[ya§fneqsS kmwkvImcntImev]mZ\ {]{In

bbnÂ GÀs¸«ncn¡p¶ Hcp ]pXnb s{]m^jWÂ hn`mK¯nsâ

BhnÀ`mhw B[p\ntIm¯c kmaqlnI LS\bpsS khntijXbm

Wv. Gähpw DbÀ¶ kmt¦XnIhnZKv[cpw IemImc·mcpw apXÂ Gä

hpw XmsgbpÅ sXmgnemfnIÄ hscbpÅ hnhn[ t{iWnIfnepw

taJeIfnepw DÄs¸Sp¶ ChÀ kmwkvImcntImev]mZ\¯nsâbpw

hnXcW¯nsâbpw hyXykvX L«§sf {]Xy£ambpw ]tcm£am

bpw kzm[o\n¡p¶hcmWv.

GIoIrXhpw DZv{KYnXhpamb kwkvImc¯nÂ \n¶v sshhn

²yamÀ¶ A`ncpNn kwkvImc§fnte¡pÅ amäw, tZiobXmt_m[

¯nÂ \n¶v BtKmfmht_m[¯nsâbpw {]mtZinIm \\yXsb¡pdn

¨pÅ Aht_m[¯nsâbpw an{iXe¯nepÅ kzXz t_m[¯nte¡p

Å amäw, Hcp ]pXpa[yhÀ¤¯nsâ A`qX]qÀÆamb hfÀ¨ F¶nh

B[p\ntIm¯c kaql¯nsâ {]tXyIXIfmsW¶v lm³kv tPmÀKv

s_ävkv A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p.(Bets,HansGeorg 1992: 12) Cu ]pXpa[y

hÀKw C³^Àtaj³ Dev]mZ\¯nepw hnXcW¯nepw D]t`mK¯n

40

epw amt\Pvsaânepw kmaqlnI \nb{´W {]{Inbbnepw GÀs¸«ncn

¡p¶hcmsW¶pw At±lw ]dbp¶p.

1.9.2 D]t`mKkwkvImcw

P\§fpsS D]t`mK¯n\mbn hymhkmbnImSnØm\¯nÂ

It¼mf§sf e£yam¡n kmwkvImcnIcq]§Ä DXv]mZn¸n¨p XpS

§nb ImeL«¯nemWv _lpP\ kwkvImcw BhnÀ`hn¡p¶sX

¦nepw CeIvt{SmWnIv am[ya§Ä krjvSn¨ `mhpIXz amäamWv

AXn\v C{Xtbsd iàn \evInbXv. kwkvImcw D]t`mKhkvXphmbn

hmWnPyhÂ¡cn¡s¸Spt¼mÄ D]t`màm¡fpsS km¼¯nI tijn

sb B{ibn¨mWv AXnsâ D]t`mKw \S¡p¶Xv. hnhckaql¯nsâ

BhnÀ`mhhpw am[ya§fpsS kzm[o\hpw kmwkvImcnIaWvUe

¯nÂ krjvSn¨ amä§fpsS ^eambn km¼¯nItaJebpw kmw

kvImcnItaJebpw X½nepÅ A´cw CÃmXmbn. CXn\p {][m\

]¦phln¨Xv CeIvt{SmWnIv am[ya§fmWv. am[ya§fpsS AXn{]

kchpw Ah kaql¯nÂ sNep¯p¶ kzm[o\hpw aqeamWv B[p

\ntIm¯c kaqls¯ am[ya kaqlsa¶p hntijn¸n¡p¶Xv.

am[ya§Ä krjvSn¡p¶ D]cn]vfhamb Hcp PohnXcoXn D]

t`mKs¯ t{]mÕmln¸n¡p¶Xpw \ne\nÀ¯p¶XpamWv. kaImenI

temIs¯ AXnsâ Xs¶ _nw_§fmbn \½psS ap¼nÂ AhXcn

¸n¡p¶ am[ya§Ä krjvSn¡p¶ khntijamb kmlNcys¯

ASnØm\am¡nbmWv B[p\ntIm¯ckaqlw ‘{]Xn_nw_§fpsS

kaql’ sa¶pw ‘ImgvNIfpsS kaqlsa¶pw’ hntijn¡s¸«n«pÅXv.

Cs¶mcp Znhkw, Hcp hyànbpsS ap¶nÂ am[ya§fneqsS GItZiw

Bbncw _nw_§Ä an¶n adbp¶Xmbn IW¡m¡s¸«n«p−v. _nw_

§fmÂ ]qcnXamb B[p\ntIm¯c kmaqlnI kmwkvImcnI ]cnkc

¯nÂ hyànIfpsS kzXzcq]oIcW {]{InbbnÂ Ah AXn{][m\

amb ]¦p hln¡p¶p−v. _nw_§fpsS Dev]mZ\¯nepw hnXcW

¯nepw Gähpw {][m\amb ]¦p hln¡p¶Xv CeIvt{SmWnIvam[ya

§fmWv. hntijn¨pw sSenhnj³. ]nev¡me apXemfn¯¯nsâ hn

Imk¯n\v hgnsbmcp¡nb kmt¦XnIhnZy krjvSn¨ hn¹hIcamb

41

]cnhÀ¯\§fpsS kwt£]ambpw B[p\ntIm¯c ImeL«¯n

sâ XnIhmÀ¶ cq]ambpw sSenhnjs\ ]cnKWn¡msa¶v t_m{Zn

bmÀ ]dbp¶p. _nw_§fpsSbpw NnÓ§fpsSbpw ]p\cpXv]mZ\

¯nteÀs¸«ncn¡p¶ A\pIcWb{´§fmWv am[ya§sf¶pw At±

lw Iq«nt¨À¡p¶p. (Nicol, Bran (Ed.)2002: 91-94)

B[p\ntIm¯c temI¯nse ]pXpkm¼¯nI{Ia¯nÂ D]

t`mKhkvXp¡fpsSbpw tkh\¯nsâbpw e`yX FÃmhÀ¡pw A\p

hZn¡s¸«n«p−v F¶ {]XoXn krjvSn¡s¸Sp¶p. CXv kmam\y

P\Xbv¡nSbnÂ hyXykvXXbv¡pth−nbpÅ aÕc§Ä t{]mÕm

ln¸n¡p¶p. D]t`mKm[njvTnXamb Cu aÕc¯nÂ t\XrXzw

hln¡p¶Xv ]pXnb a[yhÀ¤amWv. D]t`mKkwkvImcw {]Ncn¸n¡p

Ibpw t{]mÕmln¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ ChÀ D]t`mK hkvXp¡sf

Bkq{XnXambn ImelcWs¸Sp¯pIbpw ]pXnb {]hWXIÄ kr

jvSn¡pIbpw hyXykvX PohnXcoXnIfpw A`ncpNnIfpw hnIkn¸n¡p

Ibpw sNbvXpsIm−v apXemfn¯{Ia¯nsâ s\SpwXqWpIfmbn {]

hÀ¯n¡p¶p. AhÀ D]t`màm¡Ä am{XaÃ, B[p\ntIm¯c

kwkvImc¯nsâ hmlIcpw ]cky§fneqsSbpw KthjW§fneq

sSbpw AXns\ t{]mÕmln¸n¡pIbpw hfÀ¯pIbpw sN¿p¶hcp

amWv. D]t`mK¯n\p ap³Xq¡w \evIp¶ km¼¯nIhpw kmaqlnI

hpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb Hcp hyhØbv¡\pIqeamb kz`mhw {]I

Sn¸n¡p¶ C¡q«À apXemfn¯LS\bpsS ]qcIhÀKw F¶p hnti

jn¸n¡mhp¶hcmWv.

1.9.3 It¼mfhXv¡cWhpw BtKmfhXv¡cWhpw

am[ya§fpsS It¼mfhÂ¡cWw Hcp B[p\ntIm¯c {]Xn

`mkamWv. am[ya§fpsS km¼¯nI`{ZX Dd¸phcp¯phm³ ]cym

]vXamsW¦nepw h³InShyhkmbØm]\§Ä¡v kmwkvImcnI]cn

kc¯nÂ A[oiXzw Øm]n¡phm³ klmbn¡p¶Xp IqSnbmWnXv.

B[p\ntIm¯c b{´amb sSenhnj\neqsSbpw CâÀs\äneqsSbpw

\S¯s¸Sp¶ hmWnPymSnØm\¯nepÅ kwt{]jW§Ä Hcn¡epw

bpàn]qÀÆw Nn´n¡p¶ ]uc·msc At\zjn¡pItbm, t{]mÕmln

42

¸n¡pItbm sN¿p¶nÃ F¶p Xs¶bpaÃ, kz´w Xmev]cy§fpw

A`ncpNnIfpw am{Xa\pkcn¨p {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ hyànKX D]t`màm

¡sf¶ \nebnemWv t{]jIÀ ]cnKWn¡s¸Sp¶Xv.

D]t`màm¡fnÂ tkh\§tfmSpw hkvXp¡tfmSpapÅ Ima\

krjvSn¡pIbpw hfÀ¯pIbpw sNbvXpsIm−mWv hyhkmbnIÄ

AhcpsS DXv]¶§Ä hn]Wnbnse¯n¡p¶Xv. ]cky§fneqsSbm

Wv AhÀ CXv \nÀÆln¡p¶Xv. ]cky§Ä, ê¯nÂ hn]Wnsb

B{ibn¨p Pohn¡m³ D]t`màm¡sf t{]cn¸n¡p¶p. It¼mf¯nÂ

\n¶p Nc¡pIÄ hm§p¶tXmsSm¸w Nne AùXnI _nw_§Ä

IqSn X§Ä hm§p¶ F¶ {]XoXn D]t`màm¡fnÂ krjvSn¡p¶

hbmWv ]cky§Ä. It¼mf¯nÂ e`yamb hkvXp¡Ä am{Xw D]

tbmKn¡m³ \mw \nÀ_ÔnXcmIp¶p. A§ns\ Ahbv¡\pkrXam

bn \½psS A`nemj§fpw, Bhiy§fpw A`ncpNnIfpw PohnXco

Xnbpw cq]s¸Sp¶p. asämcpXc¯nÂ ]dªmÂ It¼mfw Bhiy

§Ä krjvSn¡p¶p. B Bhiy§Ä \ndthäphm³ hn]WnbnÂ e`y

amb hkvXp¡sf \mw B{ibnt¡−n hcp¶p. NqjW¯nsâ Cu

]pXnb amXrIbmWv ]nev¡me¯v BtKmfhXv¡cWw F¶ k¦ev]

ambn cq]mćw {]m]n¡p¶Xv.

A´mcmjv{S\mWb\n[n, temI_m¦v F¶nhbnÂ \n¶v hmbv]

kzoIcn¡m³ Xocpam\n¨tXmsS \½psS k¼ZvLS\bnepw LS\m

]camb hyXymk§Ä hcp¯phm³ \mw \nÀ_ÔnXcmbn. DXv]mZ\

taJebnÂ `cWIqSw CSs]Sp¶Xv ê{]Zambn XSbp¶Xpw It¼mf

§Ä¡v kzX{ámbn {]hÀ¯n¡phm³ Ahkcw Hcp¡p¶Xpam

bncp¶p Cu \b§Ä. ChcpsS hmbv]m\n_Ô\IÄ, DZmchÂ¡c

Ww, kzImcyhXv¡cWw, BtKmfhXv¡cWw F¶nh Dd¸phcp

¯m³ Bhiys¸Sp¶hbmWv. XpSÀ¶v kmt¦XnIhnZybv¡v ssZ

\wZn\PohnX¯nÂ {]apJamsbmcp Øm\w e`n¨p. It¼mfhpambn

_Ôs¸«v ]ckyhyhkmbw hfÀ¶phnImkw {]m]n¨Xv CtX Imeb

fhnemWv. Cu amä§Äs¡Ãmw D]cnbmbn sSenhnj³ kaqls¯

Gähpa[nIw kzm[o\n¨pXpS§nbXpw, {Kma§fnÂt¸mepw tI_nÄ

Sn.hn irwJeIfpw aäpw hym]n¨pXpS§nbXpw Cu L«¯nemWv. B

43

[p\ntIm¯c kaql¯nsâ apJap{ZbmbmWv sSenhnj³ ]cnKWn

¡s¸Sp¶Xv, Cu am[yaw Cý³ P\kwJybpsS `qcn]£w t]cnte

bv¡pw F¯p¶pap−v.

\KchnIk\{]{Inbbnepw {]ISamb amä§Ä Cu ImeL«

¯nÂ I−pXpS§p¶p. DXv]mZ\{]{InbbpsS hntI{µoIcWw \Kcm

XnÀ¯nIÄ¡XoXambn hnIk\¯n\v Du¶Â \evIp¶Xmbncp¶p.

AXnsâ êambn At\Iw D]\Kc§Ä hnIkn¨p hcp¶Xv Hcp

kao]Ime{]hWXbmWv. B[p\nIXbpsS Ime¯v h³\Kc§fnte

¡v k¼¯t\zjns¨¯p¶ P\§fpsS {]hmlambncp¶p. C¶v \Kc

§Ä hnIkn v̈ D]\Kc§fnte¡pw {Kma§fnte¡pw hym]n¡p¶p.

temIan¶v henb Hcp \Kcambn¯oÀ¶ncn¡p¶p. kmt¦XnIhnZy

bpsSbpw I½yqWnt¡j³ irwJebpsSbpw hnImkt¯msS \Kcsa

¶ k¦ev]\¯nsâ {][m\yw t]mepw \jvSambncn¡p¶p.

ØeIme§sf¡pdn¨pÅ FÃm hmZ§sfbpw BtKmfhXv

¡cWw A¼çn¡p¶ thK¯nemWv A{]kàam¡nbXv. Øew

F¶ Bibw Npcp§pItbm CÃmXmIpItbm sNbvX Hcp {]XoXnbp

−mIp¶p. AI¶p\n¶ temI `q`mK§Ä X½nÂ Ncn{X¯nÂ ap³

s]§panÃm¯ hn[¯nÂ ASp¯ptNcp¶p. temIw apgph³ H¶m

sW¶ Hcp s]mXp CSw km[yam¡p¶Xn\v Cu amäw klmbn¡p¶p.

“hnhcWmßIambn ]dªmÂ BtKmfhXv¡cWsa¶Xv Hcp I¨

hScoXnbmWv. kwtbmPnXamb Hcp temIhn]Wnbnte¡pÅ, sXmgn

ensâbpw aqe[\¯nsâbpw kmt¦XnIhnZybpsSbpw hnhcW§fp

sSbpw hnkvXrXhpw BgtadnbXpamb A´ÀtZiob Hgp¡v BWXv.

B Hgp¡n\pth−n tZiob hn]WnIsfbpw BtKmf hn]WnIsfbpw

DZmcambn AYhm \nb{´W§tfXpanÃmsX Xpd¶nSpI F¶ {]{In

bbmWXv. XoÀ¨bmbpw AXv em`tI{µnXhpw apXemfn¯ hXvIrX

hpamWv”.(Petras&Veltmeyer 2001: 11)

It¼mf¯nsâ bpànbne[njvTnXamb kuµcyimkv{Xw Xs¶

bmWv B[p\ntIm¯c Iemcq]§fpsS DXv]mZ\hpw hnXcWhpw

D]t`mKhpw \nb{ń¡p¶Xv. D]t`màmhnsâ A`ncpNnIÄ¡\pkr

44

XambXpw C{µnb]oW\w \nÀÆln¡p¶Xpw Ima\Isf Xr]vXns¸Sp

¯p¶Xpamb Iemcq]§sf It¼mf¯nse¯nt¡−nhcp¶p. ku

µcyimkv{Xw cq]s¸Sp¯p¶Xnsâ \nÀ®mbI LSIw D]t`màm¡

fmsW¶ {]XoXn Dfhm¡p¶ ]ZhnbmWv Ah hln¡p¶Xv. ]t£

]pXnb {]hWXIfpw, ssienIfpw, ^mj\pIfpw aäpw hn]Wnbnse

¯n¡p¶Xpw Ahbv¡v kzoImcyX t\SnsbSp¡p¶Xpw It¼mfiàn

IfpsS hn]W\X{´§fmWv. B[p\ntIm¯cIe D]cnXe§fpsS

IebmIp¶Xv AXpsIm−p IqSnbmWv.

BkzmZI\v C{µnbkpJw A\phZn¡p¶ B[p\ntIm¯cIe

D]cnXe§Ä¡v {]mapJyw \evIp¶Xn\mÂ AXv Pbnwk¬ kqNn¸n

¡p¶Xp t]mse HcpXcw BganÃmbva A\p`hs¸Sp¯p¶p. Cu

BganÃmbva B[p\ntIm¯cXbpsS _nw_kwkvImc¯nÂ {]ISam

bn ImWphm\mIpw. D]cnXe§fnÂ A`ncan¡p¶ B[p\ntIm¯c

Iemcq]§fnÂ HcpXcw PmUyXbpw {]ISamsW¶v Pbnwk¬ kqNn

¸n¡p¶p.

B[p\ntIm¯cIe s]mXphnÂ Nc¡phXv¡cW¯n\v hnt[

bamWv. kmwkvImcntImev]mZ\w hymhkmbntImev]mZ\hpambn kw

tbmPn¨ncn¡p¶p. Ah X½nÂ thÀXncnhnÃ. At¸mÄ AXnsâ ku

µcyimkv{Xs¯ \nb{ń¡p¶Xv It¼mfiànIfmbncn¡pw. AXp

sIm−mWv B[p\ntIm¯c Iemcq]§fnÂ Gähpa[nIw \qX\Xzw

{]ZÀin¸n¡p¶Xpw, Gähpa[nIw kuµcymßI]co£W§Ä \S¡p

¶Xpw hmkvXp hnZybpsS taJebnemsW¶v Pbnwk¬ ]dbp¶Xv.

(Nicol, Bran(Ed.)2002:101- 102)

hmWntPymev]¶§fpsS bpàn\nb{ń¡p¶ kuµcy imkv{X

¯nsâbpw P\{]nbam[ya§Ä krjvSn¡p¶ hnt\mZ¯nsâbpw

{]Xn\n[m\§Ä B[p\ntIm¯c emhWy]cnkcs¯ km{µam¡p

¶p. Úm\mßIXbpsSbpw {InbmßIXbpsSbpw hnÚm\¯nsâ

bpw hnt\mZ¯nsâbpw {][m\ cq]§sf {]Zm\w sN¿p¶Xv Chbm

Wv. XXvêambn sI«pImgvNIfnepw, Ir{XnaXz§fnepw, D]cnXe§fp

sS kuµcyimkv{X¯nepw B[p\ntIm¯cX hym]rXambncn¡p¶p.

45

I¨hShXv¡cn¡s¸« _lpP\kwkvImc¯nsâ khntijXIÄ B

[p\ntIm¯c IebpsS AkwkvIrX ]ZmÀ°§fmbn¯ocp¶p.

1.9.4 A]am\hoIcWw

a\pjysâ am\hnIX tNmÀ¯n¡fbp¶XnÂ am[ya§Ä \nÀ

®mbI ]¦p hln¡p¶p. acWw t]mepw Gähpw henb BtLmj

ambn«mWv am[ya§Ä AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv. ImgvNIfpsS kaqlsa¶v

hntijn¸n¡s¸«ncn¡p¶ B[p\ntIm¯c kaql¯nÂ Gähpw

A[nIw {]ZÀin¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xv a\pjyicocamWv. kv{Xo kaql¯nse

Hcp {][m\ D]t`mKhkvXphmbn amdnbncn¡p¶p. hyànbpsS ss]Xr

Ihpw kwkvImchpw `mjbpÄs¸sS kIeXpw \in¸n¡s¸«ncn¡p

¶p. C¶¯ kaqls¯ \nb{´n¡p¶Xv temIIt¼mf¯nsâ Xmev]

cy§fmWv. ]cky§fneqsS X§fpsS Dev]¶§Ä¡v Bhiy¡msc

Is−¯m\pÅ {iaamWv C¶v km{amPyXziànIÄ \S¯p¶Xv.

a\pjy{]Xn`bpw Iebpw It¼mf¨c¡mbn amdns¡m−ncn¡p¶

C¶s¯ kaql¯nÂ hyàn D]t`màmhmbn Npcp§n. ]{X

temIapÄs¸sSbpÅ h³ am[ya§Ä icnbmb hmÀ¯IÄ P\§Ä

¡p \evIp¶Xn\p ]Icw hymP hmÀ¯IÄ krjvSn¡p¶XneqsS icn

bmb hmÀ¯mhn\nabs¯ XSÊs¸Sp¯m³ {ian¡p¶p. sSenhnj³

t]mepÅ am[ya§Ä PohnX¯nsâ Gähpw kzImcyamb Xe§

sft¸mepw ]ckyam¡m³ aSn¡p¶nÃ. aqey§Äs¡m¶pw bmsXmcp

hnebpw Iev]n¡m¯ C¶s¯ kmaqlnI]cnXØnXnbnÂ, a\pjy³

hnizmkaÀ¸n¨ hyànIÄ, _Ô§Ä, Øm]\§Ä, kwLS\IÄ,

hnizmk {]amW§Ä XpS§nbh Ahs\ \nc´cw h©n¡pIbpw

kzmÀ°X FÃm cwK§fnepw taÂss¡ t\SpIbpw sNbvXncn¡p¶p.

A\ysâ ZpxJs¯ hnt\mZambn I−mkzZn¡m³ X¡h®w a\p

jysâ DÅnÂ BÀ{ZXbpw kvt\lhpw AkvXan¡pIbpw AXnsâ

Øm\w A{Iahpw ssewKnIXbpw I¿S¡pIbpw sNbvXncn¡p¶Xv

B[p\ntIm¯c ImeL«¯nsâ {]tXyIXbmWv.

46

1.9.5 kwkvImc¯nsâ P\m[n]XyhXv¡cWw

kwkvImc¯nsâ P\m[n]XyhXv¡cWw B[p\ntIm¯cXbp

sS {][m\s¸« Hcp khntijXbmWv. B[p\nIXbpsS Ime¯v kw

kvImcw _p²nPohnIfpsS kzImcytaJebmbncp¶p. Kl\hpw ZpÀ{K

lhpambncp¶ B[p\nIkmlnXyhpw Nn{XIebpw kn\nabpsaÃmw

a\Ênem¡phm\pw hymJym\n¡phm\pw kÀtÆm]cn BkzZn¡phm

\pw Ignhp−mbncp¶ Hcp htcWyhÀKambncp¶p AhÀ. AhÀ kw

kvImcw krjvSn¡pIbpw AXnÂ Pohn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. kmwkvIm

cnI D]t`màm¡Ä A`qX]qÀÆambn hÀ²n¨ncn¡p¶ kaImenI

kmaqlnI ]cnkc¯nÂ ]gb _p²nPohnIÄ¡p ]Icw kmwkvIm

cnI\nb{´Ww GsäSp¯ncn¡p¶Xv {]km[Icpw am[ya§fpw Kyme

dn DSaIfpw Ahsb \nb{´n¡p¶ apXemfn¯ iànIfpamWv. DXv

IrjvSkwkvImcw _lpP\kwkvImcambn cq]m´cw {]m]n¨p sIm

−ncn¡p¶p. P\§fpsS D]t`mK¯n\mbn hymhkmbnImSnØm\

¯nÂ It¼mf§sf e£yam¡n kmwkvImcnIcq]§Ä DXv]mZn¸n¨p

XpS§nb ImeL«¯nemWv _lpP\kwkvImcw BhnÀ`hn¡p¶

sX¦nepw CeIvt{SmWnIv am[ya§Ä krjvSn¨ `mhpIXzamäamWv

AXn\v C{Xtbsd iàn \evInbXv.

1.9.6 kwkvImchyhkmbw

B[p\tIm¯cXbnÂ FÃmw ]pXnbXmWv. AsÃ¦nÂ ]gb

Xmbn H¶panÃ F¶p ]dbs¸Sp¶p. kwKoXtemI¯nepw CXv

A£cw{]Xn icnbmWv. AhnsSsbÃmw ]pXpXmbn AhXcn¸n¡s¸

Sp¶p. ]gb Km\§sfÃmw ]pXnbXmbn ho−pw Be]n¡s¸Sp¶p.

]gb kwKoX¯n\v ]pXnb KmbIcpsS i_vZw \evIp¶p. ]gbXv

ho−pw AtX KmbIÀ Xs¶ ]pXnbXmbn Be]n¡p¶p. kwkvImcw

hyhkmbamIp¶Xnsâ Gähpw \Ã DZmlcWamWv ayqknIv hoUn

tbm. AXpt]mse Hcp Ime¯v \½psS kmwkvImcnI NnÓ§fmbn

cp¶ ]d, \mgn, CS§gn, D¸pam§m`cWn apXembh C¶p kzoIcW

apdnbnse Ae¦mchkvXp¡fmbn amdp¶Xpw kwkvImchyhkmb

47

¯nsâ `mKw Xs¶bmWv. kmt¦-Xn-I-hnZy kwkvIm-c-̄ n-tebv¡p IS

¶p hcp-t¼mÄ kwKo-X-̄ nsâ Øe-hÂ¡-c-Whpw \S-¡p-¶p. ]m«p

tIÄ¡p-¶-Xn\p ]Icw ImWp¶ kwth-Z-\-̄ n-te¡v \s½ sIm−p-

t]m-Ip-¶p. a\p-jy³ FhnsS XpS-§p¶p b{´kmt¦-XnIhnZy FhnsS

XpS-§p¶p F¶-dn-bm³ Ign-bn-Ã.

`qX-Im-e-ssi-en-I-fpsS GXp-co-Xn-bn-epÅ ]cm-aÀi-t¯mSpw {]I-

Sn-̧ n-¡-s -̧Sp¶ Xo{h-amb XrjvW B[p\ntIm-̄ -c-X-bpsS {][m\

khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. ]pcm-X-\-ambsX´n-s\bpw ]cn-c-£n-¡p-hm-\pÅ

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c Xzc A\p-Zn\w hfÀ¶p hcp¶ ayqkn-b-§-fn-eq-sSbpw

Kyme-dn-I-fn-eqsSbpw ]pcm-h-kvXp-tI-{µ-§-fn-eq-sSbpw shfn-hm-¡-s -̧Sp-

¶p. Ncn{Xw hnÂ¡p¶ It¼m-f-§-fmbn Sqdn-Ìp-tI-{µ-§Ä ]cn-hÀ¯n-

¡-s -̧Sp-¶p. Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw hmWn-Py-h-Xv¡-cn-¡-s -̧Sp¶

{]{In-b-bpsS hyh-Øm-]nX cq]-ambn B[n-\n-tIm-̄ c hnt\m-Z-k-

©mc hyh-kmbw \ne-sIm-Åp-¶p.

1.9.7 ss]Xr-I-hy-h-kmbw

kwkvIm-c-s¯bpw ]mc-¼-cy-s¯bpw Ah-bpsS `uXnI cq]-§-

sfbpw _nw_-§-fm¡n cq]m-́ -c-s -̧Sp¯n hmWn-Py-h-Xv¡-cn-¡p¶

{]{In-b-bmWv ss]Xr-I-hy-h-kmbw F¶p hnti-jn-̧ n-¡-s -̧Sp-¶-Xv. Cu

ss]Xr-I-hy-h-kmbw C¶v temI-sa§pw hym]n-̈ n-«pÅ Hcp B[p-\n-

tIm-̄ c {]Xn-̀ m-k-am-Wv. B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-Xbpw ss]Xr-I-hy-h-km

bhpw ]c-kv]-c-_-Ôn-X-am-Wv. Ncn{Xw Hcp ka-Im-enI krjvSn-

bmbn¯ocp-¶p. _nw_-§-fn-eq-sSbpw AÊ-ep-I-fn-Ãm¯ ]IÀ¸p-I-fn-eq-

sSbpw \mw Ncn-{Xs¯ At\z-jn-t¡-−-Xmbn hcp-¶p. kn\n-a, sSen-hn-

j³, ]pkvX-I-§Ä F¶o am[y-a-§-fn-eqsS Ncn-{Xhpw `qX-Im-em-\p-̀ -h-

§fpw hnim-e-amb Hcp ]pcm-hkvXp tiJ-c-ambn cq]m-́ cw sN¿-s -̧Sp-

t¼mÄ, Hcp kzn -̈aÀ¯p-t¼mÄ sRmSnbn-S-bv¡p-ÅnÂ hos−-Sp-¡m-hp-

¶, Ft¸mÄ thW-sa-¦nepw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hp¶ hkvXp-hmWv Ncn{Xw

F¶ AhØ krjvSn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p. Ncn-{X-kvam-c-I-§Ä¡v Ct¸mÄ

SqdnÌv `qan-im-kv{X-¯nÂ e`n-¡p¶ {]m[m\yw asämcp L«-̄ nepw

e`y-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Ncn-{X-kvam-c-I-§Ä am{X-aÃ Ncn{Xw Bhr-X-am-bn-cn-

48

¡p¶ sIm¨p sIm¨p {]tZ-i-§Ä t]mepw hnt\m-Z-k-©m-c-tI-{µ-§-

fmbn hnI-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

1.9.8 _nw_-hÂ¡-cWw

Iem-kr-jvSn-Isf bm{´n-I-ambn ]p\-cp-ev]m-Zn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xpw kmw

kvIm-cnI cq]-§Ä Xs¶ It¼mf Nc-¡p-I-sf¶ \ne-bnÂ hymh-km-

bn-I-ambn Dev]m-Zn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xpw X½n-epÅ ASn-Øm-\-]-c-amb hyXym

kw Xncn-̈ -dn-tb-−-Xp-−v. kmwkvIm-cnI aÞ-e-amsI C¶v t_m{Zn-bmÀ

kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse ]IÀ¸p-I-fmÂ ]qcn-X-am-Wv. (Nicol,Bran (Ed.)

2002:93) kphÀ®-t£-{Xhpw XmPva-lepw \mw Xncn-̈ -dn-bp-¶Xv Ah-

bpsS At\Iw _nw_-§Ä \ap-¡n-S-bnÂ {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm-−m-Wv.

Cu _nw_-§-fn-seÃmw auen-IX A\p-I-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X-bnÂ hfÀ¶ D]-t`m-K-k-aq-l-̄ nÂ C¯cw ]pXnb

_nw_-§Ä \nc-́ cw {]Xy-£-s -̧«p-sIm-−n-cn-¡pw. Ah \½psS

IÀXrXzs¯ cq]-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-XnÂ \nÀ®m-b-I-amb ]¦p-h-ln-¡p-¶p.

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-k-aqlw hn]p-e-amb am[y-a-irw-J-e-I-fn-eqsS

{]t£-]n-¡-s -̧Sp¶ _nw_-§fpsS B[n-]-Xy-̄ n\p hnt[-b-ambn

sIm−n-cn-¡p-¶p. hymJym-\-km-[y-X-I-tfbpw _ZÂ hmb-\-I-tfbpw

hymh-lm-cn-I-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I-sfbpw ]qÀ®-ambn \ncm-I-cn-¡p¶

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c _nw_-kw-kvImcw `uXnI D]-t`m-K-s¯-¡m-fp-]-cn-̀ m-

h-\m-ßI-Xbnte-¡p- Xn-cn-bp-¶-Xm-Wv. \½psS kaq-l-̄ nÂ Zmcn-{Zy-hpw

bp²-hpw A\m-tcm-Ky-hpw el-f-I-fpw A]-I-S-§-fpw {]IrXn-t£m-̀ -

§fpw _nw_-§-fmbn emh-Wy-hÂ¡-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p. \½psS kwkvIr-

Xnbpw ]mc-¼-cyhpw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fp-saÃmw _nw_-§fmbn

amdp¶ AhØ \ap-¡n¶p kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-Wv. ]mc-¼-cys¯ at\m-l-c-

amb _nw_-ambn Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p¶ B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c {]h-WX

kwkvIm-c-̄ nsâ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]m[m-\ys¯ \ncm-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw

AXns\ {]ZÀi-\-h-kvXp-hm-¡p-Ibpw -sN-¿p-¶p.

49

1.9.9 kmwkvIm-cnI cmjv{Sobw

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c -tem-I-̄ nse D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-̄ nÂ kmw

kvIm-cnI aÞ-e-̄ nsâ \nb-{´Ww ]nSn-̈ -S-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS A[oi

iàn-IÄ kmaq-ln-I-\n-b-{´-Whpw ssIb-S-¡p-¶p. P\-X-bpsS s]cp-

am-ähpw A`n-cp-Nn-I-fpw, A`n-em-j-§fpw Ima-\-Ifpw Fń\v Ah-cpsS

At_m-[-s¯-t¸mepw \nb-{ń-̈ p-sIm-−mWv CXv km[y-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

]nev¡me apX-em-fn¯ Ime-L-«-̄ nÂ kmwkvIm-cnI aÞ-e-̄ n\p

kw`-hn¨ hnkva-b-I-c-amb hnIm-k-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS ê-ambn

cmjv{Sob aÞ-ehpw AXnÂ DÄt¨À¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. A§s\ Ah

X½nÂ B[p-\nI Ime¯p \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ thÀXn-cn-hp-IÄ CÃm-Xm-bn-

cn-¡p-¶p. A[n-Im-chpw AXn-s\-Xn-cmb {]t£m-̀ -§fpw km{¼-Zm-bnI

coXn-bnÂ cmjv{Sob km¼-̄ nI aÞ-e-§-fnÂ am{Xw HXp§n

\nÂ¡p-¶-X-sÃ¶pw Ah kmwkvIm-cnI aÞ-e-̄ nÂ hne-b\w sN¿-

s -̧«n-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW-¶p-apÅ Ah-t_m-[-amWv A[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-Xsb

ap³Im-e-L-«-§-fnÂ \n¶p thÀXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu Ah-t_m-[-̄ nÂ

\n¶mWv hntbm-Pn-̧ nsâ ]pXnb coXn-IÄ BhnÀ`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. {]Xn-tj-

[-̄ nsâ `mjbpw cq]hpw amdp-¶Xv AXnsâ ASn-Øm-\-̄ n-em-Wv.

Hcp \nÝnX {]iv\s¯ am{Xw ASn-Øm-am-¡n-bpÅ {]Øm-\-§-fpsS

Xmev]-cy-§Ä¡pw Dt±-iy-§Ä¡pw A\p-kr-X-ambn cmjv{So-b-e-£y-

§Ä ]p\À\nÀh-Nn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p. AXnsâ ê-ambn Dev]m-Z-\-{]-

{Inbsb ]cn-hÀ¯\ hnt[-b-am-¡p-hm-\pÅ BtKm-f-X-{´-§Ä sa\-

bp¶ _rl-Zm-Jym-\-§-sf-¡mÄ {]m[m\yw C¯cw kq£va-cm-jv{Sob

e£y-§Ä¡pth−nbpÅ eLp-B-Jym-\-§Ä¡p e`n-¡p-¶p. kam-

[m\ {]Øm-\-§Ä, ]cn-ØnXn {]Øm-\-§Ä, ]ucm-h-Imikwc-£-W-

{]-Øm-\-§Ä, kv{Xohm-Z-{]-Ø-\-§Ä, hwio-b-{]-Øm-\-§Ä, ZfnXv

{]Øm-\-§Ä apX-em-bh DÄs¸sS \nc-h[n kq£va-cm-jv{Sob -{]-Øm-

\-§Ä B[p-\n-tIm-¯c Ime-L-«-̄ nÂ hfÀ¶p h¶n-«p-−v. Cu {]Xn-

kw-kvImc -{]-Øm-\-§Ä apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p-¶Xv kzXzcmjv{So-b-amWv

(Identity Politics) C¶se hsc kaq-l-̄ nsâ apJy-[m-c-bpsS ]mÀiz-

§-fnÂ am{Xw CSw e`n¨n-cp-¶-hÀ, hÀKm-Sn-Øm-\-̄ n-e-ÃmsX kz´w

\ne-bnÂ X§-fpsS AkvXnXzw Ah-Im-i-s -̧Sp-hm-\pw AXv Øm]n-s -̈

50

Sp-¡p-hm\pw kwL-Sn-X-ambn apt¶m«p hcp-¶Xv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c {]h-

W-X-bm-Wv. kaq-l-̄ nse A[o-i-ap-{Z-IÄ¡-\p-kr-X-ambn AhÀ¡p

e`n-̈ n-cn-¡p¶ Øm\-̄ nsâ ASn-Øm-\-̄ n-emWv AhÀ kz´w Ah-

Im-i-§Ä D¶-bn-¡p-¶-Xv.

1.9.10 ]mc-¼cy]p\-cp-°m-\-hm-Zhpw aX-]p-\-cp-°m-\-hm-Zhpw

Fgp-]-Xp-IÄ¡p-tijw temI-hym-]-I-ambn {]Xy--£-s¸«p

sIm−n-cn-¡p¶ ià-amb {]h-W-X-I-fmWv {]mtZ-in-I-Xm-hm-Z-hpw

hwio-b-hm-Z-hpw aX-]p-\-cp-°m-\-hm-Zhpw Ch-sbm-s¡-bp-ambn _Ô-

s¸« `oI-c-hm-Zhpw. kzXz-̄ nsâ iI-en-Xm-h-Ø-bpw, kmaq-ln-Iin-Yn-

eo-I-c-W-hpw, IpSpw-_w-, kap-Zmbw F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ kaq-l-̄ nsâ

ASn-Øm-\-Øm-]-§-tfm-SpÅ Xmev]-cy-̄ nsâ ]p\-cp-°m-\hpw Ncn-{X-

]-c-amb thcp-I-sf-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ At\z-j-Whpw CXp-ambn _Ô-

apÅhbm-Wv. aX-]p-\-cp-°m-\-hm-Zhpw ]mc-¼cy ]p\-cp-°m-\-hm-Zhpw

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c {]Xn-̀ m-k-§-fm-Wv. (Nicol,Bran(Ed.)2002: 35)

1.9.11 {]IrXn þ At_m-[-tIm-f-\n-hXv¡-cWw

{]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw At_m-[-̄ n-sâbpw tImf\nhÂ¡-cWw

B[p\n-tIm-̄ -c-X-bpsS {][m-\-s¸« Hcp khnti-j-X-bm-Wv. am[y-a-§-

fp-sS-bpw I½yq-Wn-t¡-j³ irwJ-e-bp-tSbpw kwkvIm-c-hy-h-km-b-̄ n-

sâbpw ]c-ky-hy-h-km-b-̄ n-sâbpw kzm[o\w \½psS At_m-[s¯

tImf-\n-h-Xv¡-cn-¡p-¶p. B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c L«-̄ nÂ ]nÂ¡m-e-ap-X-em-

fn¯w CXn-eqsS Hcp A[o-i-hÀ¤-km-am-\y-t_m[w krjvSn-¡p-¶p.

AXm-bXv Hcp P\-X-bpsS A`n-cp-Nn-I-sfbpw A`n-em-j-§-sf-bpw kuµ-

cy-t_m-[-s¯-bpw Nn´m-K-Xn-I-sfbpw `£-W-co-Xn-I-sf-bpw D]-t`m-K-kz-

`m-h-§-sf-bpw ^mj-\p-I-tf-bpw hkv{X-[m-c-W-co-Xn-I-sfbpw aäpw cq]-

s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-XnÂ Cu kmam-\y-t_m[w \nÀ®m-b-I-amb ]¦p-h-ln-¡p-

¶p. Npcp-¡-̄ nÂ AXv Hcp kwkvIm-c-̄ n-\p-Xs¶ cq]w sImSp-¡p-

¶p. aqe-[\w At_m-[s¯ ]c-ky-̄ n-eq-sSbpw am[y-a-̄ n-eqsSbpw

Iog-S-¡p-Ibpw A`n-emjw cq]-s -̧Sp¯n Xmev]cyw P\n-̧ n-¡p¶Xn

eqsS \s½ It¼m-f-̄ n-tebv¡v sIm−p sNs¶-̄ n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-

51

¶p. AtXm-sSm¸w A`n-cp-Nn-I-fnÂ am\-Io-I-cWw D−m-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-

¶p.

{]Ir-Xn-bpsS tImf-\n-hÂ¡-cWw km[y-am-bXv km{¼-Zm-bnI

ImÀjn-I-cwKw ]msS XIÀ¯-Xn-eq-sS-bpw Irjn- b{´hXvIr-X-am-¡p-

Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-Im-e-L-«-̄ nÂ Irjnbpw

hyh-km-b-ambn amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Irjnsb Bkv]-Z-am¡n \ne-\n-¶n-

cp¶ {]mtZ-in-I-ImÀjnI kwkvIm-c-§fpw Iem-cq-]-§fpw C¶v

]mÀiz-hÂ¡-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-Itbm A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip-Itbm sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p.

AXm-bXv {Kma-§Ä Nc-¡p-h-Xv¡-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p, Irjn hyh-km-b-

hÂ¡-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p. BtKm-f-hXv¡-cWw IÀj-I-cpsS kzm{i-bXzw

XIÀ¡p-Ibpw {]Ir-Xnsb tImf-\o-I-cn¨v {]Ir-Xn-k-¼¯v I¨-h-S-̈ -c-

¡m¡n It¼m-f-§-fnÂ hnä-gn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ ]nev¡m-e-ap-X-emfn

¯ {]-h-W-Xbv¡v hgn-sX-fn-̈ p. (Nicol,Bran(Ed.)2002: 25) Nqj-W-¯nsâ

]pXn-b-am-Xr-I-I-fpsS Ime-amWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ cX F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv

AXp-sIm-−m-Wv.

1.9.12an{icN\(pastiche)

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c kuµ-cy-im-kv{Xs¯ cq]-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶ cq]-]-c-

amb khn-ti-j-X-I-fn-sem-¶mWv an{i-c-N-\. hmkvXp-hn-Zy, IYm-km-ln-

Xyw, kn\n-a, kwKo-Xw, hoUntbm, t^mt«m-{Km^n apX-emb Iem-cq-]-

§-sfÃmw Cu kt¦Xw kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p. AwKo-Ir-X-kmw-kvIm-cnI NnÓ-

§-fp-sSbpw ssien-I-fp-sSbpw ]qÀÆ-Ime BJym-\-X-{´-§-fp-sSbpw

A\p-I-c-W-̄ n-eq-sS-bpÅ ]p\x{Iao-I-c-W-s¯-bmWv an{i-c-N\ F¶p

hnti-jn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xv. CXv ]mc-Un-bnÂ \n¶p hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. km{¼-Zm-

bn-I-co-Xn-bn-epÅ ]cn-lm-km-ß-I-amb A\p-I-cWw F¶ \ne-bn-eÃ

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c cN-\-I-fnÂ an{i-c-N\ D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶-Xv. s{^U-

dnIv Pbnw-k¬ an{i-c-N\sb \nÀh-Nn-¡p-¶Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. an{i-c-

N\ Hcp khn-tij ssien-bpsS A\p-I-c-W-amWv; `mj-bpsS apJw

aqSn [cn-¡p-I-sb-¶m-W-Xn-\À°w. arX-̀ mj D]-tbm-Kn-̈ pÅ `mj-W-am-

W-Xv. km[m-cW ]mc-Un-bpsS lmkym-ß-IX AXn-\n-Ã. apX-em-fn¯

k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bpsS hkvXp-h-evI-c-W-¯n-\p-hn-t[-b-am-¡-s¸« hyàn-

52

bpsS kzXzw inYn-eo-I-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-Ibpw Hcp GIo-Ir-X-cq-]-sa¶ \ne-

bnÂ AXv A{]-Xy£-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS hyàn-KX ssien-

Ifpw A{]-Xy-£-am-bn. Ah-bpsS Øm\¯v B[p\ntIm¯c temI-

¯nÂ \mw ImWp-¶Xv an{icN\bm-Wv. (Nicol,Bran(Ed.)2002: 33)

an{icN\ Ae-£yhpw \njv]-£-hp-amb {]tbm-K-am-sW¶ kqN-\-IÄ

sPbnw-k¬ \ÂIp-¶p-−v. AwKo-Ir-X-am-\-Z-Þ-§-fp-sSbpw amXr-I-I-

fp-sSbpw Xntcm-[m-\-̄ n-\p Imc-WamIp¶ `mjm-]-c-amb inYn-eo-I-

cWw kmaq-lnIPo-hn-X-̄ nÂ kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ e£-W-amWv an{i-c-

N\m {]tbm-K-sa¶v sPbnw-k¬ A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. an{i-c-N\ krjvSn-

¡p¶ D]-cn-¹-h-Xbpw Bg-an-Ãm-bvabpw B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c cN-\-I-fpsS

khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv.

1.9.13 ]mcUn

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c kuµ-cy-im-kv{Xs¯ cq]-s¸Sp¯p¶ apJy-L-

S-I-ambn ‘en³Um l¨n-b¬’ ]mc-Unsb ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶p. B[p-\n-tIm-

¯-c- I-em-cq-]-§-sfÃmw amaq-ep-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw Zpcp-]-tbm-Kn-

¡p-Ibpw Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw AØn-c-s¸-Sp-̄ p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv ]mc-

UnbpsS amÀK-ap-]-tbm-Kn-̈ m-sW-¶v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. Iem-

cq-]-§-fp-sS kl-P-amb sshcp-²y-§-fn-tebv¡pw XmevIm-en-I-X-bn-

tebv¡pw kzbw hncÂ Nq−m-³ CXv klm-b-I-am-Ip-¶p. `qX-Im-e-c-N-

\-Isf hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-ambn ]p\Àhm-bn-¡p-hm\pw CX-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶p.

am{X-hp-aÃ bYmÀ° temI-hpw-I-ebpw X½n-epÅ thÀXn-cn-hnsâ tcJ

AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-̄ m-\pÅ ]pXn-sbmcp amXrI Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡m\pw ]mcUn

klm-bn-¡p-¶p. km{¼-Zm-bnI coXn-bn-epÅ A\p-I-c-W-aÃ B[p-\n-

tIm-̄ -c-X-bnse ]mc-Un. AXv ssien-bpsS BhÀ¯-\-am-Wv. {Inbm-

ßI Zqcw A\p-h-Zn-¡p-t¼mgpw kam-\-X-bnÂXs¶ `n¶Xsb hymtPm-

àn-bnÂ kqNn-̧ n-¡p¶ kt¦-X-ambn l¨n-b¬ ]mc-Unsb ]cn-K-Wn-

¡p-¶p. (Nicol,Bran(Ed.)2002: 307)

53

1.9.14bmYmÀ°y¯nsâ {]iv\-hXv¡cWw

{]Xn-\n-[m-\-§Ä {]iv\m-X-va-I-am-sW¶p [cn-¡p¶ B[p\nI

Ie-bnÂ \n¶p hyXy-kvX-ambn B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c Ie bmYmÀ°ys¯

{]iv\-h-Xv¡-cn-¡p-¶p. Iesb kzÑµ aÞ-e-ambn ]cn-K-Wn¨ B[p-

\n-I-X kmwkvIm-cnI cq]-§sf `uXn-I bmYmÀ°y-̄ nÂ \n¶-SÀ¯n-

am-än. Cu hnth-N\w Iem-cq-]-§-fnÂ Hcp Xcw AXm-cyX krjvSn-̈ p.

Iem-cq-]-§Ä Ah-bpsS Xs¶ \nbahpw \nb-{ -́W-hp-am-bn. B[p-\nI

Ie kuµ-cym-ßI hkvXp-¡sf Iem-Im-c³ {]tbm-Kn-¡p¶ coXn-bn-

tebv¡v AsÃ-¦nÂ AXnsâ kqN-\m-hr-̄ n-bn-tebv¡v Bkzm-Z-Isâ

{i² £Wn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ hyXy-kvX-§fpw ]c-kv]c hncp-

²-§-fp-amb LS-I-§sf kwtbm-Pn-̧ n-¡p¶ B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c Iem-cq-]-

§Ä bmYmÀ°ys¯ {]iv\-h-Xv¡-cn-¡p-¶p. B[p-\n-tIm-¯c Ie-

bpsS e£yw Pohn-X-̄ nsâ inYne bmYmÀ°y-§sf BhÀ¯n-̈ p-d-̧ n-

¡pI F¶Xm-Wv. kzbw Dev]m-Zn-̧ n-¡p¶ kXy-amWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c

Ie-sb t]mäp-¶-Xv. Ie Pohn-X-s¯-¡p-dn¨v \t½m-Sp-kw-km-cn-¡p¶

Hcp hymP-tc-J-am-{X-am-sW¶v Ah {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. kl-P-amb a\p-

jym-h-Øsb Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-I-bmWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c Ie- sN¿p-¶Xv.

1.9.15 kpXm-cy-X

B[p\nI Ie-bpsS AXm-cy-X-bnÂ \n¶p `n¶-ambn B[p-\n-

tIm-̄ c Ie- kpXm-cy-am-sW¶v kqk³ skm−mKv A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-

¶p. B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c `mhp-I-Xzs¯ ssk²m-́ n-I-ambn BZy-ambn

Ah-X-cn-̧ n¨ skm−mKv ‘Against Interpretation’ F¶ IrXn-bnÂhym-

Jym\w Bh-iy-s -̧Sp¶ B[p\nI Iem-cq-]-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-

ambn B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c Ie- C{µn-bm-\p-̀ q-Xn-bpsS kuµ-cy-imkv{Xw

Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-sh¶v ]d-bp-¶p. Ie-tbm-SpÅ [nj-W-bpsS {]Xn-I-c-

W-amWv hymJym-\w. AXv A§s\ temI-t¯mSp Xs¶-bpÅ {]Xn-Im-

c-amWv. GsXmcp Iem-cq-]hpw C{µn-b-§-fn-eqsS BkzZn¡p-hm³

Bkzm-Z-Is\ A\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶-Xmbncn¡-W-sa-¶hÀ \njvIÀjn-̈ p.

skm−m-Knsâ `mj-bnÂ hymJym-\-̄ nsâ kuµ-cy-im-kv{X-¯nÂ\n¶v

54

C{µn-bm-\p-̀ q-Xn-bpsS kuµ-cy-im-kv{X-̄ ntebv¡pÅ amä-amWv B[p-\n-

tIm-̄ cX.''(Sontag, Susan 1969: 48)

1.9.16 AXn-IY (Metafiction),kzbw{]Xn- -̂e-\m-ß-IX

IYbpw IY-bpsS IYm-ß-I-Xz-̄ nsâ shfn-s -̧Sp-̄ -ep-Ifpw

IqSn-t¨-cp¶ IY-bmWv AXn-I-Y. kz´w BJym\ LS-\-sb-¡p-dn¨v

`mjm-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-¡p-dn v̈ {]ta-b-̄ nse ]cn-an-Xn-sbtbm

{]iv\-§-sftbm km[y-X-I-sftbm Ipdn¨v hmb-\-¡m-c-\p-ambn kwkm-

cn-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv Hcp IY AXn-I-Y-bmbn amdp-¶-Xv. IY-bpsS Cu

Bß-{]-Im-i\ kz`mhw B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.

({]`mIc³ 2003: 65)

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c cN-\-IÄ kzbw{]Xn-̂ -e-\m-ß-I-am-sW¶v

s]mXpth AwKo-I-cn-¡-s -̧«n-«p-Å-Xm-Wv. Hcp cN-\m-co-Xnsb kqNn-̧ n-¡p-

hm³ th−n Cu kwÚ D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p. AÀt°m-ev]m-Z-\-̄ n-

sâtbm NnÓ-̄ nsâtbm {]{In-bIsf ]cn-tim-[-\m-hnt[b-am-¡p¶

Hcp BJym-\-co-Xn-bm-WXv. Hcp kqN-\m-{]-tbm-K-sa¶ kz´w [À½s¯

]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼m-gpw Hcp AÀ°-hy-h-Ø- F¶ \ne-bnÂ kz´w

XmevIm-en-I-Xsb shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-t¼m-gp-amWv Hcp IrXn kzbw {]Xn-̂ -

e-\m-ß-I-am-Ip-¶-Xv. kz´w \nÀam-W-{]-{In-bsb ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-Ibpw

shfn-hm-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn-eqsS hnhn[ k{¼-Zm-b-§-fp-sSbpw

kmln-Xob ap{Z-I-fp-sSbpw \nÀan-Xn-I-fmWv AÀ°-\n-tbm-P\w \S-̄ p-

¶-sX¶v AXv kv]jvS-am-¡p-¶p. BJym\ k{¼-Zm-b-§-fmb CXn-hr-

¯-h-Xv¡-c-Ww, cq]-I-{]-tbm-Kw, kÀÆ-Ú-\mb BJym-Xmhv XpS-§nb

kt¦-X-§Ä AÀt°m-ev]m-Z-\-̄ nÂ hln-¡p¶ ]¦ns\ shfn-s -̧Sp-

¯p-¶-Xn-\p-th−n Ahsb ]mc-Un-sN-¿p-¶p. A§s\ ]mTw Hcp

AÀt°m-ev]m-Z-\- D-]-I-c-W-ambn Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡-s -̧Sp¶p. asämcp Xc-

¯nÂ ]d-ªmÂ Bhn-jvIm-c-coXn Xs¶ Ie-bmbn Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡-s -̧Sp-

¶p. Bhn-jvIm-c-̄ n\p ap³Xq¡w \ÂIp¶ B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c Ie

"IebneqsS Iebv¡p shfn-bnÂ \nÂ¡p-¶p-sh¶v' Pqenb {IntÌh

A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv AXp-sIm-−m-Wv.'' (Kristeva,Julia 1984: 46)

55

1.9.17 D]-cn-¹-h-X, \nÊw-K-X, A\n-Ýn-XXzw

Bkzm-Z-I\v C{µn-b-kpJw A\p-h-Zn-¡p¶ B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c

Ie- D]-cn-X-e-§Ä¡v {]mapJyw \ÂIp¶Xn\mÂ AXnÂ Pbnw-k¬

kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse Hcp Xcw "Bg-an-Ãmbva' A\p-̀ -h-s -̧Sp-¶p. Cu

Bg-an-Ãmbva B[p-\n-tIm-̄ cXbpsS _nw_ kwkvIm-c-̄ nÂ {]I-S-

ambn ImWp-hm-\m-Ipw. D]-cn-X-e-§-fnÂ A`n-c-an-¡p¶ B[p-\n-tIm-

¯c Iem-cq-]-§-fnÂ Hcp Xcw PmUy-Xbpw {]I-S-am-sW-¶v sPbnw-

k¬ kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶p. (Nicol,Bran(Ed.)2002: 18) It¼mf iàn-I-fpsS

hn]-W-\-X-{´-§-fmWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-I-esb D]-cn-X-e-§-fpsS Ie-

bm-¡n-am-äp-¶-Xv. am[y-a-§-fn-eqsS {]k-cWw sN¿-s -̧Sp¶ hnh-c-̄ n-

sâbpw _nw_-§-fp-sSbpw AXn-{]-kcw kaq-ls¯ \nÊw-K-X-bn-te-

bv¡pw DZmko\-Xbntebv¡pw \bn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v t_m{Zn-bmÀ A`n-{]m-

b-s -̧Sp-¶p. F¶mÂ Cu DZm-ko-\X kaq-l-̄ nsâ kzbw kwc-£-W-

amÀ¤-am-sW¶v At±lw Icp-Xp-¶p. B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c kaq-l-̄ nÂ

{]I-S-am-Ip¶ \nÊw-K-Xbpw DZm-ko-\-Xbpw AXm-cy-Xbpw PU-X-bp-

saÃmw kmaq-ln-I-X-bpsS Aý-̄ nâ kqN\IfmsW¶pw C¶s¯

kaq-ls¯ {Kkn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶ A\n-Ýn-XXzw XnI¨pw \ho-\-amb H¶m-

sW¶v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-¶p. ap³Im-e-§-fnÂ hnhcw e`y-a-Ãm-

Xn-cp-¶-t¸m-gmWv A\n-Ýn-XXzw krjvSn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv. C¶m-Is« AXn

sâ B[n-Iy-amWv A\n-Ýn-X-Xz-̄ n\p hgn sXfn-¡p-¶-Xv. hyàn-IÄ

I¼yq-«-dp-I-fpsS kpXm-cy-X-bn-tebv¡v BKn-cWw sN¿-s -̧Sp-¶p. hnh-

cm-[n-Iy-̄ mÂ kaqlw kzbw Hcp AXm-cy-X-h-fÀ-̄ nsbSp¡p-¶p.

kmaq-ln-I-X-bpsS Aýw am{X-aÃ Ncn-{X-̄ nsâ Aýw IqSn t_m{Zn-

bmÀ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p-−v. (Nicol,Bran(Ed.)2002: 96)

1.9.18 Ncn-{X-]-c-X-bpsS iàn-£bw

\mw Ncn{Xw F¶v C{Xbpw Imew [cn-̈ n-cp-¶Xv FÃm-Im-e¯pw

Hcp ]IÀ¸p-am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶n-cn-¡-W-sa¶v t_m{Zn-bmÀ A`n-{]m-b-s -̧Sp-¶p.

C¶v `mhn-bn-Ãm¯ Hcp `mhn-sb-bmWv \mw t\cn-tS-−-Xv. FÃmw A\-

56

´-amb BhÀ¯-\-§Ä¡p hn[n-¡-s -̧«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ \ap¡v {]Xo-

£n-¡m-hp¶ Hcp \nÀ®m-bI kw`-hhpw D−m-Ip-hm³ t]mIp-¶n-Ã.

\ap¡v {]Xo£ \evIp¶ Ncn{Xw C\nbpw kw`-hn-¡p-hm³ t]mIp-¶n-

Ã. \s½ ac-hn-̧ n-¡p¶ hÀ¯-am-\-̄ nsâ \nbX-cq-]-̄ nÂ Imew D·q-

e\w sN¿-s -̧«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ncn-{X-kw-̀ -h-§Ä tcJ-s -̧Sp-̄ p-hm\pw hn\n-

abw sN¿p-hm\pw \mw \S-̄ p¶ {`m´-amb {ia-§Ä Cu lXm-i-amb

Ah-t_m-[-̄ nsâ {]Im-i-\-am-sW¶v t_m{Zn-bmÀ Icp-Xp-¶p. `mhn-N-

cn{Xw \nb-{´n-¡p-¶Xv aqe-[-\hpw It¼m-f-hp-am-bn-cn-¡pw. (kp[mIc³

1999 : 129)

1.9.19 Abp-àn-hÂ¡-c-Ww, AÀ°-tI-{µ-§-fpsS \ncm-kw

Abp-àn-hÂ¡-cWw B[p-\n-tIm-̄ cXbpsS Hcp khn-ti-j-X-

bm-Wv. bpàn-Nn-́ sb tI{µo-I-c-W-sa¶v ]dªv \ntj-[n-¡p-¶-tXmsS

Acm-P-I-hm-Zhpw ]IÀ¸p-Ifpw cwKw Iog-S-¡p-¶p. Hdn-Pn-\m-en-än-¡Ã

]IÀ¸p-I-fpsS hnIm-k-̄ n-emWv BtKm-f-hXv¡-c-Whpw B[p-\n-tIm-

¯cXbpw Du¶p-¶-Xv. (Baudrillard,Jean 1983: 25)B[p-\n-tIm-̄ cX

bnÂ AÀ°-sa-¶Xv hmb-\-¡m-csâ kzIm-tcymÂ -̧¶-am-Wv. AXn\v

s]mXp-D-S-am-h-Ø-tbm Hcp tI{µo-Ir-Xm-h-Øtbm CÃ. FÃmhn-

[¯nepÅ AÀ°-tI-{µ-§Ä¡p-sa-Xn-cmWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X. LS-\m-

hm-Z-̄ n-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb ZÀi-\-amWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ cXbv¡p-Å-Xv.

FÃmw \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶Xv LS-\-bm-Wv. AÀ°w Dev]m-Zn-̧ n-¡p-¶Xpw

hn\n-abw sN¿p-¶Xpw LS-\-bm-Ip-¶p. AÀ°-̄ nsâ hntI-{µo-I-c-W-

¯nÂ FÃm-]m-T-§Ä¡pw Xpey-{]m-[m-\y-ap-Å-Xp-t]mse D]-tZ-io-b-hn-

`m-K-§Ä¡pw kam-\-amb HcnSw In«p-¶p. CXv hn`m-Ko-b-X-Isf A[n-Im-

c-tI-{µ-̄ nse¯m³ t{]cn-̧ n-¡p-¶-tXmsS hwio-b-hm-Zhpw `oI-c-hm-

Zhpw cmjv{So-b-{]-Øm-\-§-fmbn¯ocp-¶p. CtXmsS ]uc-k-aqlw

PmXn, aXw, enwKw, D]-cn þ Iogm-f-hÀ¤-§-fmbn hnL-Sn-̈ p-t]m-Ip-¶p.

P\-k-aq-l-̄ nsâ Cu NnX-dÂ temXymÀ kqNn-̧ n¡p¶ _rl-Zm-Jym-\-

¯nsâ XIÀ¨-bm-Wv. XXv^-e-ambn Zfn-Xp-IÄ, kv{Xo]-£-¡mÀ, Iogm-f-

hÀ¤-§Ä, F¶n-§s\ kmaq-ln-I-{]-Øm-\-§Ä hnL-Sn-¡p-¶-Xp-

t]mse Hcp IrXnbv¡v ZfnXv ]£w, kv{Xo]-£w, Iogm-f-hÀKw, {]Xy-b-

57

im-kv{X-N-cw, hwio-b-]£w F¶n-§s\ ]e hmb-\m-km-[y-X-IÄ D−m-

Ip-¶p. sXc-sª-Sp-¡m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-\p-apÅ km[y-Xbpw kzmX-

{ý-hp-amWv amÀ¡äv \Â¡p-¶-sX-¦nÂ GXv AÀ°hpw kzoI-cn-¡m-

\pÅ kzmX{ýw B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -cX \ÂIp-¶p. (tkma³ 2006 : 24þ26)

1.10 B[p-\n-tIm-¯c Ie-

ssZ\w-Zn-\-Po-hn-Xhpw Iebpw X½n-epÅ thÀXn-cn-hp-IÄ CÃm-

Xm-¡m³ B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-Ie {ian-¡p-¶p. DXvIrjvSI-e, P\-{]n-b-Ie

F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ t{iWo-_-²-amb Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-IÄ B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c

Ie-bnÂ A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip-¶p. hn`n-¶-am-b hymhlm-c-§-fpsS hyXy-

kvX-ap-{Z-I-fpsS k¦-e\w Ah-bn-Â {]I-S-am-Ip-¶p. ]mc-Un, an{i-c-N-\,

ssh]-coXyw, Ifn, Kl-\-X-bn-Ãmbva F¶n-hsb Ah DZvtLm-jn-¡p-

¶p. Hcp Xcw `mh-£-b-hpw, sshIm-cn-I-kz-\hpw Ah-bnÂ ImWm-hp-

¶-Xm-Wv. kzÑ-µ-hy-àn-Xz-̄ nsâ Xntcm-[m-\-hpw, cN-bn-Xm-hnsâ ac-

Whpw Ah {]Xy-£o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. Iem-Im-csâ auen-I-X-bpsS {]Xn-̀ -

bpsS Aýw Ah-sIm-−m-Sp-¶p. Ie BhÀ -̄\m-ß-I-hpw, A´À]m-

Ty-X-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-hp-am-sW¶ [mc-Wbpw Ah {]N-cn-̧ n-¡p¶p. {]tbm-

P-\-c-ln-X-amb Hcp AXn-̀ u-X-nI-̀ mcw F¶ \ne-bnÂ kXyw F¶ k¦-

ev]\w B[p-\n-tIm-¯cIe Dt]-£n-¡p-¶p. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS XnI

¨pw Kuc-h-amb kz`m-h-̄ n\p hncp-²-ambn B[p-\n-tIm-̄ cXbnÂ

{]I-S-am-hp-¶Xv Hcp Xcw DZm-ko-\-Xbpw eoem-tem-ep-]-X-bpw sFÑn-I-

hm-Z-hp-am-Wv. at\m-l-c-ambn \nÀ½n-¡-s -̧«Xpw F¶mÂ cq]-]-c-ambn

k¦oÀWhpw Ir{Xn-ahpw emh-Wy-]-c-ambn {iaI-c-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p B[p

\nI Ie. AXn\p hncp-²-ambn B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-Ie inYn-eo-Ir-X-am-Wv.

DXvIr-jvS-I-e-bp-sSbpw P\-{]n-b-I-e-bpsSbpw {Ia-c-ln-X-amb k¦-e-\-

am-W-Xv. hyXy-kvX-§-fmb hyh-lm-c-§-fpw ]c-ky-_nw-_-§-fpw am[y-a-

_nw-_-§fpw \nc-́ -c-ambn hnI-kn¨p sIm−n-cn-¡p¶ D]-t`m-àrapX-

em-fn-̄ -̄ nsâ hmWn-Py-_nw-_-§fpw DÄt¨À¶, Ie-bpsS aÞ-

es¯ AXn-cp-I-fn-ÃmsX hnI-kn-̧ n-¡p-hm³ {ian-¡p-¶-XmWv B[p-\n-

tIm-̄ c Ie-.

58

B[p-\n-IX DbÀ¯n¸nSn¨ \ntj-[-̄ nsâ Iebpw ZÀi-\hpw

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ cXbnÂ A{]-k-à-am-Ip-Ibpw Ie-bnse ASn-Øm\

Pohn-X-k-ao-]\w hn[ym-ß-I-am-bn-̄ o-cp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Pohn-X-¯nsâ

k¦oÀ®-Xsb {]Ñ-¶-amb emfnXyw sIm−v t\cn-Sm\pw A\p`h

¯nsâ Xo£vW-Xsb {`a-I-ev]-\-bpsS \nemhv sIm−v ad-bv¡m-\p-

amWv B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c kmln-Xy-Im-c³amÀ {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. B[p-\n-tIm-

¯cX A«n-a-dn-bpsS kmln-Xy-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-−mWv k¦-ev]-§sf

A«n-a-dn-¡p¶ Nn´-IÄ Ie-bnepw X¯z-Nn-´-bnepw {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

kZm-Nmcw Hcp-sh-fp¯ Ak-Xy-am-sW¶ hkvXpX B[p-\n-tIm-̄ c

AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. bmYmÀ°ys¯ {]iv\-cq-]-̄ n-e-h-X-cn-̧ n-¡p-I-bm-Wv

B[p-\n-tIm-̄ cÀ sN¿p-¶-Xv.

hn\n-a-b-km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS hym]-\w, sSen-hn-j-\n-eqsS thcp-d-

¸n¨ ]p¯³ P\-{]n-b- A-̀ n-cp-Nn-IÄ, D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-̄ nsâ {]Xn-

tcm-[-an-Ãm¯ hfÀ¨, I£n-cm-jv{So-b-̄ nsâ h©-\m-kz-̀ m-hw, aX-]p-\-

cp-°m-\-hm-Zw, PmXn kap-Zmb {Kq¸p-I-fpsS hfÀ¨, ae-bmf `mj-bpsS

hna-eo-I-c-Ww, sXmgnÂ Ønc-X-\-jvS-s -̧SÂ XpS-§nb \nc-h[n LS-I-

§Ä tNÀ¶ ]pXnb kmaq-ln-I-bm-YmÀ°yw B[p-\n-tIm-̄ -c-X-bn-

eqsS Ah-X-cn-̧ n-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p.

n-tim¯-c-x-bpss `qani -...

Documents