MercuryCadmium

Lead

1DepartmentofBIOLOGY,CAS‐UPManila

CYCLINGOFHEAVYMETALS

MERCURY

Fishcanbecontaminatedwithmethylmercuryfromneighbouringindustrialplants↓Theydischargemercurywastesintowater↓

Result:MinamatadiseaseorMercuryPoisoning↓Effects:blindness,deafness,lackofcoordinaDon,intellectualdeterioraDon

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CADMIUMItai‐itaidiseaseiscadmiumpoisoning,firstinJapan1950↓Cadmiumwasreleasedintotheriverbyminingcompaniesinthemountains↓CausessoPeningofthebone,andkidneyfailure↓NameofdiseasederivedfrompainfulscreamsbecauseofseverepaininjointsandspineofvicDms“pain‐pain”

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LEADLeadpoisoning=IncreaseslevelofleadleadstonegaDveeffectsonnervousandreproducDvesystem

e.g.LeadcontaininggasolinePaints

BaWeries

ElectricWiresCablesetc

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HYDROCARBONCYCLINGDDT–(dichlor‐diphenyl‐trichloroethane)“organochlorineinsecDcide”

↓

Bannedin1972

↓ExposuretoDDTcauseseggshellthinninginbirdspecieseg.raptors,eagles,peregrinefalcons

↓

Toxictohumansandanimalswhenswallowedorabsorbedthroughtheskin DepartmentofBIOLOGY,CAS‐UPManila 5

•  ItistheincreaseinconcentraDonofanelementorcompoundthatoccursinthefoodchainasaresultoffoodchainenergeDcsordegradaDonofsubstance.

•  AccumulaDonofchemicalsinhigherpredatorsorinhighertrophiclevels.

•  ChemicalconcentraDonissaidtobemagnifiedthousandfoldinDssuesofhighertrophiclevelorganisms.

•  Itisimportantinecologybecause:itindicatesthatsoluDontocertaintypesofpolluDonisnotdiluDonbecausefoodchainswillconcentratethepollutant

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BIOMESANDECOTONE

BIOMES‐amajorregionalterrestrialcommunitywithitsowntypeofclimate,vegetaDon,andanimallife

ECOTONE‐boundarybetweentwobiomes

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•  IntroducedbyAlfredWallace

•  BasedonanimaldistribuDon(endemicity)

•  SixrealmseachembracingamajorconDnentallandmassandeachseparatedbyoceans,mountainrangesordesert– PalearcDc– NearDc– Neotropical– Ethiopian– Oriental– Australian

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Europe,NorthernArabia,NorthofHimalayasandnarrowstripofcoastalNorthAfrica

Animals:wolf,hare,moose,stag,caribou,andbison,andfewrepDles

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ETHOPIANREALM

SaudiArabia,Africa

Example:Gorilla,Lemurs

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ORIENTAL

India,Indochina,SouthChina,Malaya

Examples:

Orangutan,Gibbons

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AUSTRALIAN

Australia,TasmaniaandNewGuinea

Example:Tasmaniandevil,

kangaroo,antechinus,hard‐billedplatypus,monotremes

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•  Biomes‐Areassharingsimilarclimate,topographicandsoilcondiDons,androughlycomparablecommuniDes

– TemperatureandPrecipitaDonaretheTWOmostimportantdeterminantsinbiomedistribuDon

– MostterrestrialbiomesareidenDfiedbythedominantplantsoftheircommuniDes

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1.ExploitaDonoftaiga(1600s)‐  thefurtrade,overwhichwars

werefought

2.LOGGING‐  taigabecametheworld’s richestsourceofsoPwoodDmber

“1mberminingwithnooveralleffortatregenera1on”

3.Cufngdownoftaigatreessouthwardexpansionoftundra

4.Miningofmetalores(iron,gold)aswellascoal,gas,andoil

5.PulpandpapermillindustriesandsmelDngplantsmassiveairandwaterpolluDonwildlife

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•  ExtensiveinCaliforniaandMexico,alongtheMediterraneanSeaandalongthesoutherncoastofAustralia

•  Subtropical25‐75cm/yrprecipitaDon

•  Speciesofshrubswhichformdensethickets:

•  chamiso(Adenostoma)•  manzanita(Arctostaphylon)

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AQUATICBIOMES

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•  Habitatswhereinsalinityislessthan0.05ppt(0.0005%)

•  FivelimiDngfactors–  Temperature–  Turbidity–  Current–  Dissolvedoxygen–  Dissolvedminerals

•  Organisms–  Plankton(phytoplankton,zooplankton)–  Nektons(fish,insects,crustaceans)–  Periphyton(aufwuchs)(clingsontheplantsandobjectsatthe

boWom).

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•  Landsurfaceissaturatedorcoveredwithwateratleastpartoftheyear.– Swamps‐Wetlandswithtrees– Marshes‐Wetlandswithouttrees– BogsandFens‐Waterloggedsoilsthattendtoaccumulatepeat.

•  WaterusuallyshallowenoughtoallowfullsunlightpenetraXon.

•  Trapandfilterwater,andstorerunoff.DepartmentofBIOLOGY,CAS‐UPManila 24

•  Accumulatedcalcareousskeletonsofcolonialorganisms(coral)–PhylumCoelenterata– DepthlimitedbylightpenetraDon.

– AmongmostendangeredcommuniDes

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•  TropicalorsubtropicalcommunitydominatedbyhalophyXcarborescentspecies–  “BAKAWAN”

–  HighproducXvityduetonutrienttrap

•  ServeasnurseryandbreedinggroundsforaquaXcspecies

•  Knownas“landbuilders”duetoextensiveproprootsystemsandpneumatophores.

•  ReduceXdalcurrentsandtrapsmudandsilt

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